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Use of Smartphones in Optical Experimentation shows how smartphone-based
Use of Smartphones in
optical labs can be designed and realized. The book presents demonstrations of
fundamental geometric and physical optical principles, including the law of
reflection, the law of refraction, image formation equations, dispersion, Beer’s law, Z Optical Experimentation
H
polarization, Fresnel’s equations, optical rotation, diffraction, interference, and A
O
blackbody radiation. Many practical applications—how to design a monochromator , P
and a spectrometer, use the Gaussian beam of a laser, measure the colors of LED H
A
lights, and estimate the temperature of an incandescent lamp or the Sun—are also N
G
included. The experimental designs provided in this book represent only a hint of
the power of leveraging the technological capability of smartphones and other
low-cost materials to create a physics lab.
This book can be used as a guide for undergraduate students and instructors for a
hands-on experience with optics, especially for an online optical lab; elementary
and high school science teachers to develop smartphone-based labs for classroom
demonstrations; and anyone who wants to explore fundamental STEM concepts by
designing and performing experiments anywhere.
Yiping Zhao
P.O. Box 10 Yoong Sheng Phang
Bellingham, WA 98227-0010
ISBN: 9781510654976
SPIE Vol. No.: TT124
TT124
Tutorial Texts Series Related Title
(cid:129) Optics Using MATLAB, Scott W. Teare, Vol. TT111
(For a complete list of Tutorial Texts, see http://spie.org/publications/books/tutorial-
texts.)
Other Related SPIE Press books:
(cid:129) Discovering Light: Fun Experiments with Optics, Maria Viñas-Peña, Vol.
PM324
(cid:129) How to Set Up a Laser Lab, Ken L. Barat, Vol. SL02
(cid:129) Introducing Photonics, Brian Culshaw, Vol. PM324
(cid:129) Optics for Technicians, Max J. Riedl, Vol. PM258
(cid:129) Seeing the Light: Optics Without Equations, William L. Wolfe, Vol.
PM349
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Zhao, Yiping, author. | Phang, Yoong Sheng, author.
Title: Use of smartphones in optical experimentation / Yiping Zhao,
Yoong Sheng Phang.
Description: Bellingham, Washington, USA : SPIE Press, [2022] | Includes
bibliographical references.
Identifiers: LCCN 2022023950 | ISBN 9781510654976 (paperback) | ISBN
9781510654983 (pdf)
Subjects: LCSH: Optics–Experiments. | Smartphones–Scientific applications.
Classification: LCC QC365 .Z43 2022 | DDC 535.078–dc23 /eng20220826
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022023950
Published by
SPIE
P.O. Box 10
Bellingham, Washington 98227-0010 USA
Phone: þ1 360.676.3290
Fax: þ1 360.647.1445
Email: [email protected]
Web: http://spie.org
Copyright © 2022 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in
any form or by any means without written permission of the publisher.
The content of this book reflects the work and thought of the authors. Every effort
has been made topublish reliable and accurate information herein, but thepublisher
is not responsible for the validity of the information or for any outcomes resulting
from reliance thereon.
Printed in the United States of America.
First printing 2022.
For updates to this book, visit http://spie.org and type “TT124” in the search field.
Introduction to the Series
The Tutorial Text series provides readers with an introductory reference text
to a particular field or technology. The books in the series are different from
other technical monographs and textbooks in the manner in which the
material is presented. True to their name, they are tutorial in nature, and
graphical and illustrative material is used whenever possible to better explain
basic and more-advanced topics. Heavy use of tabular reference data and
numerous examples further explain the presented concept. A grasp of the
material can be deepened and clarified by taking corresponding SPIE short
courses.
The initial concept for the series came from Jim Harrington (1942–2018)
in 1989. Jim served as Series Editor from its inception to 2018. The Tutorial
Texts have grown in popularity and scope of material covered since 1989.
They are popular because they provide a ready reference for those wishing to
learnaboutemergingtechnologiesorthelatestinformationwithinanewfield.
Thetopicsintheserieshavegrownfromgeometricaloptics,opticaldetectors,
and image processing to include the emerging fields of nanotechnology,
biomedical optics, engineered materials, data processing, and laser technolo-
gies. Authors contributing to the series are instructed to provide introductory
material so that those new to the field may usethe book as a starting point to
get a basic grasp of the material.
The publishing time for Tutorial Texts is kept to a minimum so that the
bookscanbeastimelyandup-to-date aspossible.Whenaproposalforatext
is received, it is evaluated to determine the relevance of the proposed topic.
This initial reviewing process helps authors identify additional material or
changes in approach early in the writing process, which results in a stronger
book. Once a manuscript is completed, it is peer reviewed by multiple experts
in the field to ensure that it accurately communicates the key components of
the science and technologies in a tutorial style.
It is my goal to continue to maintain the style and quality of books in the
series and to further expand the topic areas to include new emerging fields as
they become of interest to our readers.
Jessica DeGroote Nelson
Edmund Optics
v
Contents
Preface xiii
1 Smartphones and Their Optical Sensors 1
1.1 History and Current Utilization in Education 1
1.2 Smartphone Camera 3
1.2.1 Optical sensor 3
1.2.2 Adaptive optical system 8
1.3 Using the Smartphone Camera in Experiments 11
References 11
2 Experimental Data Analysis 17
2.1 Experiments and Measurement Error 17
2.1.1 General physics experimental procedure 17
2.1.2 The experimental measurements 19
2.1.3 Errors in measurements 22
2.2 Numerical/Parameter Estimation 26
2.2.1 Estimation of a direct measurement 26
2.2.2 Estimation of a relationship 29
2.3 Model Testing 32
References 35
3 Law of Reflection 37
3.1 Introduction 37
3.2 Smartphone Experiment (Alec Cook and Ryan Pappafotis, 2015) 37
3.2.1 General strategy 37
3.2.2 Materials 38
3.2.3 Experimental setup 38
3.2.4 Experimental results 39
4 Law of Refraction 41
4.1 Introduction 41
4.2 Smartphone Experiment (Alec Cook and Ryan Pappafotis, 2015) 41
4.2.1 General strategy 41
4.2.2 Materials 42
vii
viii Contents
4.2.3 Experimental setup 42
4.2.4 Experimental results 42
5 Image Formation 45
5.1 Introduction 45
5.2 Smartphone Experiment (Michael Biddle and Robert Dawson, 2015;
Yoong Sheng Phang, 2021) 47
5.2.1 General strategy 47
5.2.2 Materials 47
5.2.3 Experimental setup 48
5.2.4 Experimental results 48
References 49
6 Linear Polarization 51
6.1 Introduction 51
6.2 Smartphone Experiment (Sungjae Cho and Aojie Xue, 2019) 52
6.2.1 General strategy 52
6.2.2 Materials 52
6.2.3 Experimental setup 52
6.2.4 Experimental results 53
7 Fresnel Equations 55
7.1 Introduction 55
7.2 Smartphone Experiment (Graham McKinnon, 2020) 56
7.2.1 General strategy 56
7.2.2 Materials 56
7.2.3 Experimental setup 56
7.2.4 Preliminary results 57
8 Brewster’s Angle 59
8.1 Introduction 59
8.2 Smartphone Experiment (Robert Bull and Daniel Desena, 2019) 60
8.2.1 General strategy 60
8.2.2 Materials 60
8.2.3 Experimental setup 60
8.2.4 Experimental results 61
Reference 62
9 Optical Rotation 63
9.1 Introduction 63
9.2 Smartphone Experiment (Nicholas Kruegler, 2020) 64
9.2.1 General strategy 64
9.2.2 Materials 64
9.2.3 Experimental setup 64
Contents ix
9.2.4 Experimental results 65
References 66
10 Thin Film Interference 67
10.1 Introduction 67
10.2 SmartphoneExperiment(NicolasLohnerandAustinBaeckeroot,2017) 69
10.2.1 General strategy 69
10.2.2 Materials 69
10.2.3 Experimental setup 69
10.2.4 Experimental results 70
11 Wedge Interference 71
11.1 Introduction 71
11.2 SmartphoneExperiment(GrahamMcKinnonandNicholasBrosnahan,
2020) 72
11.2.1 General strategy 72
11.2.2 Materials 72
11.2.3 Experimental setup 72
11.2.4 Experimental results 73
12 Diffraction from Gratings 75
12.1 Introduction 75
12.2 Smartphone Experiment I: Diffraction from an iPhone Screen
(Zach Eidex and Clayton Oetting, 2018) 77
12.2.1 General strategy 77
12.2.2 Materials 77
12.2.3 Experimental setup 77
12.2.4 Experimental results 78
12.3 Smartphone Experiment II: Diffraction from a Grating and a Hair
(Nick Brosnahan, 2020) 79
12.3.1 General Strategy 79
12.3.2 Materials 79
12.3.3 Experimental setup 79
12.3.4 Experimental results 80
References 81
13 Structural Coloration of Butterfly Wings and Peacock Feathers 83
13.1 Introduction 83
13.2 Smartphone Experiment I: Diffraction in a Box—Scale Spacing of
Morpho Butterfly Wings (Mary Lalak and Paul Brackman, 2014) 85
13.2.1 General strategy 85
13.2.2 Materials 85
13.2.3 Experimental setup 85
13.2.4 Experimental results 86
