Urbanization: An Introduction to Urban Geography (2nd Edition)

608 Pages·2005·41.34 MB·english

by  Paul L. Knox

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Urbanization
AN INTRODUCTION TO URBAN GEOGRAPHY
Third Edition
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Urbanization
AN INTRODUCTION TO URBAN GEOGRAPHY
Third Edition
Paul L. Knox
University Distinguished Professor
and
Senior Fellow for International Advancement
College of Architecture & Urban Studies,
Virginia Tech
Linda McCarthy
Associate Professor, Department of Geography
University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River
Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montrẽal Toronto
Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Knox, Paul L.
Urbanization : an introduction to urban geography / Paul L. Knox, Linda McCarthy. —3rd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-321-73643-7
1. Urban geography. 2. Urbanization. I. McCarthy, Linda (Linda Mary) II. Title.
GF125.K56 2012
307.76—dc22
2011030227
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10—EB—15 14 13 12 11
ISBN 10: 0-321-73643-5
www.pearsonhighered.com ISBN 13: 978-0-321-73643-7
CONTENTS
Preface xi Urban Origins 23
About the Authors xiii
Mesopotamia 23
Egypt 24
Part 1 Introduction 1
The Indus Valley 24
Chapter 1 URBANIZATION AND URBAN Northern China 24
GEOGRAPHY 3 The Andes and Mesoamerica 24
Learning Outcomes 3 Internal Structure of the Earliest Cities 25
Chapter Preview 3 ◼ Urban View 2.2: Internal Structure of the Earliest Cities 25
The Study of Urban Geography 4 Urban Expansion from the Regions of Urban Origin 27
◼ Urban View 1.1: The Art of Taking Back a Neighborhood: ◼ Urban View 2.3: The Silk Road: Long-Distance Trade
The Heidelberg Project 4 and Urban Expansion 28
Space, Territoriality, Distance, and Place 5 The Roots of European Urban Expansion 29
Approaches to Urban Geography 6 Greek Cities 29
◼ Urban View 1.2: Census Definitions 8 Roman Cities 30
Urbanization: Processes and Outcomes 9 Dark Ages 31
Economic Change 9 Urban Revival in Europe during
Demographic Change 11 the Medieval Period 33
◼ Urban View 1.3: Globalization and Cities 12 ◼ Urban View 2.4: Hanseatic League Cities 38
Political Change 12 Urban Expansion and Consolidation during the
Renaissance and Baroque Periods 39
Cultural Change 13
Urbanization and the Industrial Revolution 40
Technological Change 13
◼ Urban View 2.5: Manchester: Shock City of European
Environmental Change 14
Industrialization 41
Social Change 14
◼ Urban View 2.6: Residential Segregation in Mid-Nineteenth
The Plan of the Book 14 Century Glasgow, Scotland 44
FOLLOW UP: Key Terms 15 • Review Activities 15 FOLLOW UP: Key Terms 44 • Review Activities 44
Part 2 Foundations and History Chapter 3 FOUNDATIONS: THE U.S. URBAN
SYSTEM AND ITS CITIES 47
of Urbanization 17
Learning Outcomes 47
Chapter 2 THE ORIGINS AND GROWTH
Chapter Preview 47
OF CITIES AND URBAN LIFE 19
◼ Urban View 3.1: Frontier Urbanization and Some
Learning Outcomes 19
Problems of Daily Life 48
Chapter Preview 19 Frontier Urbanization 48
The Definition of a City 20 The Mercantile Period (1790–1840) 50
◼ Urban View 2.1: Bernal Diaz Del Castillo’s Description of ◼ Urban View 3.2: Vance’s Mercantile Model 51
Tenochtitlán in 1519 20
Inside the Mercantile City 51
Preconditions for Urbanization 22 THE PEDESTRIAN CITY 53
Theories of Urban Origins 22 MODELS OF THE MERCANTILE CITY 53
Agricultural Surplus 22 Early Industrial Expansion and Regional Realignment
Hydrological Factors 22 (1840–1875) 53
Population Pressures 22 Some Principles of Urban Growth 55
Trading Requirements 22 Interpreting and Analyzing the Urban Hierarchy
and the Central Place System 55
Defense Needs 23
THE RANK-SIZE RULE 55
Religious Causes 23 CENTRAL PLACE THEORY 57
A More Comprehensive Explanation 23 BEYOND CONSUMER HINTERLANDS 58
v
vi Contents
Inside the Early Industrial City 58 Suburban Production and Consumption
Urbanization and the Public Interest 58 Spaces 95
◼ Urban View 3.3: Immigrant Housing Conditions 59 Central City Land Use 95
Instruments of Change: Horsecars and Demographic and Social Change in Cities 96
Railroads 60 ◼ Urban View 4.2: The Canadian Urban System 97
HORSECARS 60 THE BABY BOOMERS AND URBAN CULTURE 98
RAILROADS 61 AGING POPULATIONS 98
The Organization of Industry (1875–1920) 62 THE BURDEN OF YOUTH 98
THE NEW IMMIGRANTS 98
The Industrial City 62
ECONOMIC SPECIALIZATION AND THE REORGANIZATION ◼ Urban View 4.3: Boomerang Generation: Y Us? 99
OF URBAN SPACE 63 Economic crisis, Restructuring, and New Metropolitan
FRAMING THE CITY: NETWORKED INFRASTRUCTURES 65 Form (1973–Present) 99
THE EMERGENCE OF LAND USE ZONING LAWS 66 Economic Crisis and Urban Distress
THE SUBURBAN EXPLOSION: STREETCAR SUBURBS 67 (1973–1983) 99
RAPID TRANSIT 68
◼ Urban View 4.4: Contemporary European Urbanization 100
MASS TRANSPORT AND REAL ESTATE DEVELOPMENT 69
Economic Restructuring and New Metropolitan
Inside the Industrial City 69
Form (1983–Present) 102
CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICTS 70
DEPARTMENT STORES AND SHOPPING DISTRICTS 70 ◼ Urban View 4.5: Australian Cities 103
DOWNTOWN OFFICE DISTRICTS 70 World Cities 104
WAREHOUSE ZONES 71 Globalization and Urban Change 106
CITY HALLS AND CIVIC PRIDE 71
◼ Urban View 4.6: Japanese Cities: Tokyo and the Tokaido
THE SPATIAL ORGANIZATION OF CBDS 71
Megapolitan Region 107
LAND VALUES AND URBAN LAND USE 72
The Polycentric Metropolis 107
SECTORS AND ZONES 73
FILTERING AND VACANCY CHAINS 74 The End of “Suburbia” 110
Fordism, the Automobile, Suburban Infill, and the ◼ Urban View 4.7: From Boomburbs to Bustburbs? 111
Great Depression (1920–1945) 74 FOLLOW UP: Key Terms 112 • Review Activities 113
A Critical Turn for Urbanization: The Depression
and Macroeconomic Management 75
Part 3 Urbanization and the Less
The Rise of Suburbia 76
Developed Countries 115
Fordism 76
Paving the Way for Suburbanization 77
PARKWAYS 77 Chapter 5 URBANIZATION IN THE LESS
THE DECLINE OF MASS TRANSIT 78 DEVELOPED COUNTRIES 117
Patterns of Suburban Growth 78 Learning Outcomes 117
AUTOMOBILE SUBURBS 78 Chapter Preview 117
PLANNED SUBURBS 79 ◼ Urban View 5.1: The Dream of a Better Life as a Garment
SUBURBANIZATION AND FEDERAL POLICY 82 Girl in Dhaka 118
SUBURBANIZATION OF COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY 83
Urbanization Trends and Projections: The Less
NEW PATTERNS OF LAND USE 83
Developed Countries in Global Context 118
FOLLOW UP: Key Terms 84 • Review
Factors Promoting Urban Growth 122
Activities 84
◼ Urban View 5.2: Fleeing the Countryside for Life in
Chapter 4 URBAN SYSTEMS AND the City in Africa 123
CITIES IN TRANSITION 87 Theories of Urbanization and Economic
Learning Outcomes 87 Development 123
Chapter Preview 87 Modernization Theories: The Developmental
◼ Urban View 4.1: Fast Food and Religion in the Exhaust Approach 123
of a Drive-in Culture 88 Urban Bias and Underdevelopment 125
Regional Decentralization and Metropolitan Sprawl ◼ Urban View 5.3: A Model of Peripheral Urbanization 127
(1945–1973) 88 New Models from the Less Developed Countries:
Metropolitan Sprawl 90 Opportunities for Development 127
The Fordist Suburb 91 A Historical Perspective on Colonial Urbanization 127
Contents vii
Indigenous Urbanization at the Eve of the Urban Problems 169
European Encounters 127 Poverty 169
Colonial Urbanization 129 ◼ Urban View 7.2: Defying Gender Stereotypes: Las Cholitas in
Mercantile Colonialism 132 Bolivia 172
Industrial Colonialism 132 Inadequate Housing 172
Late Colonialism 133 Lack of Urban Services 174
Early Independence 133 ◼ Urban View 7.3: A Terrible Human Toll: HIV/AIDS in Sub-
Saharan African Cities 176
Neocolonialism and the New International Division
of Labor 134 Transportation Problems 177
Globalization and Neoliberalism 135 ◼ Urban View 7.4: How Rationing Can Backfire:
The “Day Without a Car” Regulation in
Overurbanization 135
Mexico City 178
Overurbanization and Megacities 135
Environmental Degradation 179
Widespread Overurbanization 135
Responses to the Problems of Urbanization 180
◼ Urban View 5.4: The Harsh Realities of Life in a Megacity 136
Sustainable Urban Development 180
FOLLOW UP: Key Terms 137 • Review Activities 137
The “Globalization Paradox” and Recent Changes
in Urban Governance 181
Chapter 6 URBAN FORM AND LAND ◼ Urban View 7.5: Urban Social Movements and
USE IN THE LESS DEVELOPED the Role of Women: Mahila Milan in
COUNTRIES 139 Mumbai, India 183
FOLLOW UP: Key Terms 184 • Review Activities 184
Learning Outcomes 139
Chapter Preview 139
Part 4 Processes of Urban Change 187
◼ Urban View 6.1: Life in a Haiti Tent City 141
Patterns of Urban form and Land Use 141 Chapter 8 THE URBAN DEVELOPMENT
Latin American Cities 141 PROCESS 189
African Cities 145 Learning Outcomes 189
Islamic Cities 148 Chapter Preview 189
◼ Urban View 6.2: Fighting Racial Discrimination in South ◼ Urban View 8.1: Two Sides of the Housing Crisis:
African Cities with Soccer? 149 Skateboarding and Foreclosure 190
◼ Urban View 6.3: Towering Ambition in Persian Gulf Cities Property, Location, Rent, and Investment 190
and the Global Economic Downturn 153 ◼ Urban View 8.2: Global Financial Meltdown, Local
South Asian Cities 154 Disinvestment 192
◼ Urban View 6.4: A Day in the Life of a Call Center Worker Patterns of Investment in Land and
in India 156 Property 194
Southeast Asian Cities 157 Property as a Financial Asset 194
◼ Urban View 6.5: Shanghai, a World City and ”Dragon Head” The Structures of Building Provision 194
of China’s Economy 159
City Makers 194
East Asian Cities 159 LANDOWNERS 195
◼ Urban View 6.6: Foreign Direct Investment and Regional SPECULATORS 196
Development in the Pearl River Delta, the DEVELOPERS 196
World’s Largest Extended Metropolitan BUILDERS 198
Region 163 CONSUMERS 199
FOLLOW UP: Key Terms 165 • Review Activities 165 REALTORS, FINANCIERS, OTHER PROFESSIONAL
FACILITATORS 199
GOVERNMENT AGENCIES 199
Chapter 7 URBAN PROBLEMS AND
Market Responses of the
RESPONSES IN THE LESS
Development Industry 200
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES 167
◼ Urban View 8.3: Urban Development is Less and Less
Learning Outcomes 167
a Local Activity 200
Chapter Preview 167 NEW PRODUCTS 201
◼ Urban View 7.1: Narrowing the Digital Divide in Africa: FOLLOW UP: Key Terms 204 • Review
Skipping Landlines for Cell Phones 168 Activities 204