U.S. Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reports Inventory Of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions And Sinks: 1990-2005 (April 2007)

458 Pages·2004·22.68 MB·English

by  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

EPA 430-R-07-002

INVENTORY OF U.S. GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND SINKS:
1990 – 2005

APRIL 15, 2007

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
1200 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W.
Washington, DC 20460
U.S.A.

[Inside Front Cover]

HOW TO OBTAIN COPIES
You can electronically download this document on the U.S. EPA's homepage at
<http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/publications/emissions>. To request free copies of this report, call the
National Service Center for Environmental Publications (NSCEP) at [phone], or visit the web site above and
click on “order online” after selecting an edition.
All data tables of this document are available for the full time series 1990 through 2005, inclusive, at the internet
site mentioned above.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION
Contact Mr. Leif Hockstad, Environmental Protection Agency, (202) 343–9432, [email protected].
Or Ms. Lisa Hanle, Environmental Protection Agency, (202) 343–9434, [email protected].
For more information regarding climate change and greenhouse gas emissions, see the EPA web site at
<http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming>.

Released for printing: April 15, 2007

[INSERT DISCUSSION OF COVER DESIGN]

Acknowledgments
The Environmental Protection Agency would like to acknowledge the many individual and organizational
contributors to this document, without whose efforts this report would not be complete. Although the complete list
of researchers, government employees, and consultants who have provided technical and editorial support is too
long to list here, EPA’s Office of Atmospheric Programs would like to thank some key contributors and reviewers
whose work has significantly improved this year’s report.
Work on fuel combustion and industrial process emissions was led by Leif Hockstad and Mausami Desai. Work
on methane emissions from the energy sector was directed by Lisa Hanle. Calculations for the waste sector were
led by Melissa Weitz. Tom Wirth directed work on the Agriculture chapter, and Kimberly Klunich directed work
on the Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry chapter. Work on emissions of HFCs, PFCs, and SF was
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directed by Deborah Ottinger and Dave Godwin. John Davies directed the work on mobile combustion.
Within the EPA, other Offices also contributed data, analysis, and technical review for this report. The Office of
Transportation and Air Quality and the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards provided analysis and review
for several of the source categories addressed in this report. The Office of Solid Waste and the Office of Research
and Development also contributed analysis and research.
The Energy Information Administration and the Department of Energy contributed invaluable data and analysis on
numerous energy-related topics. The U.S. Forest Service prepared the forest carbon inventory, and the Department
of Agriculture’s Agricultural Research Service and the Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory at Colorado State
University contributed leading research on nitrous oxide and carbon fluxes from soils.
Other government agencies have contributed data as well, including the U.S. Geological Survey, the Federal
Highway Administration, the Department of Transportation, the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, the Department
of Commerce, the National Agricultural Statistics Service, the Federal Aviation Administration, and the Department
of Defense.
We would also like to thank Marian Martin Van Pelt, Randall Freed, and their staff at ICF International’s Energy
and Resources Practice, including Don Robinson, Diana Pape, Susan Asam, Michael Grant, Ravi Kantamaneni,
Robert Lanza, Chris Steuer, Lauren Flinn, Kamala Jayaraman, Jeremy Scharfenberg, Mollie Averyt, Sarah Shapiro,
Stacy Hetzel, Brian Gillis, Zachary Schaffer, Vineet Aggarwal, Colin McGroarty, Hemant Mallya, Lauren
Pederson, Erin Fraser, Joseph Herr, Victoria Thompson, Jean Kim, Pankaj Kumar, David Berv, Allison Osborne,
and Toby Krasney for synthesizing this report and preparing many of the individual analyses. Eastern Research
Group, RTI International, Raven Ridge Resources, and Arcadis also provided significant analytical support.
i

Preface

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) prepares the official U.S. Inventory of Greenhouse Gas
Emissions and Sinks to comply with existing commitments under the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC).1 Under decision 3/CP.5 of the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties, national
inventories for UNFCCC Annex I parties should be provided to the UNFCCC Secretariat each year by April 15.
In an effort to engage the public and researchers across the country, the EPA has instituted an annual public review
and comment process for this document. The availability of the draft document is announced via Federal Register
Notice and is posted on the EPA web site.2 Copies are also mailed upon request. The public comment period is
generally limited to 30 days; however, comments received after the closure of the public comment period are
accepted and considered for the next edition of this annual report.

1 See Article 4(1)(a) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change <http://www.unfccc.int>.
2 See <http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/publications/emissions>.
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Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I
TABLE OF CONTENTS V
LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES, AND BOXES VIII
Tables viii
Figures xvi
Boxes xviii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES-1
Background Information ES-2
Recent Trends in U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks ES-4
Overview of Sector Emissions and Trends ES-11
Other Information ES-14
1. INTRODUCTION 1-1
1.1. Background Information 1-2
1.2. Institutional Arrangements 1-9
1.3. Inventory Process 1-9
1.4. Methodology and Data Sources 1-11
1.5. Key Categories 1-12
1.6. Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) 1-14
1.7. Uncertainty Analysis of Emission Estimates 1-15
1.8. Completeness 1-16
1.9. Organization of Report 1-16
2. TRENDS IN GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS 2-1
2.1. Recent Trends in U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions 2-1
2.2. Emissions by Economic Sector 2-23
2.3. Indirect Greenhouse Gas Emissions (CO, NO , NMVOCs, and SO ) 2-30
x 2
3. ENERGY 3-1
3.1. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Fossil Fuel Combustion (IPCC Source Category 1A) 3-3
3.2. Carbon Emitted from Non-Energy Uses of Fossil Fuels (IPCC Source Category 1A) 3-19
3.3. Stationary Combustion (excluding CO ) (IPCC Source Category 1A) 3-24
2
3.4. Mobile Combustion (excluding CO ) (IPCC Source Category 1A) 3-29
2
3.5. Coal Mining (IPCC Source Category 1B1a) 3-36
3.6. Abandoned Underground Coal Mines (IPCC Source Category 1B1a) 3-39
3.7. Natural Gas Systems (IPCC Source Category 1B2b) 3-43
v
3.8. Petroleum Systems (IPCC Source Category 1B2a) 3-47
3.9. Municipal Solid Waste Combustion (IPCC Source Category 1A5) 3-50
3.10. Energy Sources of Indirect Greenhouse Gas Emissions 3-53
3.11. International Bunker Fuels (IPCC Source Category 1: Memo Items) 3-54
3.12. Wood Biomass and Ethanol Consumption (IPCC Source Category 1A) 3-59
4. INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES 4-1
4.1. Cement Manufacture (IPCC Source Category 2A1) 4-4
4.2. Iron and Steel Production (IPCC Source Category 2C1) 4-6
4.3. Ammonia Manufacture and Urea Application (IPCC Source Category 2B1) 4-10
4.4. Lime Manufacture (IPCC Source Category 2A2) 4-13
4.5. Limestone and Dolomite Use (IPCC Source Category 2A3) 4-17
4.6. Soda Ash Manufacture and Consumption (IPCC Source Category 2A4) 4-20
4.7. Titanium Dioxide Production (IPCC Source Category 2B5) 4-23
4.8. Ferroalloy Production (IPCC Source Category 2C2) 4-25
4.9. Phosphoric Acid Production (IPCC Source Category 2B5) 4-27
4.10. Carbon Dioxide Consumption (IPCC Source Category 2B5) 4-31
4.11. Zinc Production (IPCC Source Category 2C5) 4-33
4.12. Lead Production (IPCC Source Category 2C5) 4-36
4.13. Petrochemical Production (IPCC Source Category 2B5) 4-38
4.14. Silicon Carbide Production (IPCC Source Category 2B4) and Consumption 4-41
4.15. Nitric Acid Production (IPCC Source Category 2B2) 4-43
4.16. Adipic Acid Production (IPCC Source Category 2B3) 4-44
4.17. Substitution of Ozone Depleting Substances (IPCC Source Category 2F) 4-47
4.18. HCFC-22 Production (IPCC Source Category 2E1) 4-49
4.19. Electrical Transmission and Distribution (IPCC Source Category 2F7) 4-51
4.20. Semiconductor Manufacture (IPCC Source Category 2F6) 4-55
4.21. Aluminum Production (IPCC Source Category 2C3) 4-59
4.22. Magnesium Production and Processing (IPCC Source Category 2C4) 4-64
4.23. Industrial Sources of Indirect Greenhouse Gases 4-66
5. SOLVENT AND OTHER PRODUCT USE 5-1
5.1. Nitrous Oxide Product Usage (IPCC Source Category 3D) 5-1
5.2. Indirect Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Solvent Use 5-4
6. AGRICULTURE 6-1
6.1. Enteric Fermentation (IPCC Source Category 4A) 6-2
6.2. Manure Management (IPCC Source Category 4B) 6-6
6.3. Rice Cultivation (IPCC Source Category 4C) 6-12
vi Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2005