Table Of ContentUse of AI, Robotics, and
Modern Tools to Fight Covid-19
RIVER PUBLISHERS SERIES IN AUTOMATION,
CONTROL AND ROBOTICS
Series Editors
ISHWAR K. SETHI TAREK SOBH
Oakland University University of Bridgeport
USA USA
FENG QIAO
Shenyang JianZhu University
China
Indexing: all books published in this series are submitted to the Web of Science Book Citation Index
(BkCI), to SCOPUS, to CrossRef and to Google Scholar for evaluation and indexing.
The “River Publishers Series in Automation, Control and Robotics” is a series of comprehensive
academic and professional books which focus on the theory and applications of automation, control and
robotics. The series focuses on topics ranging from the theory and use of control systems, automation
engineering, robotics and intelligent machines.
Books published in the series include research monographs, edited volumes, handbooks and
textbooks. The books provide professionals, researchers, educators, and advanced students in the field
with an invaluable insight into the latest research and developments.
Topics covered in the series include, but are by no means restricted to the following:
• Robots and Intelligent Machines
• Robotics
• Control Systems
• Control Theory
• Automation Engineering
For a list of other books in this series, visit www.riverpublishers.com
The NEC and You Perfect Together:
Use of AI, Robotics, and
A ComMporedheenrnsi Tveo oStlusd tyo o Ff itgheh t Covid-19
National Electrical Code
Editors
Arpit Jain
Gregory P. Bierals
University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, India
Electrical Design Institute, USA
Abhinav Sharma
University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, India
Jianwu Wang
University of Maryland, USA
Mangey Ram
Graphic Era Deemed to be University, India
River Publishers
Published2021byRiverPublishers
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Use of AI, Robotics, and Modern Tools to Fight Covid-19/by Arpit Jain,
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Contents
Preface xiii
Acknowledgement xvii
List of Contributors xix
List of Figures xxiii
List of Tables xxvii
List of Notations and Abbreviations xxix
1 The History of Pandemics and Evolution So Far 1
Puneet Joshi, Swati Shukla 1
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Definition Of Pandemics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 History Of Pandemics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3.1 Prehistoric Epidemic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3.2 Modern Epidemics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 Attributes Of A Pandemic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.5 Origin Of The Coronavirus Or Covid-19 . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5.1 Pathophysiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.5.2 Signs, Symptoms, and Transmission . . . . . . . . . 7
1.5.3 Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.5.4 Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.5.5 Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.6 Types Of Covid-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.7 Vaccine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.8 Pandemic Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.9 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
v
vi Contents
2 Tracing the Origins of COVID-19 17
Vidushee Nautiyal, Rakhi Pandey 17
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2 History of the Virus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2.1 Influenza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.2.2 Seasonal Flu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2.3 2002–2004: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome . . . 21
2.2.4 2009 (H1N1) Flu Pandemic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.2.5 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus (MERS-COV) − 2012 . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.2.6 2014–2016 Ebola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.3 Genetic Sequence of Sars-Cov-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.4 Transmission and Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.6 Acknowledgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3 AI for COVID-19: The Journey So Far 29
Abhinav Sharma, Arpit Jain, Mangey Ram 29
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.2 Artificial Intelligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.3 Potential Contribution of Ai Against Covid-19 . . . . . . . . 33
3.3.1 Diagnosis of Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.3.2 Discovery of Drug and Vaccine . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.3.3 Prediction of Mortality and Survival Rate . . . . . . . 36
3.3.4 Contact Tracing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.3.5 Robotics and Health Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.3.6 COVID-19 Chatbots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.3.7 Prevent Further Spread of Disease . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4 Technological Opportunities to Fight COVID-19 for
Indian Scenario 45
Meera C. S., Aslesha Bodavula, Pinisetti Swami Sairam 45
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.2 Technological Interventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.2.1 Robotic Technologies in COVID-19 . . . . . . . . . 47
4.2.2 Smart Surveillance Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.2.3 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning . . . . . 50
Contents vviiii
4.2.4 Computational Fluid Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.2.5 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.3 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5 Mobile Robots in COVID-19 59
Prashant Kumar Dwivedi 59
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.1.1 What is Mobile Robot? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.1.2 Components of Mobile Robots . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.1.3 Mobile Robots and COVID-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.2 Requirements of Mobile Robots in Pandemic Situation . . . 64
5.3 Innovation and Classification of Mobile Robots . . . . . . . 65
5.4 Future Scope and Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
5.4.1 Challenges During Development Phase . . . . . . . 72
5.4.2 Challenges During Deployment Phase . . . . . . . . 74
5.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
6 Predictor System for Tracing COVID-19 Spread 79
Kuldeep Panwar, Supriya Pandey, Kamal Rawat, Neeraj Bisht 79
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
6.2 Various Prediction Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
6.3 Case Study − Prediction of Effective Reproductive
Number for India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
6.4 Results and Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
6.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
7 Discovery of Robust Distributions of COVID-19 Spread 89
Chhaya Kulkarni, Sandipan Dey, Vandana Janeja 89
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
7.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
7.2.1 Data Preprocessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
7.2.2 Temporal Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
7.2.3 Distribution Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
7.2.4 Outlier Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
7.3 Experimental Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
7.3.1 Geospatial Context of the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
viii Contents
7.3.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
7.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
8 Toward Smart Hospital: An Intelligent Personnel
Scheduling Using Evolutionary Algorithms 111
Tan Nhat Pham, Son Vu Truong Dao 111
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
8.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
8.2.1 Data Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
8.2.2 Mathematical Model Development . . . . . . . . . . 113
8.2.3 Discrete GWO with a Novel Neighborhood
Search Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
8.3 Computational Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
8.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
9 Role of Artificial Intelligence Based Wireless Sensor Network
for Pandemic Control: A Case Study Using CupCarbon 127
Paawan Sharma, Hardik Patel, Mohendra Roy 127
9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
9.2 Proposed Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
9.3 Modeling and Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
9.4 Results and Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
9.4.1 Application in Pandemic Control . . . . . . . . . . . 135
9.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
10 Peculiarities of Technical Measures During the
COVID-19 Pandemic 141
Iosif Z. Aronov, Anna M. Rybakova, Nataliia M. Galkina 141
10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
10.2 Application of Tbt Measures By Wto Members . . . . . . . 143
10.3 Peculiarities of Application of Standardization Tools
During the Pandemic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
10.3.1 Standard Accessibility in Response to the
COVID-19 Pandemic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
10.3.2 Development of Standardization Documents in
Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic . . . . . . . . 152
Contents iixx
10.4 Main Conclusions and Recommendations from the Analysis
of TBT Measures During the Covid-19 Pandemic . . . . . . 155
10.5 Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
11 Climate Change and COVID-19: An Interplay 161
Vibhu Jately, Jyoti Joshi, Rajendra Kumar Jatley 161
11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
11.2 Comparison OF Two Disruptors, The Climate Risk,
and Covid-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
11.2.1 Short-Term and Long-Term Effects of Climate
Change and COVID-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
11.2.2 Short-Term Effects of the Current Pandemic . . . . . 165
11.2.3 Long-Term Effects of the Pandemic . . . . . . . . . . 165
11.2.4 Short-Term Effects of Climate Change . . . . . . . . 166
11.2.5 Long-Term Effects of Climate Change . . . . . . . . 166
11.2.6 Searching Ways to Mitigate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
11.2.7 Common Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
11.2.8 Features that Make Them Different . . . . . . . . . . 167
11.2.9 Mitigating the Risk by Avoiding its Multiplication . . 167
11.3 Trends in CO2 and GHG Emission Levels . . . . . . . . . . 168
11.4 Effect of Covid-19 on Emission Levels and on Energy
Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
11.5 How to Move Forward? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
11.5.1 Responses Helpful in Saving the Environment . . . . 174
11.5.2 Pitfalls in Road that Can Blur the Focus of
Stakeholders for Reducing Emissions . . . . . . . . . 174
11.5.3 Road Map for the Planners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
11.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
11.7 Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
12 COVID-19 Pandemic: A New Era in Higher Education 181
Sriperumbuduru Srilaya, Sirisha Velampalli 181
12.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
12.2 Covid-19 Impact on Higher Education . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
12.2.1 All Educational Activities are Disrupted . . . . . . . 183
12.2.2 Turndown in Employment Opportunities . . . . . . . 183
