Table Of ContentCopyright ОАО «ЦКБ «БИБКОМ» & ООО «Aгентство Kнига-Cервис»
МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РФ
ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ
ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО
ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ
«ВОРОНЕЖСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»
И. В. Домбровская
О. А. Петрова
VALUES IN THE POST- BIPOLAR WORLD
Учебно-методическое пособие
Воронеж
Издательский дом ВГУ
2015
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Copyright ОАО «ЦКБ «БИБКОМ» & ООО «Aгентство Kнига-Cервис»
Утверждено научно-методическим советом факультета романо-германской
филологии 9 декабря 2014 г., протокол № 4
Рецензент кандидат филологических наук, доцент Н. М. Шишкина
Учебно-методическое пособие подготовлено на кафедре английского языка
в профессиональной международной деятельности факультета романо-
германской филологии Воронежского государственного университета
Рекомендовано студентам 4 курса дневного отделения факультета
международных отношений Воронежского государственного университета.
Для направления 031900 – Международные отношения
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Copyright ОАО «ЦКБ «БИБКОМ» & ООО «Aгентство Kнига-Cервис»
Unit 1
Lead-in
1. Where do these people work? Using a dictionary put the following people in as
many places in the table as possible.
g.
e.
consulate embassy ministry Official residence (The White House) palace parliament United Nations
ambassador
consul
Diplomat
emperor
foreign
minister
foreign
secretary
(Britain)
secretary of
state (USA)
secretary
general
head of
state
King
president
prime
minister
queen
2. Give an example (either from the past or the present) of each of the following.
border empire continent country state region
hemisphere community province
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3. Fill in the blanks with words from exercises 1 and 2. The first letter of the
missing word is given to help you in some cases.
Emeria today recalled its a) ____________from Darda 'for consultation' after a
b)__________ incident in which Dardan troops crossed into Northern Emeria.
Carlo Fredricks, Emeria's c) _________________, on a visit to the United
Nations, said that unless Dardan soldiers stopped the incursions into his country's
territory the government of d) P_____ _____ Bandrikarta would have to think
seriously about retaliation.
e) P__________ Sylvia Ngobole of Darda, speaking from the f) __________ in
Fallo, her g) __________ 's capital, blamed members of the Emerian armed
forces for the incidents, saying they had provoked the Dardan troops. She warned
Emeria that any use of force would be met by equal force from her own soldiers.
As tension mounts in the
h) ________Maria Richardson, Secretary General of the United Nations, has
invited both sides to bilateral talks at the UN headquarters.
Vocabulary practice
Word formation
Affixes
1. Bilateral means 'two-sided'. What words would you use for the
following?
a) a decision you take on your own, whether or not other people
agree (e.g. action, disarmament)
b) something done with three groups (e.g. talks,
arms agreement)
c) something done with a lot of groups (e.g.
disarmament, talks, peace-keeping force)
What other words can you think of which start with the same prefixes?
Activate
2. Describe either a country other than your own international event from
the recent past using as many of the words from exercises 1 to 3 as possible.
3. Read the two descriptions. Which country would you prefer to live in?
Why?
DARDA exports beans and rice and imports just about everything else. There is a
serious trade imbalance between it and its partners (including Emeria). Darda has
asked for foreign aid to help it deal with the current food shortage. Amnesty
International has detailed widespread abuse of human rights, including
imprisonment without trial. There arc allegations of torture. The Emerian
government has asked the
United Nations to impose economic sanctions on its neighbour because of its
human rights record and because of the problems at the border.
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EMERIA enjoys good relations with its trading partners, but it has no oil and has
to depend on other countries for its supply. Recently it has asked the World Bank
for a loan of $250 million to help it rebuild its industrial capacity. There are many
so-called political prisoners in Emeria and the death penalty exists for many
crimes (including subversion against the state). But there is no real evidence of
torture or imprisonment without trial. A faction in the country (the Emerian
People's Liberation Army) has recently taken three Western journalists as
hostages in their campaign for independence for the northern province of
Kasmul.
Meaning
4. Find words or phrases in the text which mean the following.
a) help (often money) from other countries
b) suggestions that people have been physically harmed to get information from
them
c) people who are kept prisoner so that they can be exchanged for money or other
things
d) people in prison because of what they say or think
e) sells things to other countries
f) the conditions of freedom, safety, etc, which everybody should have
g) the stopping of trade with a country because you don't like its policies
h) buys things from other countries
i) an unequal level between countries which sell to each other
5. Complete the following sentences with words from exercise 4.
a) We are going to stop ______ oil now that we have discovered that we have our
own oil fields.
b) The government's first act was the release of all ______ who had been arrested
because they disagreed with the policies of the ex-president.
c) After the invasion the world community imposed ______ on the aggressive
nation.
d) We have managed to ______ coal to Darda even though they have coal
themselves.
e) They need ______ if they are to survive the cold winter.
f) The ______ ______record of the last government was appalling. People were
regularly imprisoned and tortured.
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Word use
COLLOCATIONS
6. Which noun phrases go with which verb phrases, either as subjects or
objects? Tick the correct boxes.
a treaty a cease- war talks a country diplomatic
fire relations
break
down
invade
declare
break off
sign
restore
agree to
a) Which one verb can't take an object?
b) Write a paragraph placing the events from the table in a logical order. Begin
with this sentence:
Diplomatic relations between the two countries were broken off a year ago.
7. Here are some newspaper headlines. Explain each of them in everyday
language.
e.g. Premier backs peace moves in docks → The Prime Minister has announced
that (s)he supports the attempts to reconcile both sides in the port workers’
dispute.
a. Trade war looms.
b. Emeria alleges human rughts violations.
c. Emerian envoy walks out of UN meeting.
d. Tension mounts on Emerian border.
e. No sign of an end to war in Darda.
f. Emerian army 15 miles inside neighbouring Darda.
Tell the story behind one of these headlines.
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8. What is the difference between the following pairs of words? Put them in the
correct sentences.
a) a rebellion and a riot; d) a civil war and a guerrilla war;
b) a rebellion and a revolution; e) a revolution and a coup;
c) a protest and a demonstration; f) a battle and a war;
g) autonomy and independence.
1. ___________________________ means having the right to run your own
affairs in your own part of a country; is the status of complete freedom from others'
control.
2. A ________________ is an uprising against any central authority; a
_____________ is the successful changing of a government (and the political
direction of the country) by force.
3. A __________________ is any peaceful act which shows extreme displeasure; a
_________________ usually involves a large number of people marching with
banners to show (peacefully) their support or displeasure.
4. A _____________ is an uprising or fight against any central authority; a
_____________ is an incident when a crowd gets wildly and violently out of
control.
5. A _____________ is the successful changing of a government (and the political
direction of the country) by force; a _____________ is the sudden seizing of power
from the government by an unelected small (armed) group.
6. A ___________________ is a fight between the armed forces of two enemies; a
_____________ is a prolonged period of armed fighting between two countries.
7. A _________________ is a war in which two opposing groups from the same
country enter into conflict with each other; a _____________ is when a (usually)
small unofficial group carries out repeated small attacks on the government or the
main official force.
9. Give each of these words a score from 1 to 5, according to whether the
speaker feels positive (1 to 2), neutral (3), or negative (4 to 5) about the
person they are describing.
rebel __
revolutionary __
terrorist __
guerrilla __
freedom fighter __
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10. In Emeria two men from the EPLA (Emerian People’s Liberation Army)
attacked a government army camp. They blew up an ammunition dump.
Government troops counter-attacked and a gun battle developed. In the fighting a
schoolhouse was set on fire causing the death of the teacher and three of the
children. The attackers were killed after twenty-five minutes.
The EPLA want independence for the province of Kasmul. They have
launched a full scale rebellion against Prime Minister Brandrikarta, in spite of the
fact that Emeria is still involved in a full scale war against Darda.
Follow-up activities
1. Rewrite the story in one of the following ways using words from the
exercises above where appropriate:
i as an Emerian government report;
ii as an article from the EPLA paper;
iii as an article from a foreign newspaper (not an Emerian newspaper).
2. Read this text of a speech by Maria Richardson, Secretary General of the
United Nations, about the conflict between Emeria and Darda. Complete the
sentences below with words from the text.
“I believe that unless the two parties sit round a negotiating table there will
be no chance of resolving this dispute. I know that tension is high but we have to
pray that the cease-fire will hold, at least until peace negotiations can start.
There are problems of disputed territory between Emeria and Darda, and I
know that both sides have made statements that they will not surrender anything
that they have won, but I have to say that unless there is some sign of
compromise there will be more funerals and much more grief.
Emeria and Darda need to be at peace. They need to enter into a new
relationship with each other, and when they do that I am sure that the trade
boycott against the two countries will be lifted.”
1. I want to _____ this dispute agreeably.
2. If the cease-fire _____ we can start preparing for peace _____.
3. The _____ territory belongs to us. We will never _____ it.
4. I’m sure that sanctions will be _____ now that the government has
abandoned its repressive policies.
5. If we can stop the fighting there is a chance that our country can _____
into a new relationship with yours.
6. A militant faction representative said Sunday "progress was being made" at
the _____ as the two parties were trying to reach common ground.
3. Prepare a short statement which you will make at the beginning of the peace
negotiations as a member of the Emerian / Dardan delegation. It should express
you desire for peace and your position on the territorial dispute.
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UNIT 2
Lead-in
Comment on the quotations:
1. “Civilization itself is a certain sane balance of values” (Ezra Pound).
2. “Each man calls barbarism whatever is not his own practice” (Michel de
Montaigne).
3. “In order to have faith in his own path, he does not need to prove that someone
else's path is wrong” (Paulo Coelho).
4. “Oh, East is East, and West is West, and never the twain shall meet” (Rudyard
Kipling).
The Clash of Civilisations?
by S. Huntington
I. The next pattern of conflict
(1) World politics is entering a new phase, and intellectuals have not
hesitated to proliferate visions of what it will be – the end of history, the return of
traditional rivalries between nation states, and the decline of the nation state from
the conflicting pulls of tribalism and globalism, among others. Each of these
visions catches aspects of the emerging reality. Yet they all miss a crucial, indeed
a central, aspect of what global politics is likely to be in the coming years.
(2) It is my hypothesis that the fundamental source of conflict in this new
world will not be primarily ideological or primarily economic. The great
divisions among humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be
cultural. Nation states will remain the most powerful actors in world affairs, but
the principal conflicts of global politics will occur between nations and groups of
different civilizations. The clash of civilizations will be the battle lines of the
future.
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(3) Conflict between civilizations will be the latest phase of the evolution
of conflict in the modern world. For a century and a half after the emergence of
the modern international system of the Peace of Westphalia, the conflicts of the
Western world were largely among princes - emperors, absolute monarchs and
constitutional monarchs attempting to expand their bureaucracies, their armies,
their mercantilist economic strength and, most important, the territory they ruled.
In the process they created nation states, and beginning with the French
Revolution the principal lines of conflict were between nations rather than
princes. In 1793, as R. R. Palmer put it, "The wars of kings were over; the wars
of peoples had begun." This nineteenth-century pattern lasted until the end of
World War I. Then, as a result of the Russian Revolution and the reaction against
it, the conflict of nations yielded to the conflict of ideologies, first among
communism, fascism-Nazism and liberal democracy, and then between
communism and liberal democracy. During the Cold War, this latter conflict
became embodied in the struggle between the two superpowers, neither of which
was a nation state in the classical European sense and each of which defined its
identity in terms of ideology.
(4) These conflicts between princes, nation states and ideologies were
primarily conflicts within Western civilization, "Western civil wars," as William
Lind has labeled them. This was as true of the Cold War as it was of the world
wars and the earlier wars of the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
With the end of the Cold War, international politics moves out of its Western
phase, and its center-piece becomes the interaction between the West and non-
Western civilizations and among non-Western civilizations. In the politics of
civilizations, the people and governments of non-Western civilizations no longer
remain the objects of history as targets of Western colonialism but join the West
as movers and shapers of history.
II. The nature of civilizations
(5) During the Cold War the world was divided into the First, Second and
Third Worlds. Those divisions are no longer relevant. It is far more meaningful
now to group countries not in terms of their political or economic systems or in
terms of their level of economic development but rather in terms of their culture
and civilization.
(6) What do we mean when we talk of a civilization? A civilization is a
cultural entity. Villages, regions, ethnic groups, nationalities, religious groups, all
have distinct cultures at different levels of cultural heterogeneity. The culture of a
village in southern Italy may be different from that of a village in northern Italy,
but both will share in a common Italian culture that distinguishes them from
German villages. European communities, in turn, will share cultural features that
distinguish them from Arab or Chinese communities. Arabs, Chinese and
Westerners, however, are not part of any broader cultural entity. They constitute
civilizations. A civilization is thus the highest cultural grouping of people and the
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