Values and Violence: Intangible Aspects of Terrorism

293 Pages·2009·3.29 MB·English

by  Amartya Sen (auth.)

VALUESANDVIOLENCE
STUDIES IN GLOBAL JUSTICE
VOLUME 4
Series Editor
Deen K. Chatterjee, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, U.S.A.
Editorial Board
Elizabeth Ashford, University of St. Andrews, U.K.
Gillian Brock, University of Auckland, New Zealand
Simon Caney, Oxford University, UK
Michael Doyle, Columbia University, U.S.A.
Andreas Follesdal, University of Oslo, Norway
Carol Gould, Temple University, U.S.A.
Virginia Held, CUNY, U.S.A.
Alison Jaggar, University of Colorado, U.S.A.
Jon Mandle, SUNY, Albany, U.S.A.
Onora O'Neill, The British Academy, U.K.
Sanjay Reddy, Columbia University, Barnard College, U.S.A.
Henry Shue, Oxford University, U.K.
Kok-Chor Tan, University of Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
Leif Wenar, University of Sheffield, U.K.
Veronique Zanetti, University of Bielefeld, Germany
Aims and Scope
In today’s world, national borders seem irrelevant when it comes to international crime and
terrorism. Likewise, human rights, poverty, inequality, democracy, development, trade,
bioethics, hunger, war and peace are all issues of global rather than national justice. The fact
that mass demonstrations are organized whenever the world’s governments and politicians
gather to discuss such major international issues is testimony to a widespread appeal for jus-
tice around the world. takes
Discussions of global justice are not limited to the fields of political philosophy and political
theory. In fact, research concerning global justice quite often requires an interdisciplinary
approach. It involves aspects of ethics, law, human rights, international relations, sociology,
economics, public health, and ecology. Springer’s new series Studies in Global Justice
up that interdisciplinary perspective. The series brings together outstanding monographs and
anthologies that deal with both basic normative theorizing and its institutional applications.
The volumes in the series discuss such aspects of global justice as the scope of social justice,
the moral significance of borders, global inequality and poverty, the justification and content
of human rights, the aims and methods of development, global environmental justice, global
bioethics, the global institutional order and the justice of intervention and war.
Volumes in this series will prove of great relevance to researchers, educators and students, as
well as politicians, policy-makers and government officials.
Forothertitlespublishedinthisseries,goto
www.springer.com/series/6958
Values and Violence
Intangible Aspects of Terrorism
Editors
IBRAHIMA.KARAWAN
UniversityofUtah,SaltLakeCity,UT,U.S.A.
WAYNEMcCORMACK
UniversityofUtah,SaltLakeCity,UT,U.S.A.
STEPHENE.REYNOLDS
UniversityofUtah,SaltLakeCity,UT,U.S.A.
123
Editors
Prof.IbrahimA.Karawan Prof.WayneMcCormack
UniversityofUtah UniversityofUtah
260So.CentralCampusDr. 332So.1400E
#205 SaltLakeCityUT84112
SaltLakeCityUT84112 USA
USA [email protected]
[email protected]
Prof.StephenE.Reynolds
UniversityofUtah
260So.CentralCampusDr.
#205
SaltLakeCityUT84112
USA
[email protected]
ISBN:978-1-4020-8659-5 e-ISBN:978-1-4020-8660-1
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2008931158
(cid:2)c 2008SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.
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Contents
PartI SocialIdentityandPoliticalViolence
ViolenceinIdentity................................................. 3
AmartyaSen
Gandhi,Newton,andtheEnlightenment .............................. 15
AkeelBilgrami
IdeasasWeapons:MilitantIslamistGroupsinEgypt................... 31
IbrahimKarawan
FemaleTerrorists:MartyrdomandGenderEquality ................... 43
MarilynFriedman
EthnicityandIndoctrinationforViolence:TheEfficiencyofProducing
Terrorists.......................................................... 63
FrankSalter
TheClashWithin:DemocracyandtheHinduRight.................... 81
MarthaC.Nussbaum
PartII ScopeoftheTerroristThreat
AssessingtheStateofAlQaedaandCurrentandFutureTerrorist
Threats ........................................................... 99
BruceHoffman
TheDebateover“New”vs.“Old”Terrorism ..........................117
MarthaCrenshaw
Globalization,SocialCapitalandNetworkedViolence:TheRoleof
Values.............................................................137
BenjaminN.JudkinsandStephenE.Reynolds
v
vi Contents
GeospatialAnalysisofDynamicTerroristNetworks....................151
RichardMedinaandGeorgeHepner
DevelopingMoralAgencyintheMidstofViolence:Children,Political
Conflict,andValues ................................................169
CeciliaWainrybandMonishaPasupathi
ViolentandNon-violentResponsestoStateFailure:PapuaNewGuinea
andEcuador.......................................................189
KenJamesonandPollyWiessner
PartIII ValuesandPolicyChoices
Terrorism,IslamandAmerica:InSearchofaDisarmingNarrative......207
TomFarer
TheImportanceofValuesintheFightAgainstTerrorism ...............215
AmosN.Guiora
“Terrorism”:ReflectionsonLegitimacyandPolicyConsiderations.......233
M.CherifBassiouni
ValuesImplicatedintheStrugglewithTerrorism:War,Crime,and
Prevention.........................................................257
WayneMcCormack
BiographiesofAuthors..............................................279
Index .............................................................287
Contributors
AkeelBilgrami
ColumbiaUniversity,[email protected]
M.CherifBassiouni
DePaulUniversity,[email protected]
MarthaCrenshaw
StanfordUniversity,[email protected]
TomFarer
UniversityofDenver,[email protected]
MarilynFriedman
WashingtonUniversitySt.Louis,[email protected]
AmosN.Guiora
UniversityofUtah,[email protected]
GeorgeHepner
UniversityofUtah,[email protected]
BruceHoffman
GeorgetownUniversity,[email protected]
KenJameson
UniversityofUtah,[email protected]
BenjaminN.Judkins
UniversityofUtah,[email protected]
IbrahimKarawan
UniversityofUtah,[email protected]
WayneMcCormack
UniversityofUtah,[email protected]
RichardMedina
UniversityofUtah,[email protected]
vii
viii Contributors
MarthaC.Nussbaum
S.J. Quinney Lecture at the University of Utah, University of Chicago,
martha [email protected]
MonishaPasupathi
UniversityofUtah,[email protected]
StephenE.Reynolds
UniversityofUtah,[email protected]
FrankSalter
MaxPlanckResearchGroupforHumanEthology,[email protected]
AmartyaSen
HarvardUniversity,[email protected]
CeciliaWainryb
UniversityofUtah,[email protected]
PollyWiessner
UniversityofUtah,[email protected]
Introduction
WayneMcCormack
TheessaysinthisvolumeareproductsofaconferenceattheUniversityofUtahthat
itselfwastheoutgrowthofanin-housestudygroupwhichbeganmeetingin2005.
Early on, we realized that there was a substantial amount of talent and expertise
in Utah regarding matters of international and global violence, but we also knew
thatthereweremanyothersintheworldfocusingtheirattentiononsuchissues.So
weaskedourselveswhatwebroughttothetablethatcouldbeunique,andweasked
governmentofficialswhattheysawtobeneeded.Theanswerinbothinstancescame
out the same: “Values and the Quest for Human Dignity in Confronting Political
Violence.”
When we learned that government professionals, particularly in the justice and
military sectors, were thirsting for focused attention to bedrock principles, we
thoughtwehadamatchwithwhatacademicscouldoffer.Theastoundingresponse
oftheelitescholarsrepresentedhereshowsthatourinstinctwasright.
Thefocusofourdiscussionswastheroleofvaluesinformingterroristactivity,
in assessing the impacts of that activity, and in forming policies for responses to
it. These are values that should be timeless and universal, but the crises in which
they are challenged always seem to be unique at the moment. Thus, these essays
extend far beyond terrorism but have significance in the fears and concerns of the
moment.
Societywillnomoreeliminateterrorismthanitwilleliminatecrime–thechal-
lengeforcontainmentofbothistounderstandandprovideethicaloptionsforratio-
nal decision makers. These essays assess normative and policy questions involved
interrorismfromanumberofperspectives–thebeliefsystemsthatliebehindthe
patterneduseofviolenceinvariouscultures,normativeissuesinassessingrisksof
violence,andtheimplicationsoftheinternationalizationofviolence.
Policy makers need a formal framework of analysis to avoid making unguided
ad hoc decisions, but there are limits to the accuracy of empirical predictions.
These two boundaries set the parameters for the exercise of professional judg-
ment – the making of informed decisions on the basis of a rigorous analysis with
less-than-certain outcomes. Long-term, we need to take existing information, ex-
ercise normative judgments as well as assess historical experience, and construct
a decision framework that takes all factors into account and provides a basis for
professionalandpoliticaljudgments.
ix
x Introduction
Internationalizationhaschangedthefaceofterrorismdramatically.Patternedvi-
olenceagainstcivilianshasbeenpartofhumanhistoryforatleast4000yearsand
isnotlikelytogoaway.Buttransportationandcommunicationsystems,alongwith
destructive technology, allow violence to occur anywhere and for its effects to be
feltimmediatelyinremotelocations.
Normative and ethical evaluations are part of every important decision. Most
obviously,theconsequencesofpolicychoicescannotbeassessedwithoutattention
to the culture of an affected region or group, but even assessing the likelihood of
variousthreatsrequiresattentiontohumannorms.Forexample,weatherforecasting
is a “hard” science only in the sense that much of its data is observable. And as
globalwarmingshows,thechoiceofwhatdatatocollectisalmostasnormativeas
thequestionsofwhattodowithpredictionsofconsequences.
Ourprincipalmessageisthatthepragmaticpoliticianignoresnormativevaluesat
greatperil.Thosevaluesthathavebeencraftedoverlongperiodsoftimeunderava-
rietyofconditionsendureforgoodreason.Thoselong-heldvaluesleadtoprinciples
thatdonotneedtoberethoughtintimesofcrisiswhenjudgmentscanbeskewedby
fearandemotion.AttheendofthisIntroduction,wewillofferadozensuggestions
thatflowfromtheessays,butweemphasizethattheseareourimpressionsfromthe
collectedwisdomhere.
StructureoftheVolume–Beginning,Middle,End
Thiscollectionofessaysproceedsbyexaminingsomesourcesofpoliticalviolence,
moving to the impacts and scope of threats, and finishing with the policy choices
availableforresponsetopoliticalviolence.
Anumberofanalyseshaveaddressedsuchfactorsasthemotivationsofindivid-
ual terrorists, the “culture” of terrorist organizations, the political contribution of
“failedstates,”the effect of economic oppression, and thecultural-ideological ori-
ginsoffundamentalism.Itshouldbepossibletoexaminecorrelationsamongthese
factors.TheessaysinPartIofthiscollectionexamineanumberofcorrelationsto
beginthatprocess.Manyquestionsremaintobeexploredmorethoroughly.Howdo
different cultures express the notions of fairness and recompense for harms? How
dotheseculturalvaluesinteractwitheconomics,geography,politicalandhistorical
forces?Whataretheimplicationsofinternationalinterdependenceandinformation
technologyontheproliferationofterrorism?Whatisthesignificanceofmigration
andtheapparentdeclineofstatecontroloverborders?Whatcanbedonetoenhance
internationalcooperationandtheroleofregionalorinternationalorganizations?
Part II of this collection begins exploration of risk assessment in a normative
context. It is not possible to eliminate all threats of harm, particularly in an open
society. A society with high levels of individual autonomy is vulnerable to clan-
destine violence from nonstate actors, while a tightly controlled society tends to
fosterstateviolence.Securityplanningistheartofmakingareasonableallocation
ofresourcestominimizevariousthreatsofharmwhiletakingintoaccountdesired