usmle step 1 2017 first aid

798 Pages·2016·40.42 MB·English

A STUDENT-TO-STUDENT GUIDE
• 1,300+ frequently tested facts and mnemonics •
• High-yield updates throughout with reorganized neurology chapter •
• 100+ new and revised color illustrations and photos •
• Student-proven exam tips and strategies •
• Revised resource guide with web and mobile apps •
FIRST AID
FOR
THE®
USMLE
STEP 1
2017
TAO LE, MD, MHS VIKAS BHUSHAN, MD
Associate Clinical Professor Boracay
Chief, Section of Allergy and Immunology
Department of Medicine
University of Louisville School of Medicine
MATTHEW SOCHAT, MD KIMBERLY KALLIANOS, MD
Resident, Department of Internal Medicine Resident, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging
Temple University Hospital University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine
YASH CHAVDA, DO ANDREW ZUREICK
Resident, Department of Emergency Medicine University of Michigan Medical School
St. Barnabas Hospital, Bronx Class of 2018
MEHBOOB KALANI, MD
Resident, Department of Internal Medicine
Allegheny Health Network Medical Education Consortium
New York / Chicago / San Francisco / Athens / London / Madrid / Mexico City
Milan / New Delhi / Singapore / Sydney / Toronto
Copyright © 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976,
no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system,
without the prior written permission of the publisher.
ISBN: 978-1-25-983762-3
MHID: 1-25-983762-9.
The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-1-25-983763-0,
MHID: 1-25-983763-7.
eBook conversion by codeMantra
Version 1.0
All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked
name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the
trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps.
McGraw-Hill Education eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions or for use in corpo-
rate training programs. To contact a representative, please visit the Contact Us page at www.mhprofessional.com.
Notice
Medicine is an ever-changing science. As new research and clinical experience broaden our knowledge, changes in treatment and drug
therapy are required. The authors and the publisher of this work have checked with sources believed to be reliable in their efforts to
provide information that is complete and generally in accord with the standards accepted at the time of publication. However, in view
of the possibility of human error or changes in medical sciences, neither the authors nor the publisher nor any other party who has been
involved in the preparation or publication of this work warrants that the information contained herein is in every respect accurate or com-
plete, and they disclaim all responsibility for any errors or omissions or for the results obtained from use of the information contained in
this work. Readers are encouraged to confirm the information contained herein with other sources. For example and in particular, readers
are advised to check the product information sheet included in the package of each drug they plan to administer to be certain that the
information contained in this work is accurate and that changes have not been made in the recommended dose or in the contraindications
for administration. This recommendation is of particular importance in connection with new or infrequently used drugs.
TERMS OF USE
This is a copyrighted work and McGraw-Hill Education and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is subject
to these terms. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may
not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate,
sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill Education’s prior consent. You may use the work for your
own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited. Your right to use the work may be terminated if
you fail to comply with these terms.
THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL EDUCATION AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WAR-
RANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING
THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR
OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. McGraw-Hill Education
and its licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its opera-
tion will be uninterrupted or error free. Neither McGraw-Hill Education nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any
inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom. McGraw-Hill Education has no
responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work. Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill Education and/
or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or
inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply
to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise.
Dedication
To the contributors to this and past editions, who took
time to share their knowledge, insight, and humor for the
benefit of students and physicians everywhere.
Contents
Contributing Authors vii General Acknowledgments xiii
Associate Authors viii How to Contribute xvii
Faculty Advisors ix How to Use This Book xix
Preface xi Selected USMLE Laboratory Values xx
Special Acknowledgments xii First Aid Checklist for the USMLE Step 1 xxii
(cid:96)(cid:3)SECTION I GUIDE TO EFFICIENT EXAM PREPARATION 1
Introduction 2 Test-Taking Strategies 20
USMLE Step 1—The Basics 2 Clinical Vignette Strategies 21
Defining Your Goal 12 If You Think You Failed 22
Excelling in the Preclinical Years 13 Testing Agencies 22
Timeline for Study 14 References 23
Study Materials 18
(cid:96)(cid:3)SECTION I SUPPLEMENT SPECIAL SITUATIONS 25
(cid:96)(cid:3)SECTION II HIGH-YIELD GENERAL PRINCIPLES 27
How to Use the Database 28 Pathology 203
Biochemistry 31 Pharmacology 223
Immunology 91 Public Health Sciences 245
Microbiology 119
v
(cid:96)(cid:3)SECTION III HIGH-YIELD ORGAN SYSTEMS 263
Approaching the Organ Systems 264 Neurology and Special Senses 459
Cardiovascular 267 Psychiatry 523
Endocrine 311 Renal 547
Gastrointestinal 343 Reproductive 579
Hematology and Oncology 385 Respiratory 625
Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue 423 Rapid Review 651
(cid:96)(cid:3)SECTION IV TOP-RATED REVIEW RESOURCES 671
How to Use the Database 672 Cell Biology and Histology 677
Question Banks 674 Microbiology and Immunology 677
Question Books 674 Pathology 677
Web and Mobile Apps 674 Pharmacology 678
Comprehensive 675 Physiology 679
Anatomy, Embryology, and Neuroscience 675 Abbreviations and Symbols 681
Behavioral Science 676 Image Acknowledgments 689
Biochemistry 676
(cid:96)(cid:3)
Index 711 About the Editors 777
vi
Contributing Authors
MARINA BOUSHRA, MD M. SCOTT MOORE, DO
Resident, Department of Emergency Medicine Research Fellow
East Carolina University/Vidant Medical Center Affiliated Dermatology
THEODORE CRISOSTOMO-WYNNE JUN YEN NG, MD
F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine Intern
Class of 2017 Central Queensland Hospital and Health Services
MATTHEW S. DELFINER SATYAJIT REDDY, MD
New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine Resident, Department of Internal Medicine
Class of 2017 Temple University Hospital
ANGELA GAUTHIER VADIM ROSIN
Yale School of Medicine University of Michigan Medical School
Class of 2018 Class of 2017
BENJAMIN GOUGH, DO SARAH SCHIMANSKY, MB BCh BAO
Resident, Department of General Surgery Academic Foundation Doctor
Christiana Care Health System North Bristol NHS Trust
JAN ANDRE GRAUMAN, MD, MA ZACHARY G. SCHWAM, MD
Family Medicine Resident, Northern Remote Stream Resident, Department of Otolaryngology
University of Manitoba Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
JESSICA F. JOHNSTON, MSc NINO SIKHARULIDZE, MD
Yale School of Medicine Department of Endocrinology
MD/PhD Candidate Tbilisi State Medical University
JAMES N. McCOY VAISHNAVI VAIDYANATHAN
Texas A&M Health Science Center University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine
Class of 2017 Class of 2018
I I T
MAGE AND LLUSTRATION EAM
RYAN W. HADDEN RENATA VELAPATIÑO
University of Alabama School of Medicine San Martín de Porres University
Class of 2017 School of Medicine
vii
Associate Authors
JAMES E. BATES, MD JESSE D. SENGILLO
Resident, Department of Radiation Oncology SUNY Downstate College of Medicine
University of Florida School of Medicine Class of 2018
REED GILBOW, MD WENHUI ZHOU
Resident, Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Tufts University School of Medicine
University of Virginia School of Medicine MD/PhD Candidate
RYAN KELSCH
Midwestern University Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine
Class of 2017
I I T
MAGE AND LLUSTRATION EAM
NAKEYA KHOZEMA DEWASWALA
Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College
Class of 2016
viii
Faculty Advisors
MARK A.W. ANDREWS, PhD CHARLES S. DELA CRUZ, MD, PhD
Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine at Seton Hill Assistant Professor, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
Greensburg, PA Yale School of Medicine
MARIA ANTONELLI, MD CONRAD FISCHER, MD
Clinical Faculty, Division of Rheumatology Associate Professor, Medicine, Physiology, and Pharmacology
Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Touro College of Medicine
HERMAN SINGH BAGGA, MD JEFFREY J. GOLD, MD
Urologist, Allegheny Health Network Associate Professor, Department of Neurology
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Assistant Professor, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine
ADITYA BARDIA, MBBS, MPH RAYUDU GOPALAKRISHNA, PhD
Attending Physician, Massachusetts General Hospital Associate Professor, Department of Cell and Neurobiology
Harvard Medical School Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California
PAULETTE BERND, PhD RYAN C.W. HALL, MD
Professor, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons University of South Florida
SHELDON CAMPBELL, MD, PhD LOUISE HAWLEY, PhD
Associate Professor of Laboratory Medicine Immediate Past Professor and Chair, Department of Microbiology
Yale School of Medicine Ross University School of Medicine
BROOKS D. CASH, MD MARGARET M. HAYES, MD
Professor of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology Instructor of Medicine
University of South Alabama School of Medicine Harvard Medical School
SHIVANI VERMA CHMURA, MD JEFFREY W. HOFMANN, MD, PhD
Adjunct Clinical Faculty, Department of Psychiatry Resident, Department of Pathology
Stanford University School of Medicine University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine
PETER V. CHIN-HONG, MD BRIAN C. JENSEN, MD
Professor, Department of Medicine Assistant Professor of Medicine and Pharmacology
University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine University of North Carolina Health Care
CHRISTINA E. CIACCIO, MD, MSc CLARK KEBODEAUX, PharmD
Assistant Professor, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine Clinical Assistant Professor, Pharmacy Practice and Science
The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy
LINDA S. COSTANZO, PhD MICHAEL R. KING, MD
Professor, Physiology & Biophysics Instructor, Department of Pediatric Anesthesiology
Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
ANTHONY L. DeFRANCO, PhD KRISTINE KRAFTS, MD
Professor, Department of Microbiology and Immunology Assistant Professor, Department of Basic Sciences
University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine University of Minnesota School of Medicine
ix
GERALD LEE, MD MELANIE SCHORR, MD
Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics Research Fellow, Department of Medicine
University of Louisville School of Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital
KACHIU C. LEE, MD, MPH NATHAN W. SKELLEY, MD
Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Dermatology Assistant Professor, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island University of Missouri, The Missouri Orthopaedic Institute
WARREN LEVINSON, MD, PhD SHEENA STANARD, MD, MHS
Professor, Department of Microbiology and Immunology Hospitalist
University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine State University of New York Upstate Hospital
PETER MARKS, MD, PhD HOWARD M. STEINMAN, PhD
Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Assistant Dean, Biomedical Science Education
US Food and Drug Administration Albert Einstein College of Medicine
J. RYAN MARTIN, MD STEPHEN F. THUNG, MD
Assistant Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Yale School of Medicine The Ohio State University College of Medicine
DOUGLAS A. MATA, MD, MPH RICHARD P. USATINE, MD
Brigham and Women’s Hospital Professor, Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery
Harvard Medical School University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio
VICKI PARK, PhD PRASHANT VAISHNAVA, MD
Associate Professor, Pediatrics and Medical Education Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine
University of Tennessee Health Science Center Mount Sinai Hospital and Icahn School of Medicine
JEANNINE RAHIMIAN, MD, MBA J. MATTHEW VELKEY, PhD
Associate Professor, Obstetrics and Gynecology Assistant Dean, Basic Science Education
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Duke University School of Medicine
SOROUSH RAIS-BAHRAMI, MD BRIAN WALCOTT, MD
Assistant Professor, Urology and Radiology Clinical Instructor, Department of Neurological Surgery
The University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine University of California, San Francisco
SASAN SAKIANI, MD TISHA WANG, MD
Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Medicine
Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
ROBERT A. SASSO, MD SYLVIA WASSERTHEIL-SMOLLER, PhD
Professor of Clinical Medicine Professor Emerita, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health
Ross University School of Medicine Albert Einstein College of Medicine
JOSEPH L. SCHINDLER, MD ADAM WEINSTEIN, MD
Assistant Professor, Neurology and Neurosurgery Assistant Professor, Pediatric Nephrology and Medical Education
Yale School of Medicine Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth
x