Table Of ContentU.S.-Japan Technology Linkages In
Biotechnology: Challenges for the 1990s
CommitteeonJapan
OfficeofJapanAffairs
OfficeofInternationalAffairs
NationalResearchCouncil
NOTICE: TheprojectthatisthesubjectofthisreportwasapprovedbytheGoverningBoard
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ThisreportwaspreparedwithsupportofagrantfromtheUnitedStates-JapanFoundation.
Availablefrom:
OfficeofJapanAffairs NationalAcademyPress
NationalResearchCouncil 2101ConstitutionAve.,N.W.
2101ConstitutionAvenue,N.W. Washington,DC20418
Washington,DC 20418
LInitberranraytioofnaClonSgtraensdsarCdaBtaolookgNCuamrdbeNrum0b-3e0r9-9024-669092-083 pSjercsotnPdriPnrtiinntgi,ngM,aJyun1e9912992
COMMITTEEONJAPAN
HaroldBrown(Chairman)
JohnsHopkinsForeignPolicyInstitute
ErichBloch(Vice-Chairman)
CouncilonCompetitiveness
C.FredBergsten E.FloydKvamme
InstituteforInternational KleinerPerkinsCaufield&Byers
Economics
YoshioNishi
LewisM.Branscomb Hewlett-PackardCo.
HarvardUniversity
DanielI.Okimoto
LawrenceW.Clarkson StanfordUniversity
TheBoeingCo.
JohnD.RockefellerIV
I.M.Destler UnitedStatesSenate
UniversityofMaryland
RichardJ. Samuels
MildredS.Dresselhaus MITJapanProgram
MassachusettsInstituteof
Technology RobertA. Scalapino
UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley
DanielJ.Fink
D.J.FinkAssociates,Inc. HubertJ.P. Schoemaker
Centocor,Inc.
EllenL.Frost
InstituteforInternational OraE. Smith
Economics IllinoisSuperconductorCorp.
LesterC.Krogh AlbertD.Wheelon
3MCo. HughesAircraftCo.(retired)
ExOfficioMembers:
GeraldP.Dinneen,ForeignSecretary,NationalAcademyofEngineering
BIOTECHNOLOGYWORKINGGROUPON
PRIVATESECTORTECHNOLOGICALLINKSBETWEEN
THEUNITEDSTATESANDJAPAN
HubertJ.P. Schoemaker(Co-Chairman)
Centocor,Inc.
G. StevenBurrill (Co-Chairman)
Ernst&Young
MarkD.Dibner
NorthCarolinaBiotechnologyCenter
SteliosPapadopoulos
PaineWebber
JamesB. Wyngaarden
NationalResearchCouncil
RobertT.Yuan
UniversityofMaryland
OFFICEOFJAPANAFFAIRS
Since 1985theNationalAcademyofSciencesandtheNationalAcade-
my ofEngineering have engaged in a series ofhigh-level discussions on
advancedtechnology andthe international environmentwith acounterpart
groupofJapanesescientists,engineers,andindustrialists. Oneoutcomeof
thesediscussionswas adeepenedunderstanding oftheimportanceofpro-
moting amore balancedtwo-wayflowofpeopleandinformation between
theresearchanddevelopmentsystemsinthetwocountries. Anotherresult
wasabroaderrecognitionoftheneedtoaddressthescienceandtechnology
policyissuesincreasinglycentraltoachangingU.S.-Japanrelationship. In
1987theNationalResearchCouncil,theoperatingarmofboththeNational
AcademyofSciencesandtheNationalAcademyofEngineering,authorized
first-yearfunding for anew Office ofJapan Affairs (OJA). This newest
programelementoftheOfficeofInternationalAffairswasformallyestab-
lishedinthespringof1988.
TheprimaryobjectivesofOJAaretoprovidearesourcetotheAcade-
mycomplexandthebroaderU.S. scienceandengineeringcommunitiesfor
informationonJapanesescienceandtechnology,topromotebetterworking
relationships between the technical communities in the two countries by
developingaprocessofdeepeneddialogueonissuesofmutualconcern,and
to address policy issues surrounding a changing U.S.-Japan science and
technologyrelationship.
Staff
MarthaCaldwellHarris,Director
ThomasArrison,ResearchAssociate
MakiFife,ProgramAssistant
Contents
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. TECHNOLOGYLINKAGES_DEFINITIONSAND
APPROACHESTOANALYSIS 5
3. TECHNOLOGYLINKAGES_SCOPE,SIGNIFICANCE
ANDTRENDS 13
TheActors, 13
Company-to-CompanyLinkagesBetweenthe
UnitedStates andJapan,20
CorporateStrategiesintheUnitedStatesandJapan,25
SpecialCharacteristicsofJapaneseInvestmentinthe
U.S.BiotechnologyIndustry,29
TechnologyLinkagesBetweenJapaneseCompaniesand
U.S.UniversitiesandNonprofitResearchInstitutions,33
ExamplesofTechnologyLinkages_MultiplePurposes
andMechanisms,41
4. PROSPECTSFORTHEFUTURE 45
Vlll
APPENDIXES
A.CaseStudiesofU.S.-JapanTechnology
LinkagesinBiotechnology 61
CaseI:Calgene-Kirin,61
CaseII:Monotech,Inc.andShowa-ToyoDiagnostics,67
CaseIII:Kirin-Amgen,74
CaseIV:HitachiChemicalResearch-Universityof
California,Irvine,81
B.ExamplesofLinkagesBetweenJapaneseCompaniesandU.S.
AcademicResearchInstitutions 90
C.WorkshoponU.S.-JapanTechnologyLinkagesinBiotechnology
AgendaandParticipants 97
