Table Of ContentURBAN AIR QUALITY:
MEASUREMENT, MODELLINGAND MANAGEMENT
URBAN AIR QUALITY:
MEASUREMENT, MODELLING AND MANAGEMENT
Proceedings of the Second International Conference on
Urban Air Quality: Measurement, Modelling and Management
Held at the Computer Science School of the Technical University of
Madrid 3-5 March 1999
Guest edited by
Ranjeet S. Sokhi
Atmospheric Science Research Group (ASRG), Department of Environmental
Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire,
ALlO 9AB, UK; E-mail: [email protected]
Roberto San Jose
Environmental Software and Modelling Group, Computer Science School,
Technical University of Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Boadilla del
Monte-28660; E-mail: [email protected]
Nicolas Moussiopoulos
Laboratory of Heat Transfer and Environmental Engineering, Box 483, Aristotle
Unievrsity, GR-54006, Thessalonika, Greece;
E-mail: [email protected]
Ruwim Berkowicz
National Environmental Research Institute (NERI), Frederiksborgvej 399, P.D.
Box 358, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark; E-mail: [email protected]
Organised by
The Environmental Physics Group of the Institute of Physics, V.K., The Technical University of
Madrid, Spain, and The University of Hertfordhire, U.K.
in collaboration with
International Union of Air PoIlution Prevention and Environmental Protection Associations
(IUAPPA) and the Air & Waste Management Association (A&WMA)
Reprinted from Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,
Volume 65, Nos. 1-2, 2000
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
A c.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-94-010-3796-9 ISBN 978-94-010-0932-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-010-0932-4
Printed on acid-free paper
AII rights reserved
@2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2000
Softcover reprint of the hardcover lst edition 2000
and copyrigtholders as specified on appropriate pages within.
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
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TABLEOF CONTENTS
UrbanAir Quality:
Measurement,Modellingand Management
R.S. SOKHI/Preface
Emissions
J.DIXON,D.R. MIDDLETONand R.G.DER WENT/ Using Measurements
ofNitrogenOxidestoEstimatetheEmissionControlsRequiredtoMeer
the UK NitrogenDioxideStandard 3-11
M.E.GONZALEZGOMEZ,R.HOWARD-HILDIGE,J.J.LEAHY,T.O'REIL
LY,B.SUPPLEand M. MALONE/ Emission and PerformanceChar
acteristicsofa2Litre ToyotaDiesel VanoperatingonEsterifiedWaste
CookingOil and MineralDieselFuel 13-20
D.Y.C. LEUNG and DJ. WILLIAMS / Modelling of Motor Vehicle Fuel
Consumptionand EmissionsUsingaPower-BasedModel 21-29
C.MENSINK/ Validation ofUrbanEmissionsInventories 31-39
D. VLACHOGIANNIS, S. ANDRONOPOULOS, A. PASSAMICHALI, N.
GOUNARIS and J.G.BARTZIS/ AThree-Dimensional ModelStudy
ofthe ImpactofAVOC and BVOC Emissions on Ozone in an Urban
Areaofthe EasternSpain 41-48
ExposureJIndoorAirPollution
M.R. ASHMORE,K.BATTY,F.MACHIN,J. GULLIVER,A.GROSSINHO,
P. ELLIOTT, J. TATE, M. BELL, E. LIVESLEY and D. BRIGGS /
EffectsofTrafficManagementandTransportMode ontheExposureof
SchoolChildrentoCarbonMonoxide 49-57
N. GONZALEZ-FLESCA, M.S. BATES, V. DELMAS and V. COCHEO /
Benzene Exposure Assment at Indoor, Outdoor and Personal Levels.
The FrenchContributionto the LIFEMACBETHProgramme 59-67
A.J. WHEELER, I. WILLIAMS, R.A. BEAUMONT and R.S. HAMILTON
/ Characterisation of Particulate Matter Sampled During a Study of
Children's Personal Exposure to Airborne Particulate Matter in a UK
UrbanEnviroment 69-77
AirQualityMeasurements
R.A. ALMBAUER, M. PIRINGER, K. BAUMANN, D. OETIL and PJ.
STURM / Analysis of the Daily Variations of Wintertime Air Pollu-
tion Concentration intheCityofGraz, Austria 79-87
M.S.BATES,N.GONZALEZ-FLESCA,R.SOKHIandV.COCHEO/Atmospher
ic Volatile Organic Compound Monitoring. Ozone Induced Artefact
Formation 89-97
~A. BRAGGATO,S. CORDINER, M. FEOLA,L. LEPORE, D. SACCO
and 1.VENTRONE / Long Period Benzene Measurements in Urban
Atmosphere 99-107
A.CORTIandA.SENATORE/ProjectofanAirQualityMonitoringNetwork
forIndustrialSite inItaly 109-117
A.GOBlET,D.BAUMGARTNER,T.KROBATH,R.MADERBACHER and
E. PUTZ / Urban Air Pollution Monitoring with DOAS Considering
theLocal MeteorologicalSituation 119-127
H. TANG and T. LAU / A New All Season Passive Sampling System for
MonitoringOzone inAir 129-137
R.TREFFEISENandM.HALDER/Spatial andTemporalVariationofOzone
ConcentrationsatHigh AltitudeMonitoringSitesinGermany 139-146
V.VADIC,J.HRSAK,N.KALINIC,M.CACKOVIC andK.EGA/Seasonal
Differences intheLevelofGaseousAirPollutantsinthe Vicinityof a
WasteDump 147-153
AEROSOLS
E. LEOTZ-GARTZIANDIA, V.TATRYand P. CARLIER / Sampling and
AnalysisofOrganicCompoundsinDieselParticulateMatter 155-163
F.LUCARELLI,P.A. MANDO, S. NAVA, M. VALERIO, P.PRATI and A.
ZUCCHIATII/Elemental CompositionofUrbanAerosolCollected in
Florence, Italy 165-173
N.POMEROY,D.WEBBER andC.MURPHY / MonitoringofParticle Mass
andNumber inUrban Air 175-180
ComplexGeometryand PhysicalModelling
A. BAKLANOV / Application of CFD Methods for Modelling Air Pollution
Problems:PossibilitiesandGaps 181-189
A.CORTI,D.CONTINI,G. MANFRIDA andL. PROCINO/ Environmental
WindTunnelStudyon aMunicipal WasteIncinerator 191-199
J. EHRHARD, R. KUNZ and N. MOUSSIOPOULOS / On the Performance
and Applicability of NonlinearTwo-Equation Turbulence Models for
Urban AirQuality Modelling 201-209
E.GUILLOTEAUandP.G.MESTAYER/NumericalSimulationsoftheUrban
RoughnessSub-Layer:AFirstAttempt 211-219
B. LEITL and M. SCHATZMANN/ Physical Modelling ofEmissions from
NaturallyVentilated UndergroundParking Garages 221-229
R.W.MACDONALD,B.J. COULSONandP.R.SLAWSON/NearFieldDis-
persion intheUrbanEnvironment-AHydraulicFlumeStudy 231-238
I. MAVROIDIS and R.F. GRIFFITHS / Investigation ofBuilding-Influenced
AtmosphericDispersionUsing aDual Source Technique 239-247
M. SCHATZMANN,B.LEITLandJ.LIEDTKE/ Dispersion inUrban Envi-
ronments.ComparisonofFieldMeasurementswithWindTunnelResults 249-257
Modelling
R.BERKOWICZ/ASimpleModel forUrban BackgroundPollution 259-267
J.BRECHLER/ Model AssessmentofAir-PollutioninPrague 269-275
M.KOLEHMAINEN,H.MARTIKAINEN,T.HILTUNENand J.RUUSKA-
NEN / Forecasting Air Quality ParametersUsing Hybrid Neural Net-
work Modelling 277-286
c.-J.LENZ,F.MULLERandK.H.SCHLUNZEN/TheSensitivityofMesoscale
ChemistryTransportModel Results toBoundaryValues 287-295
A.PELLICIONIandU.POLl/UseofNeuralNetModelstoForecastAtmospher-
icPollution 297-304
P.SAHM,N.MOUSSIOPOULOSandJ.JANSSEN/TheOzoneFineStructure
Model:Model Conceptand Options 305-312
U.SCHLINKand M.VOLTA/Grey BoxandComponentModelstoForecast
OzoneEpisodes: A ComparisonStudy 313-321
RoadsideAirPollution
R.BERKOWICZ/OSPM - AParameterisedStreetPollutionModel 323-331
P.S.ADDISON,J.I. CURRIE,D.J.LOW andJ.M. McCANN/ An Integrated
Approach to StreetCanyonPollutionModelling 333-342
M. JICHA, J. POSPISIL and J. KATOLICKY / Dispersion of Pollutants in
StreetCanyonUnderTrafficInduced Flow andTurbulence 343-351
P. KASTNER-KLEIN, E. FEDOROVICH, J.-F. SINI, P.G. MESTAYER /
Experimental and Numerical Verification of Similarity Concept for
DispersionofCarExhaustGases inUrban StreetCanyons 353-361
M.KETZEL,R.BERKOWICZandA.LOHMEYER/ComparisonofNumer-
icalStreetDispersionModelswithResultsfromWindTunnelandField
Measurements 363-370
J. KUKKONEN, E. VALKONEN,J. WALDSTEN, T. KOSKENTALO, A.
KARPPINEN, R. BERKOCWICZ and R. KARTASTENPM / Mea-
surementsandModellingofAirPollutioninaStreetCanyoninHelsinki 371-379
A.LOHMEYER,W.BAECHLINandM.KETZEL/TheDraftoftheNewGer-
manGuidelineVDI3782/8toModelAutomobileExhaustDispersion 381-387
M.NIELSEN/TurbulentVentilationofaStreetCanyon 389-396
E. SAVORYand A. ABDELQARI / The Effect of Large-Scale Turbulent
StructuresonaSimple2-DCanyon-TypeFlow 397-405
G.THEODORIDIS andN.MOUSSIOPOULOS /InfluenceofBuildingDen-
sityandRoofShape ontheWindand DispersionCharacteristicsinan
UrbanArea:ANumericalStudy 407-415
L.B.VENEGAS andN.A.MAZZEO / Carbon MonoxideConcentration in a
StreetCanyonofBuenosAireCity (Argentina) 417-423
Air Quality Management
T.CHATTERTON,S.DORLING, A.LOVETTandM.STEPHENSON/ Air
QualityinNorwich,UK.Multi-Scale ModellingtoAssesstheSignifi-
canceofCity,CountyandRegionalPollutionSources 425-433
H.CRABBE,R.BEAUMONTandD.NORTON/AssessmentofAirQuality,
EmissionsandManagementinaLocalUrbanEnvironment 435-442
F. FERREIRA, H. TENTE, P.TORRES, S. CARDOSO and J.M. PALMA-
OLIVEIRA/AirQuality MonitoringandManagementinLisbon 443-450
K. KARATZASandN.MOUSSIOPOULOS / Developmentand UseofInte-
gratedAirQualityManagementToolsinUrbanAreaswiththe Aidof
EnvironmentalTelematics 451-458
J.L. POTTIER, H.P.DEUEL and S.c. PRYOR/ Application of the UAM-V
and Use of Indicator Species to Assess Control Strategies for Ozone
ReductionintheLowerFraserValleyofBritishColumbia 459-467
R.SANJOSE,L.D.PEDRAZA,I.SALASandR.M.GONZALEZ/TheImpact
of Road Trafficin Madrid Community by Using a Nested Gaussian
MesoscaleAirQualityModel(GAMA) 469-476
R. SAN JOSE, M.A.RODRIGUEZ, I. SALAS and R.M. GONZALEZ / On
the UseofMRF/AVNGlobal Information toImprovetheOperational
AirQualityModelOPANA 477-484
ConferenceOrganising Committee
Dr RuwimBerkowicz,NERIandTRAPOS, Denmark
Dr Larry Cravey,EuropeanSection, AWMA
ProfessorRosa M. GonzalezBarras, Complutense University ofMadrid, Spain
Mr. Richard Mills, International Union ofAirPollution, Prevention andEnviron
mentalProtectionAssociations(IUAPPA), UK
ProfessorNicolas Moussiopoulos,Aristotle University ThessalonikiandSATURN,
Greece
Mr John Sadler, EuropeanSection, AWMA
ProfessorMaria L. Sanchez,EuropeanSection, AWMA andUniversityofValladol
id, Spain
ProfessorRoberto SanJose, Technical University ofMadrid, Spain
Dr RanjeetS. Sokhi, Chairperson, UniversityofHertfordshire, UK
InternationalScientificand AdvisoryCommittee (ISAC)
Dr John G.Bartzis,NCSR DEMOKRITOS, Greece
Dr RuwimBerkowicz,NERI, Denmark
Dr Trond Bohler, NILU, Norway
ProfessorCarlos Borrego, UnievrsityofAveiro,Portugal
Dr NorbertGonzalez-Flesca,INERIS, France
ProfessorSteven R.Hanna, George Mason University, USA
ProfessorMark Z.Jacobson, University ofStanford, USA
DrJaakko Kukkonen, FMI, Finland
Dr Doug R. Middleton, MeteorologicalOffice, UK
ProfessorNicolasMoussiopoulos,Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece
ProfessorRoberto SanJose, Technical University ofMadrid, Spain
ProfessorMichaelSchatzmann, University ofHamburg, Germany
ProfessorJack Slanina, ECN, Netherlands
Dr AndreasSkouloudis,JRC, Ispra, Italy
Dr RanjeetS.Sokhi, Chairperson, University ofHertfordshire, UK
ConferenceSecretariat
Lucy Hamilton,Institute ofPhysics, 76Portland Place,London, WiN4AA, UK
Preface
Sincethe first international conferenceonurban airquality,heldattheUniversity
ofHertfordshirein 1996,significantadvanceshavetakenplace inthe fieldofurban
airpollution. In addition to the scientific advances inthe measurement, modelling
and management ofurban air quality, significant progress has been achieved in
relation to the establishment of major frameworks to ensure a more effective
mechanism for international collaboration. Two such frameworks are SATURN
(StudyingAtmospheric Pollution in Urban Areas) and TRAPOS (Optimisation of
Modelling Methodsfor Traffic Pollution in Streets). Inresponse to such advances,
the second internationalconference washeld atthe Technical University ofMadrid
in March 1999 with active participation ofSATURN and TRAPOS investigators.
The organisation of the conference was headed by the Institute of Physics in
collaboration with the Technical University of Madrid and the University of
Hertfordshire. The support of IUAPPA and AWMA ensured a truly worldwide
promotion and participation. Themeeting attracted 140scientists from26 different
countries establishingit as amajor forum for exchanging and discussing the latest
researchfmdings in this field.
Veryfew scientific international conferences specifically addressthe areaofair
pollutionin cities and towns.This isdespite the growing concern about the health
andenvironmental impacts thatresult from airpollutants in urban areas.The need
tohave aforum fordiscussing andexchanging scientificresultsinthisfieldishence
overwhelming.Itisclear fromtheresponse ofscientists andotherexperts working
inthis areathat theseUAQ conferencesarehelpingto addressthisneed.Nearly 120
papers were presented in areas ranging from emissions to indoor air quality and
exposure. All papers submitted for publication were subjected to a thorough peer
review process involving over 30 referees with a minimum oftwo independent
referees per article.
The success ofthis conference canbe attributed to the excellentorganisation by
themain sponsoringandcollaboratingbodiesandespeciallythelocalhostinstitution,
the Technical University of Madrid. The dedication of the referees is fully
acknowledged fortheirdiligenceduringthereviewprocess.Iamgratefultothe lOP
and in particularLucy Hamilton forproviding the excellent administration for the
conference. I would also like to thank Anna Tod and Anja Tremper for their
assistance during the preparation ofthis special issue. Most ofall, Iwould like to
extendmysincerethankstothe researchersin this field whosecontinuedeffortshave
led to major scientific advances which are helping to better understand urban
atmospheric pollution andits impact onhealth and the environment.
RanjeetS Sokhi
UniversityofHertfordshire, UK
EnvironmentalMonitoringandAssessment65: 1,2000.
@2000KluwerAcademicPublishers.PrintedintheNetherlands.
USING MEASUREMENTS OF NITROGENOXIDES TO ESTIMATE
THE EMISSION CONTROLS REQUIRED TO MEET THE UK
NITROGENDIOXIDESTANDARD
z
J.DIXON D.R. MIDDLETON*zANDR.G.DERWENT
I,
J Institute for Environmental Policy, University College London, 29-30 Tavistock Square,
London, WCIH9EZ
2MeteorologicalOffice,London Rd, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG122SZ*Correspondingauthor
Abstract. In this paper we introduce a new method of analysing the relationship between
nitrogen dioxide (NOz) and oxides of nitrogen (NO.) concentrations using data from the UK
National Air QualityArchive.The study includes analysesofmeasurements from twodifferent
typesofsiteinLondon,akerbside site:CromwellRd,andthreebackgroundsites:BridgePlace,
London Bloomsburyand West London, over several years (1991-7). The data in some years
showed that hourly NOz concentrations exceeded the UK Standard of 150 ppb. Data were
binned, averaged,andpolynomialsfittedateachsite. Analysisofthe resulting polynomialswas
used to estimate reductions in NO. emission required to achieve the National Air Quality
StrategyObjective. ExaminationoftheempiricalratioNOz:NO. (the 'yield')givesanindication
of the sensitivity of the NOz to NO. controls and the amount of NOz that would arise from
modelled values of total oxides of nitrogen. The response of NOz to emission changes is very
non-linear,implying30-45%controlsonNO.mayberequired.
Key words: emissions control, nitrogen dioxide, hourly concentration, empirical function,
London,sensitivity
1. IntroductionandAims
There are currently a large number of initiatives, both at a national and
international level, to reduce emissions of total oxides of nitrogen (NOx) in the
UK. Hourly andannualairquality StandardsandObjectives arecontained within
theNational AirQualityStrategy andthe consultationdocument of its subsequent
review (NAQS, 1997; NAQS, 1999) and are defmedin Air Quality Regulations
(1997). The NAQS (1997) has a health based Objective for hourly maximum
nitrogen dioxide (NOz) of 150 ppb to be achieved by 2005. The consultation on
the review of the NAQS suggested that this be changed to 104.6 ppb, with a
maximum of 18 exceedences by 2005 (NAQS, 1999). However, at the time of
writing the outcome of the consultation was unknown. The first Air Quality
Daughter Directive has been adopted and discussions on the proposed
Acidification Strategy and Emission CeilingsDirective are continuing. It seems
prudent therefore to study the sensitivity of NOz concentrations to controls on
=
NOxconcentrations,whereNOx NO+NOz.
~ EnvironmentalMonitoringandAssessment65:3-11,2000.
• , @2000KluwerAcademicPublishers.
