Urdu: An Essential Grammar (Essential Grammars)

161 Pages·1999·6.23 MB·English

by  Ruth Laila Schmidt

URDU:
AN ESSENTIAL GRAMMAR

Undue An tsseniat Grammar is a cefeence guide 1 he games
strustues a ode Und

“The corplees of Un are ec omit shot, real estms which
smvenenly sped wet majrlopial Readings. Explnaons contin
‘nina jargon and craps kas ben place te uspect of Ur ha ose
«pation halenge for Englnb-spaling sudo

‘estresinlo

+ languoge examples though in tots Ud seit a eomariztion
1 usertenly ayeut

1 tauwork of net referenees hereen ston

2 deeded cement

1 compicense nde.

irda An twee oeseas 9 fresh and ucrsile desctpi of he
language. evil prove iva costes at} vel in schools ollozes,
tiverstics and adult classes. clear explanations make it ideal for
tnendent eres 0,

Ruth Lalla. Sebmidl Kewwes in the Departmen’ of East Lunopean und
‘Sent Sates atthe Unversity of User, Norway
TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Listof bios
Preface by Gopi Chand Narang
Inreductoa

Symbol and abbreviations we inthe text

1 NOUNS
Gender and mang
‘Genter urkingsmzked nouns womtked suns; natu ger
some ober tes gender of caune
‘Now pluals
mas (hove case); rnc Gras rs
Inflection of mune
‘Noy ese blue cae; oblique aouns esl ram
dropping of expressing tay; wocatie cass f nouns
‘Repetiton of moun
‘Siege eeptition: repetition sur an ecko word
[Noms units of mean
‘Oder parte of speech usd 2s none

2 PRONOUNS
‘Demoarsativepronoant
ye This and “that
‘ersou] pronoun
taste lve cra psn prune el
first person sul pronoun: cmon of personal pronous:
Sagat» plc speller; ominiive pronouns; oblique inlet)
pronouns he sulle ~ nea replacing is, pranaus before te
osipostion 3 possessive fares of pesoral povouns
Relenve reoams |
The reflexive yosesive ajc apa: mia pel
apne xed hind pas mr, “mug
Inerogative ranean
"whe Aytatking questions und exclannins; ka,
‘nh; oblique eras of nd haus
Indefinite promos
1 see anyone Lach, someihing)s “anton
Relative pence
Repeued peoacuus

2%

Mt

Table of contents

Joy ae Kaun, KT LT, A oa oe kc nach

3 AnIScTTVES

Moning
‘Morked adjectives; unmarked adjectives

Agement
‘recat in gee an number: aprecrrat incase; agreement
‘sith noun selences af lee ender aibulve and prodiate
ets

rengons ued an atjctives
Tmneogurve pronouns, adie rom

Symmeaticl york word eis
‘The calegoresSuML~ FN -URROGATIVE- RELATION

‘Aujtive pases formed wih sf and v5
The adjectival patislesd (58 ~The sux WS

Repeated sdjctives
Siople petition: rpetion wih anecto wunl

Comparison of sjecives
(Comparton of ajectives withsé; comparison of aletives with
ay tari: ye "nent a, “qe. rs uplst
‘wih adjective +a + adjocis

Adjectives wih oder gruematia furlong
‘Adjectives ured ax adverb ajastes ue a8 num

Adjatves divusted in ther ebapiert
apts used ws ndectives; pastes adjectives: beetles
possestve adjective apa nacre

4 ADVERBS
‘Symmetrical y-¥4j aver sets
"The ctepriesNigh =H MIERNCGATI- HaL ATE
Aves of ine
thab-Lab job; i ag un wages wag calendar and clook ins
Adverts ef place
‘ahi vehi iar har. dhar, i gah jog
‘i jgat in rf tara Lara cliques axadvess f place:
veri phroe ur compan pustpusiin?
Aver of rane
‘fl yt ah ah ea tara ara
‘tara fis tata vere phrases uf mane wh The
poplin pple une ery

“The naga wow abi wa a: ‘Tes teh

*

30
Table of cantonts

Table ofcontants_ ie

‘oer. nop, agai’ "he!
bia adverts ending in-an
Repened adverts
Siaple opction: omar sepction
Tuzroguives and indefinite aed wih ony
Tetenogetive adverb ued wid oy indie aves ane
‘Rit Cony; nerogatee pronouns used wih 005
(Order of mile wives

POSTPOSITIONS

‘Gramatiesl pospstons
a= Eb eagreningpunvennuns Ht macking objects infected
[incompound postpstions: 1 andi altzate fos: AS makiog
ject: marking subjects S showing cnoement ia dieeton,
e104 dostiations BS sf days snd dats: 38 iellowingifirlives,
iB nang subjects

Spatiaempealpstpaslions
(i ablative Seton; zkng the instore’ in sompacivo
faeces. in adverbial phrases 3 marking object, = frraing
‘psiposiona sequence; lk showing exec ni wk as 48
‘phate parle ma dh oearve Fant nies Elle
‘bys parva active Func: pr showing vere 3
Aesination: parfotiwang oblique mfninves ubiquitin =
arb par murking ubject vallcanans of verbs with
posipasiions

‘Compound pospostions
[oblique anon + pospocin: H+ obliga: I+ oblique
adjective E+ adverbs (y+ Pesan pepsin + able urs
oun + bat

Fospoitlonlsoquancas
‘Spata-cemparalpospesitions + 68

‘Bpvessing posesion (1 have")
Inalenable possession: ki (= ~ 1 lente possesion: Be ps
Snangibe possession: Kb

VERBS
Forms of be vat

Roy nie; impertesive participles pes
The zh bint, ob

‘The conjugition of hia; hi as un wiry ve
Denoelnative verbs
‘ed forms based on the ve oot

Subjanetse contin sentences roe! oom Sure tase,

tive purple

os

y

a

6

‘onjuntivepareples repented oats conjunctive parce
‘onunooos tenses; cooinsous present eocimuous Fase other
‘ontnoaoa tense; ot +s abil. pss rar + Bk
(goss; root ek (competion: compound ver

‘Yd forms based oa the imperfcive partite us
merece parisipls soo: baitual peel; abl pat,
‘ther Rabin tence, inpertecive participle + rand (rer)
inpertective particle ~ find (progression imertetve
pulisple used ae an alse

‘Ye ems bse nhs perfective parole as
Agreement in peeling tense simple is: rai pyrrole
ask uber puotual tense; deve pase incapacity: peaectve
Purciple~laradthabicoe peace, porcctive participle + wn
(contains: psfoctvepariciple used a an adjective

lafintives a
Thinner vr uns; niin as guns foes
Consevetions with moma coe lavas na

Impersonal constuctions: fii ve ha (neces eine +
As (advice: iaietve + pam (Obgain, lack of shice)
Constructions wich oblique ease efnitven rr)
Oblyveiefninve + sal oii aii + en oblique nitve
1 ig (eommoenred event) coliqueinfninee + dae Ce);
obigoeinlnive yer of mien (purpose); eique ini
+35 Crepe assertion)

‘COMPOUND VERBS us

(Compound vet and ange orba 18
Ibe soto ut compound verb ghee: he ulilrence hete2n
compound aod simple ves

nmemative ver verte He
‘The wastor vs i; Devon Yeh par he Yooer verb nikal,
he sete ver ha the wet see alt

‘Tranthive wet verbs us
The voter er the vest var nthe vein edb lithe
econ verorahes

‘ied munity i compound vert Ist
“Transitive min Yerbs ith trnsive sects fansite mtn
verb wi ransigive verre

‘Restictoas on cocureace of empound verte
‘Coosratioos bared oo de verb root ori: paca
constetons passive constutons eeaive enters

Perfectve participles an main vee uss
"Nonna pesfecvepurcipe;cbliqu prtectivepatiiples
Table of contents

Table of contents x

10

‘Denominaive vert in compound verb segaenecs

INTRANSITIVE, TRANSITIVE AND CAUSATIVE VERBS

Thuanative and vareveverba
‘The ference benveen Uanstve al nraniive verbs; aves
webs the increment Uansives lived wit he increment
ouble transits drow ith the nee; tasty with
compaund orbs: anivity with dentine verb; verbs
‘ehh function a nunsvey and anllvely en epons
traekives witht arate ih 8

Cenetve verbs
‘iret causative devived wid he neement- nie satis
foxmod wit he werement-v aust dvnvcatve webs,
caxative ser roasts

[PARTICIPLES AS QUALIFIERS
linperisetiveparicipce
Aijecval oe of imparfocuve pete; adverbial ue of
inperfetve puri; impertecive pracy + va, wie
(0sr).ng'inpenfentiseparcipe + “x yuna (8:
repeat wopefetveparsipls:mpertetive purples bed
Perfective peices
‘Adjecival us of peeve piles: adverbial eof psfetie
arcpls:aecba pesfeeiveparcile in eprestone of tine:
{ogeste perfective pticpte: prt antples used 3: nous
pfecve purples in campo webs
Conjustive pariples
‘Conguative parcipls used adverbys peated rocks in
cunjuneive parte

‘WORD ORDER AND AGREEMENT IN SENTENCES
Word ede
‘Wd uri enteaces bjoc: nun pra verb; negative
selncesinterogatve entonces
Ageensat
Sabjece-vrh agreement ecb pre: apes wath mnsed
subjects procenent wth rastve vee gcse wih
impersonal ves: mine wari adjctve oun ace!

166

116
16

180

186

17
ra

ist

11 RELATIVE-CORREL ATIVE SENTENCES
"The wmucit of lave vento
ela words und thei ciamtepis; Jeep suctre uf ela
‘sorelaiv sentences onder of caute in eitive-conelatine
enone supultve relative laure; comelaives specified by bi
“Thoreluive pronouns
‘Namie ort ubique sal pla frst J
Reimive actives
‘is jn
Relive aberts of pase
jp. i oun har, tara
Relaive adver of ine
3s je, eb ak; ab ak» negtive, ut “ules aba,
‘wl’ is vant
eleve udvech of manner
5g, jis inte
Teenie compensa repeated eaves
eluive words followed by unefe words, “overs eave words
followed by Br, "ever: repeated relative words

12. PARTICLES, INTERIECTIONS AND CONTUNCTIONS
Panes
“rhe cunimotve arplatic pile intoducing ecu clauses
in oman sentences: abl; inkedacing evveltve
‘hase; te exclusive emphatic pte b sequences of nes ard
pronouns + postposdons +f; Brocouring ava sli; ash
eapessngimprobsbility ce aprcheasion; oblique imperfect

196
195

ws

a0
210

ptcple Hasson as: B ae incl napa pail, “ven;

“phate ud eeeasve esses edi in Bimal in
all cauvex ubiqu naive par BH “asses date
pronouns + bh, ‘etal’ eave words tllowed by Wi, -eve's

tho adjectival pation (a)
Turion

‘Voeaiveinkjectins: se intyections
Leadeuand age

"Te leaders yeh and kyGeh ma eck ineducing sentences: he
envessve tg sabe the eter ia a

Conjnctons
‘Coordinating conjunctions comeiivecunpneins; casa
‘onjoaeion; conceive sonjnetions trinaing
onjunctoos i inrdcng suture stawes: ke tac
ocednate clue: be nurlucig quovabus a reported fats

20
iTable of contents

13 NUMBERS AND TIME,

‘Namters
‘Cardva umbers cena quer; rctuin anoe, tie e5
nuiplicaives Covafol, “douke’, ee; peed amber
aber with he iu ar

(Calendar and cack ine
nls: dys; wrong he ate eling the Ke

Money
‘Conemporarycunency ld cuccecy

1 PERSIAN ELEMENTS IN URDU
“The eae eat
Wondering afises
‘Noaina suties, reBies:pepasions: plural ulin
Veh forms
Preset an past vec ste,
‘Compounds
Miscellneoes
‘Comparoa of ujetives with mr rin, Persian mubers

U5 ARABIC ELEMENTS INURDU
‘rite see srucnsa of Abie wards
Arabic decved verb forms Andie veal noone and paticple
Nowa divs aod plas
‘Dual orm uf Arabic nouns: purl forms of Ate nouns
‘Arabic preposions an partes
Prepestions; negative paces
Dataeieneons
Th definite wiles nouns of pace nouns fost ative,
sullnes

16 CEREMONTOUS AND PIOUS SPEECH
(Gretings and inodactons,
(Geetngitnnluns pote exchanges
Formal and coreeonions speck
Formal polite requests thaokiog srorone congesalions
Pious phates xx! exclamation
‘Menining holy prophets pases fr planring ur beroriog
emething: phrases inaking ruc and set prger,
Dses of penance and equator forgiven: ashes oe
sd sccasins: phrase or hap ooeaninan
Bibiogrenty
Index

28

28

LIST OF TABLES

Table: Paral of anus,
Table? Obbguecase otro,

Table % Vocative case of nouns

‘Table & Porson and case of person! preaouas
Table $-que pronnons + aera oems 5.
Table 6: Hors of peanaons before

‘Tale 7:osesave fof pssoealpromeune

“abe 8: Oblique aod plural ras of yd bs.
‘ble: Gender and nomber suties of usec,
“Table Us Case suffice of atv.

Tuble 11: Symmes y-vej word set

Table 12: Ssmmeiealy-+ ej adver st

Table 13: Overvow of asec ems nd 004.

Tah 1a: Tega perfective pails.

‘able 15: The proton. pt, sujoncive aa Foe fora of Rin
ale 16; Fens of the abjoneive

2 17: teglae eques Fane

te 16 Pon fhe Fae.

“Tube 19: Continous preset tense of en

Table 20 Continous pas tense of ara.

Tame 21: Habinal present ene of aa

Table 22 Hail par tnse of ar,
Table 23: Immedilepseof i.
Table 24: Remute past off.

able 25; Relative words nd ther Tr Wa counts.
‘Table 26: Oblique and poral fra of

‘Tl 27: Persooal pronouns + bound frm nt.

Table 28: Adverbs + bound rms f.

“Table 29: Cardinal murber frm {0 100

‘Table 30: snes Frm | 100,

‘Table: Yorms 1 VIbandX of 55 ea

Table 32: Ved mand pails of 3 ans deed ons
PREFACE

by Gopi Chand Narang

dis a major language of Sth Asia wih hasbeen ging in popularity
‘poe the advent of independance of Bul nd akin te one oF the ees
atonal engage listed inthe Constiution of Inia, & wl a the atonal
Janguage of Past, Unlike Arabic and Persian ala fan Tho Aryan ange
adn © Hiod. Both Urdu and Hindi share the sane adic base, im the
‘hoocogical und garumaricl level they xe 50 chs a hey sppeatW be One
Janguage: bot a te lexical Teel dey have osteo esenavely from decent
sources (Urdu from Arabic und Pesan, an Tlie fm Soma ht in ata
ppactoe and osage each hie developed into an independent Tanguage, Tht
“ssineiony tr rachel te erthograpic lve. white Hinds Devon
and Urdu uses the Aubo-Pesian script indigeeously waged to au the
equzements of an ldo- Aryan specch, With thy coment in view. hough the
_pumroas af these languages cose veh vormon rod, aevertbees in ede
to do justice vo te differng sucolinguisic paradigms, separate maecisls Have
lo be Ueveloped for each ofthese Jangoagse, wlsch ken wyether [orm the
Fourth rgest spe conamuniy inthe devs wel

“Tue wacmeatica wedion of Urdu aud Fv oy amc three cencucies
1, begoing with Keteuar ia the seventeen centary wd continuing rough
Schulze, Forbes. Fallon. Plats. Skabespen, Cilerist and fers do¥n to he
intent cenrury. While Plats? work has becume u clastic and is veined
Tine and gain, the others bave fallen inc dase. Lately. with inputs Feo
under lingua, and he fesh impene givea by Udu'y new Rau 8 9
aural loguage a well as acura whice of he Ira. kita apo, he
ren foe new caching mata is ever on the inten, The work of acholirs
sch a5 Barkee, MoGteg, Rosell, Shackle, Glusmun, Pray, Nan and aber
beset se of reed eal, never otf them have devel angoage
teaching books in which a discussion ofthe gzatunato inca 9 yu he
pedagogical equiement. As fu as Tow. no reforze yrammar of Uy 6
Hindi) bay 20 tr been wten, ails ceil thin gap which the prevent
volun attempts oil,

Thave knows Ruth Calla Schwidt for tore than twenty ears, sine bee
sudy uf Dai edu appeared. She i widely tuvelle Sn Lodi and Pakistan,
pending sears an reveoc nd teaching, Her rescarh in th Dard language
Shina an her tracéeal Dictiony of Madera Nepal. have in particulas been
swell eecive. She belongs to hat rund of Sou Asian Hoguiste seh who
deere alle for their ease of desicaion and tborooghacs. Khas Ben ry
pleasure wo nar! wth er om tis grammar, and T found the work Ealing
“Thuugh te vole is eal u reference gremnar, am sue ican profitably Be

Proface x

read fron cover cover in systomati way. As such H beaks fet ground,
fv do nope tl verve ava reel fr fre neg sete om the ical
teria of Soo Asan puma tues.

New Debs
14 fame 1999
INTRODUCTION

wat i ot?

"Wohi widely gpokan mci Sua Asia ab i he We, Ws
Uhre ie erly $8 lh Unk speakers!

In Pakistan ia te national language aod #s used a sosteucava Lo mst
goverameot school atthe lower level of adoininion, nd ioe ms ea
‘The puesber ef Urdu speakers in Pakistan has beco estinated at dest 11
lion iD the largest numb nthe proves of Sindh, fllowed Wy Faish,

Tali ox aly ne of the oe the €8 paral angoages of the Urn of
lect ‘There are almost 4 mom Cod epeskers an ln, with te Barges
‘bers feund inthe sue ol toe Pradesh, tollowed by Eber, Mabarstes,
‘Andiza Pradesh and Kemovaks, Delhi is alo a signiticant centre net oaly of
(Urdu speakers bat of Cr erie and pubaig

‘edu asa spoksa in Bangladesh, Afghanistan and Nepal, and has becemms
te culture Lnoguuge wa Lingua trae ef he South Asian stim daspera
bute the subcontinent, picululy inthe Mile Hast, Europe, the Unie
Stes od Canada,

‘istacoally, Crdu developed trom the sub-regional language ofthe Delhi
sueu, which becane a literary language in the cehicenh century. T#0 quite
"nar standard fous ofthe language developed in Delhi, and in Lacknow in
srudern Uti Frade. Since 1987, td form, Karachi wind Ud, Py
evoled,

bide,

Wat cows this werk cover?

‘id An Basel Grammars endsd wo essen as complete a description of
the urna of Delhi Standard Urdu is esse ine space eae oes
not gover Gu phonology cr the wating system. The iventy of grammatical!
fvetures bas been compiled fom existing textbooks ue well a from lee
‘ypinly ead a scond and ird year Urdu lees.

This work is 2 cefeence garomar rater thao a pedagogical wrummar.
CGeamuoaizal consroctions we grouped by topical headings nouns, probe
sdjctiven, adver, vets, we, wath network of enn sefeonees 19 hes
ection 05 ata eee ecu hac tage 090 Pads Ya 1

akin 1981, geht Benno rane hing.

2) ng aa, ange anak Kae ney es, 186

Irttoduction xvi

took up complex gramniancal consuusines, oF review more elementary
mira: ad wih de hep ofthe leo oes des sla ete ness,
{elon up indvidoal seneenses and anise them siti neato the eos
‘bok, Hrly ne should be able estar arya in Ci sera Grama
brn fnd the information one nee

Altaugh ons cab ceraily read this book fam cuver to core, and the
uu Gp hat kindof ear i nin, hati ts priary purpose. Tis
nears Mat seme cansruchons mat be looked yp in evra dren planes. TF
pers wise make « eomprebensve review ofthe use 8 wh poocive
Tense tamiive ver, He a she mug consul al the dllowing sections: 8211,
1310, $629 nn! $809: because thené constactan involves epoxpostn, verb
Sitations pei nn of pannus. abd he nation of wansiety; and euch
‘ofthese Hr deuk with under is cnn handing, Cros ofoences ae povided
rinks the search case,

Transeriton syst

‘The pimacy pnpose ofthe ramenption system, which is aapied from teat
resented hy RS, MeChegur i to prvi yuide for pronusiazon. The te
re Uepntnes ao: (9) Arabi Hers je yeh Sp wae
drsingisbed. ars () long tnd shee ad wae diinguished at eEi06 (even
‘taugh sbort 9 wre uluphunes of 1-21 The purpose Yor anseibing them
in his ay ie tet the envionment of short @ o ae any, comples and ofeo
require aknovledge ofthe speling of Che won or sa gis Uns convemton
ives tse lilo the 088

aw shout his book be used?

“hie work is moat aed Io studeals wha altoady have basic Knowledge. of
Ug, The reader nay begin by kame he abe of conn a get an over
of wha envied and hoe ie organize, render wh hoses what he ae She
Js Inking foray fd ther, altsrmativey one may lk up hey wor inthe
eden. Fur example, the wes ofthe adverb Ba also" a Usted nthe dex
‘onder #4, empty pte, inadal advede' "bah ad" »
fn relative words followed by BA. Fil ook ap aoy refsrene id fallow
‘tenets of cos-telerenes

Ura example ecterce, the gmat pic under cossin i highligh
ty icnaton of wards ite Und transcription andthe cotepoading English
Irnsladon, Occasionally, arena transistor bls he islicined equivalent. The
following examples Dosoueiaiiation.

1S. Mecng n S sPa O
snl ltrodetion

wag pte ge bd
SE i be i bk
ficiatwack ‘nos bis mame Gis ome is kaowato me,

If ec tno ieiiaton in an example i is Bocas he strate af the Ueda
urging! andthe vanslatioa we to dgpaate to event be technique hocanse he
tne sentence wold need to be tlicied, ve Beaune te eelevant Und word i
fot expected in he translation, For example ky i the sestence below merely
Snoduces a question ae not bans.

4 alte ats

‘lye gust?
Tetisiva water pox?

Acknowledgements

‘The author tanks Profeoe Gg Chl Nang uf the Saki. Atos, Now
Deli (Curmerly uf Debi Univers and Jari Bi sais) for checking the
‘example sonteess and fr providing gidance during the wring pracess. Without
bis sharp genet apd insight inca Ud, hi would have Dson arch poner
sede The gfasnaia analysis hasd ou ho exansplesamaaces isn OWN, an
ay Ta espn for any emi.

"Te. Flena shir and Profesae Christoph Shackle red teen manip!
and oltre eee an sugestons aan grt 1 thera Both, at solely
responsible for any ctor or amissons whic may reas,

‘Mamerous clleagns responded 9 my quis for infeamaion doing the
sbvee eave has abajo hi graiar here i ot nant ting
then by msn, bul hey ane remerbered wh gral. Tao nigh hank
she ners and programme evalistore of te Univer of Calfois erksey
[Eu Lungunge Progra in Pakista or paticoly answering oy any quests.

"The Deparuneat of Bast European and Orica Stasis ofthe University of
(Oda povided sabhacal fave ae wel ae cesouces forthe produstion of the
ratteip and fue forthe visit of Profeece Maa ta the University of Os,

“Th via an htc sn the Mona fw ence Rt teenage
in Chapter 1, which yest in Jerome Bauer's South Asia Temes Bold Ci
seca the Fir font nace by Namal Maman of Monty, USA, which
‘wus provided by Manarype asa counesy

SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

becomes y
is derived tomy

yiynldeliox

isa vara infccted form a x

teminine
telly
saasline
lw
singilar

sve participle
passive patie
‘hal nea
1 NOUNS

(Cede ovo grommatiol genres mseuline fm.) aa ferine (1). Nouns
ray have special gender suines (marking), or be unmask or gente, Nouns
the nected o show number (inular pla aud ese feonnatve, lique

GENDER AND MARKING

101 Gonder

Al hv ans Belang one two noun genes cle and fein.
Musouune Fomne
SH taka toy eee
aoe (ale eld Use tive bal
[Sahar howe je ea be

102 Marking

A Udy ns may be aditioally divided ito tu gape hose Which are
Inasked for gendse (marked nour, und those which fave oo special gender
‘ufc unnaded aout

hal nouns, excepting maseuine unmasked nouns have distinctive gender
suse, See $107

702 Marked noun

‘Nour oudng in the masculine gender sutines &%y ae ad aya ate
manaline

Gy lak boy ce bac, ae) ld
pe mara ote naa, Hlpaye cee, coney

Ueuemely ely te sux is aie

ee, well
2 tou: An Essential Grammar

Nouns 3

‘Nouns ending in be teminioe gender stn

4g os y a feminine

ila

EB le gi (Be eed fen
See earthen Eb alee oma

408 Unmarked nouns

"Nouns wich do no end i the above gendr sulfites ae unoarked, nd eis
gender mas be learned

28 Bar housetn
PS, Haverkin
‘ah took
Socal atten sd be pad pos a Len ks mae as. ba ae

1A naber of erage rassalne nan id in. They ae ether aise
‘ental app 1 dn, or uns Reed wih he nocupaion Suis

cpa mae cutesy
SikeeRAGL sor (tp a, ship + ocugtion sti)

Sova fering uous end in A, -a or-eh They ae other suns wos hat
higpen bend sna, ye Avie sri whch tha a -a ealsfom
tn Arbic eth sahish lenses Cemunne wo rom tc ee:

lye ev win, ir fa stfces Arabic coun

So jaa, lao (clloqial premeciation of jap)

daily mother ecm of ferns) fs Arabic ly lil ther)
wanda, other er of adress)

-Femrne un feed with the sls ysl nol be wmf ih maple

‘ate iy bin (bp i, male spazow + diminutive sun}

405 Natural gender

‘he bites ender uf peuple aml by # won lly dares
the gener of enon

gle mB ete in of ae)
See Hp Taher tera of aes tn)

QTE Stay doco (naszutineis mas, fominineifa seman)
Sine daha, asin (raennes? x nan, Ferme ifa woman)

408 Some cther clues to gender of nouns

Some hor suis owen patterns help entity ee gender ef ncn

Arabic lonords
Arie wus cading in-at ci yet 2p anda | are esl eine

ead amat price
eee nih, stats capucty
be yd made
Las des medicine

Verbal uum of he pale pad are fine,

4S UE ouble
eet ae, pee

Arabic moans ending ie

cle la,
5 ois, stay

ace usally masculine

Hence, vida aig “pthc tba, erate suden' dea ois
“ime, age feminine. Noge a Ia nor ll masculiae owns ending ia are
bored rom Arabic, a there is a0 mreaing een (9 write MAE RE a
place of final aif!» ghana far ga hoo (niger Tus
at fv pak. ey ede” Persian) Lamin et"Tor bao |" evn
Potuguers,

Persian sorts
Nouns ending ine place sulle ih oa ae fini

8’ coole shade place of worship
ct kate ists