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Conquest of the Four Quarters
TRADITIONAL ACCOUNTS OF THE LIFE OF SANKARA
Jonathan Bader
A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
of The Australian National University
June 1991
With the exception of the sources acknowledged
in the thesis, this work is wholly my own.
Jonathan Bader
Acknowledgements
It gives me great pleasure to thank my supervisors, Dr. Tissa Rajapatirana and Dr.
Luise Hercus, for their considerable help in the preparation of my thesis. Tissa always
welcomed my intrusions, along with the problematic Sanskrit verses I brought him at
odd hours in the day. Luise saw to it that important issues were clearly defined and,
more generally, that my writing did not veer off course. Thanks are also due to my
advisor, Dr. Jos Jordens, for his continued support. Professor J. W. de Jong kindly
set aside the time, during his very busy retirement, to go through the whole of the
thesis. I am especially grateful to Dr. Dipesh Chakrabarty, who first encouraged me to
undertake this project. My work has gained much from Dipesh's perceptive critical
comments, and my understanding of Indian culture owes a great deal to the
discussions we have had over the years. Dr. Michael Cornans gave generously of his
time to read with me a large portion of Anantanandagiri's Saiikaravijaya. Yogendra
Yadav and Sudha Joshi helped me through some of the Hindi materials.
I am very grateful to the Faculty of Asian Studies for their overall support and the
generous facilities afforded me in my research. A research grant from the Faculty
enabled me to able to carry out three months' field work in India, from December 1988
to March 1989. Dr. Richard Barz, Head of the South and West Asia Centre, saw to it
that I had everything I needed during my stay in the centre and was always ready to
offer friendly assistance. Ms. Betty Kat, Secretary of the South and West Asia Centre,
has helped me in many ways, both large and small, in the preparation of the thesis.
There are a number of people I would like to thank for their help and cordiality
during my visit to India. In the first place, I am most grateful to the Sarlkarlicliryas
who showed me that the rich tradition they represent is still very much alive. The
iiciiryas and their staff welcomed me and graciously answered my many questions: at
Klinchipuram, His Holiness Jagadguru Candrasekharendra-Sarasvati and A.
Kuppuswami; at Sringeri, His Holiness Jagadguru Bhliratitirtha and Shankar Sharma
(private secretary to the late Jagadguru Abhinavavidylitirtha); at the Kumbha Melli,
His Holiness Jagadguru Svlimi Svariiplinanda, pi.thiidhipati of the Dwlirkli and Jyotir
ma{has, and my thanks to Michael Mavro who arranged for me to meet Svlimiji. In
Bombay Dr. W. R. Antarkar generously provided me with various materials for my
research. In Madras Professor N. Veezhinathan spent several hours patiently replying
to my queries about the Sankaravijaya of Anantlinandagiri, and Swlirni Tapasylinanda
of the Sri Ramakrishna Order willingly discussed the Sarlkara hagiographies at length
with me.
v
On a more personal note, I would like to acknowledge three kalyiiiJa-mitras
Primoz Pecenko, Tamara Ditrich and Royce Wiles-for all their help, and more
especially for their good sense of humour. My final and greatest debt is to my wife
Erica, who has sufferred through the seemingly interminable period of gestation this
thesis has required. To her is due the larger part of whatever fruits may arise from the
work.
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Abstract
Some seven hundred years after Sankara wrote the learned commentaries that
established his reputation as one of the foremost interpreters of Vedanta, a series of
hagiographies began to emerge which glorified him as an incarnation of Siva.
Although they were composed exclusively in Sanskrit, these works eventually secured
him a place in popular culture. One text in particular stands out from the rest, the
Sankaradigvijaya of Madhava. This work, composed between 1650 and 1800,
skilfully brought together materials from several earlier hagiographies. Its popularity
grew to such an extent that it came to eclipse the other works, which have languished
in relative obscurity ever since. These hagiographies, along with the Saiikaradigvijaya,
have been virtually ignored by critical scholars because they are of little historical
value. Yet, the authors of these works had no intention of writing history. They sought
to deify Sruikara and, to this end, mythography was a far more potent medium than
biography. In this study historiographical concerns are largely left aside in focusing on
the hagiographies composed prior to and including the Saiikaradigvijaya, i.e., eight
texts in all.
My primary aim is to consider how Sruikara has been received in India, and in
particular to examine the conceptual models upon which his life story is constructed.
The thesis is organized along the lines of the features that stand out most prominently
in the hagiographies. Firstly, there are the mythic structures which provide not only the
peaks but also the foundation of the narrative. The Sankara story is cast fmnly within
the framework of Saiva mythology: the protagonist is, above all, an avatiira of Siva.
Secondly, I have attached considerable importance to the sense of place. Sankara's
grand tour of the sacred sites lends cohesion and continuity to the narrative. Ultimately
his journey proves to be a quest for the throne of omniscience. Thirdly, there are the
great debates which culminate in a digvijaya. Saiikara's conquest of the four quarters,
along with his ascension to the throne of omniscience, highlights the complementarity
of royal and ascetic values in traditional India. It is through the digvijaya that Sankara
fulfills his mission of restoring harmony to a divided land, and so becomes a national
hero. Finally, I have paid much attention to the legacy of Saiikara as well as the
continuity of the Advaita sampradiiya, in order to emphasize that theirs is a living
tradition.
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V. THEGREATDEBATES 123
The Satikara-Maq.c;Iana Debate (CSV Chapter 18) 129
Refutation of Buddhist Doctrines (ASV Chapter 28) 137
Refutation of Buddhists/Jains (CSV Chapter 29) 139
Refutation of Other Saiva Doctrines (ASV Chapter 5) 144
VI. SANKARA'S LEGACY: THE ADVAITA TRADITION, THE
MATJiAS AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SECTS 153
The Founding of the Ma.thas 154
The Bequest of a Siva Liiiga 162
$aiJ.mata-sthiipana: Establishing the Devotional Sects 167
Asceticism and Institutionalism 178
The Dispute Between the Mafhas 189
Vll. REFLECTIONS ON REPRESENTING SANKARA 201
APPENDIX A. Interviews with the Satikaracilryas 215
APPENDIXB. TwoLostWorks 223
Priicina-Sillikaravijaya 223
Brhat-Sillikaravijaya 226
BIBLIOGRAPHY 229
TABLES
Eight Sanskrit Sources for the Satikara Story 17
Sources for Verses Incorporated in Madhava's SDV facing page 38
Incidents in Eight Sources 51
Places Visited by Satikara facing page 94
Sari.kara's Opponents 225
MAPS
Places Visited by Sari.kara - compiled from all seven sources 97
Places Visited by Satikara -mentioned in four or more sources 107
X
CONTENTS
Acknowledgements v
Abstract vii
Abbreviations xi
INTRODUCTION 1
I. SOURCES FOR THE LIFE OF SANKARA · 13
The Principal Hagiographies 16
Anantanandagiri's Saiikaravijaya (ASV) 19
Cidvilasa's Sarlkaravijaya-viliisa (CSV) 26
Vyasacala's Sankaravijaya (VSV) 27
RajacUc;IamaiJ.i-Dilqita's Saiikariibhyudaya (RSA) 30
Govindanatha's Sankariiciirya-carita (GSC) 31
Tirumala-Dik~ita's Saiikariibhyudaya (TSA) 32
Lak~maiJ.a-Sastri's Guruva1psa-kavya (GVK) 35
Madhava's Saiikara-digvijaya (SDV) 36
Additional Sources 43
Antagonistic portrayals of Sallkara 44
II. THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE LIFE STORY 49
Circumstances of his birth and early years 53
Meets Vyasa who approves his work and extends his life 57
Meets Kumlirila-Bhana 58
Debates MaiJ.c;lana/Visvariipa; Sarasvati adjudicates 60
Debates Sarasvati 62
Enters body of dying king to learn the erotic arts 64
III. THE MYTHOLOGICAL SETTING 67
A Mythical Interlude: Vyasacala's Saiikaravijaya (Chapters 2-3) 72
IV. PILGRIM AND CONQUEROR: A SACRED GEOGRAPHY 91
The Journey's End and Some Conclusions 106
Sallkara and the Pilgrimage Tradition 109
Digvijaya: the Conquest of the Quarters 113
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Abbreviations
ALB Adyar Libnuy Bulletin
ASV Saiikaravijaya ofA nantiinandagiri
BrSV Brhat-Saiikaravijaya
csv
Saiikaravijayaviliisa by Cidviliisa-muni
GVK Guruv~~~psakavyam by Kasi Lak~maiJa-Sastri
GSC Sarlkariiciilyacaritam by Govindaniitha
Ill Indo-Iranian Journal
lAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society
liP Journal of Indian Philosophy
JUB Journal of the University ofB ombay
Mbh Mahiibhiirata
PC Pataiijalicarita by Riimabhadra-Dik~ta
PEW Philosophy East and West
PrSV Priicina Sarlkaravijaya
RSA Salikariibhyudayam by RiijacikjiimaiJi-Dik~ita
SDV Saiikaradigvijaya by Miidhava
TSA Saiikariibhyudayamahiikiivya by Tirumala-Dik~ita
vsv
Sarlkaravijaya by Vyiisiicala
WZKS Wiener Zeitschrift fiir die Kunde Siidasiens
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