Table Of ContentValues in Heritage Management
Values in Heritage
Management
Emerging Approaches and
Research Directions
Edited by Erica Avrami, Susan Macdonald,
Randall Mason, and David Myers
THE GETTY CONSERVATION INSTITUTE, LOS ANGELES
The Getty Conservation Institute
Timothy P. Whalen,John E. and Louise Bryson Director
Jeanne Marie Teutonico,Associate Director, Programs
The Getty Conservation Institute (GCI) works internationally to advance conservation practice in the
visual arts—broadly interpreted to include objects, collections, architecture, and sites. The Institute
serves the conservation community through scientific research, education and training, field projects,
and the dissemination of information. In all its endeavors, the GCI creates and delivers knowledge that
contributes to the conservation of the world’s cultural heritage.
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Contents
Foreword—Jeanne Marie Teutonico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x
Part I. Background
1. Introduction—Erica Avrami,Susan Macdonald,Randall Mason,and David
Myers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2. Mapping the Issue of Values—Erica Avramiand Randall Mason . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Part II. Perspectives from the Field
3. Spatializing Values in Heritage Conservation: The Potential of Cultural
Mapping—Erica Avrami . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4. Heritage Work: Understanding the Values, Applying the Values—Kristal
Buckley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
5. The Shift toward Values in UK Heritage Practice—Kate Clark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
6. Understanding Values of Cultural Heritage within the Framework of Social
Identity Conflicts—Karina V. Korostelina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
7. The Contemporary Values behind Chinese Heritage—Kuanghan Li . . . . . . . . . . 97
8. Values-Based Management and the Burra Charter: 1979, 1999, 2013—
Richard Mackay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
9. Is Conservation of Cultural Heritage Halal? Perspectives on Heritage Values
Rooted in Arabic-Islamic Traditions—Hossam Mahdy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
10. Changing Concepts and Values in Natural Heritage Conservation: A View
through IUCN and UNESCO Policies—Josep-Maria Mallarachand Bas
Verschuuren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
11. Valuing Traumatic Heritage Places as Archives and Agents—Randall
Mason . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
12. Values and Relationships between Tangible and Intangible Dimensions of
Heritage Places—Ayesha Pamela Rogers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
13. The Paradox of Valuing the Invaluable: Managing Cultural Values in
Heritage Places—Tara Sharma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
14. Heritage Economics: Coming to Terms with Value and Valuation—David
Throsby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
15. From the Inside Looking Out: Indigenous Perspectives on Heritage Values
—Joe Watkins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Appendix: Conclusions and Recommendations of the Symposium Participants . . . . 223
Further Readings in Heritage Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Symposium Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Foreword
The notion of significance has a long history that underpins conservation practice. In 1979
the Burra Charter was adopted by Australia ICOMOS. Revisions in 1999 recast the concept
of significance in a more participatory light and launched a new era in values-based
heritage management by identifying a broader range of values and stakeholders to be
considered in conservation practice. Yet despite the advances embodied in the Burra
Charter, formal processes for values-based heritage assessment and conservation were
still not prevalent as recently as two decades ago. Economic studies of heritage were
uncommon, and the methodologies for undertaking them less developed and tested than
they are today. At the same time, questions about the societal benefits of heritage
conservation and its economic value arose with growing frequency toward the end of the
twentieth century. Diverse groups also increasingly demanded the recognition of heritage
they valued, and sought greater agency in the management of that heritage.
In response to such developments, the Getty Conservation Institute (GCI) launched the
Agora initiative in 1997, under the direction of Marta de la Torre, to provide a forum in
which “the complex social, political and economic issues raised by [the] protection [of
1
heritage] could be explored and debated.” This initiative evolved into the GCI’s Research
on the Values of Heritage project, which aimed to bridge economic and cultural
approaches to valuing heritage and, ultimately, to advance development of a more
integrated approach to conservation.
Between 1998 and 2005, through research, convening, and case studies, the project aimed
to characterize the heritage values considered fundamental for conservation decisions;
examine the potential contributions of economic analysis; develop methods for assessing
heritage values and for their incorporation into conservation processes; and produce case
studies examining values in site management. This work resulted in four publications:
Economics and Heritage Conservation(1999),Values and Heritage Conservation(2000),
Assessing the Values of Cultural Heritage(2002), andHeritage Values in Site Management:
2
Four Case Studies(2005). More recent GCI activity has produced two additional
publications focused on stakeholders and the application of consensus building and
dispute resolution methods:A Didactic Case Study of Jarash Archaeological Site, Jordan:
3
Stakeholders and Heritage Values in Site Management(2010), andConsensus Building,
vii
4
Negotiation, and Conflict Resolution for Heritage Place Management(2016). The GCI has also
embedded values-based conservation in its own field projects and training efforts around
the world.
This work at the GCI was part of a broader movement in the field to advance values-based
planning methodologies. Today, the principle that a thorough understanding of the
cultural significance of a place should guide all aspects of heritage decision making is
fundamental to contemporary conservation practice. This principle is applied at all stages
of the conservation process, from the identification of what is deemed heritage, to the
development of conservation policies and intervention strategies, to the investment and
expenditure of resources in heritage management activities. Implicit in this approach is
the importance of engaging in management processes the multiple publics who use and
care about a heritage place. Such engagement has been explicitly acknowledged in the
codification of responsibilities of heritage professionals in the recently adopted “ICOMOS
5
Ethical Principles.”
Despite these significant developments in applied theory and practice, however, values-
based approaches are not well researched and formalized, and policy change at the level
of heritage governance is not prevalent around the world. New questions and issues are
emerging in relation to values-based heritage management, including the recognition of
a broader range of heritage typologies—tangible and intangible—and the development of
new norms and methods of practice. In addition, the ways in which heritage functions
within societies have evolved, with stakeholder communities in many places becoming
increasingly active.
In 2016, two former GCI colleagues—Erica Avrami of Columbia University and Randall
Mason of the University of Pennsylvania—approached the GCI about working
collaboratively to further advance discourse on heritage values in response to these
challenges. The result was a jointly organized symposium, “Values in Heritage
Management: Emerging Approaches and Research Directions,” held in Los Angeles on
February 6 and 7, 2017. The event brought together an invited group of scholars and
practitioners to explore a range of emerging issues and approaches from a variety of
geographic regions and professional disciplines. The ideas shared at the symposium
served as a springboard for the individual contributions contained in this volume,
including a discussion paper by Avrami and Mason in which they argue for a stronger
alignment between values in heritage practice and societal values. The publication’s
appendix contains conclusions and recommendations from the symposium regarding
relevant challenges and gaps in the heritage field, as well as opportunities for improving
heritage conservation outcomes through the better understanding, development, and
use of values-based methodologies.
We are grateful to the volume editors—Erica Avrami, Susan Macdonald, Randall Mason,
and David Myers—for conceiving the symposium and publication, and for guiding this
volume to completion. We hope that this publication will provoke continued dialogue and,
ultimately, contribute to the advancement of conservation practice.
Jeanne Marie Teutonico
Associate Director, Programs
The Getty Conservation Institute
viii Teutonico
