Upgrading and Repairing PCs

2010·46.41 MB·English

by  Scott Mueller

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Contents at a Glance
Introduction 1
1 Development of the PC 9
2 PC Components, Features, and System Design 25
3 Microprocessor Types and Specifications 37
4 Motherboards and Buses 195
5 BIOS 365
6 Memory 421
UPGRADING
7 The ATA/IDE Interface 497
8 The SCSI Interface 545
AND 9 Magnetic Storage Principles 579
10 Hard Disk Storage 601
REPAIRING PCS, 11 Floppy Disk Storage 643
12 High-Capacity Removable Storage 663
13 Optical Storage 697
15th Anniversary Edition
14 Physical Drive Installation and Configuration 797
15 Video Hardware 835
16 Audio Hardware 905
17 I/O Interfaces from Serial and Parallel to IEEE-1394
and USB 945
18 Input Devices 979
19 Internet Connectivity 1023
20 Local Area Networking 1073
21 Power Supply and Chassis/Case 1125
22 Building or Upgrading Systems 1183
23 PC Diagnostics, Testing, and Maintenance 1229
24 File Systems and Data Recovery 1299
Scott Mueller
Appendixes
A Glossary 1369
B Key Vendor Contact Information 1427
C Troubleshooting Index 1431
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations 1451
Index 1457
On the DVD
Printers and Scanners
Portable PCs
Vendor List
Technical Reference
Original PC Hardware Reference
800 East 96th Street Hard Drive Specifications Database
Indianapolis, Indiana 46240
00 0789729741 FM 7/15/03 4:06 PM Page ii
Upgrading and Repairing PCs, 15th Publisher
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Anniversary Edition
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00 0789729741 FM 7/15/03 4:06 PM Page iii
Contents
Introduction 1
Processor Features 71
1 Development of the PC 9 SMM (Power Management) 71
Superscalar Execution 71
Computer History—Before Personal
MMX Technology 72
Computers 10
SSE and SSE2 72
Timeline 10
3DNow!, Enhanced 3DNow!, and
Mechanical Calculators 14
Professional 3DNow! 73
The First Mechanical Computer 14
Dynamic Execution 74
Electronic Computers 15
Dual Independent Bus Architecture 75
Modern Computers 16
Hyper-Threading Technology 75
From Tubes to Transistors 16
Processor Manufacturing 77
Integrated Circuits 17
Processor Remarking 81
The First Microprocessor 17
PGA Chip Packaging 82
History of the PC 20
Single Edge Contact and Single Edge
Birth of the Personal Computer 20
Processor Packaging 83
The IBM Personal Computer 21
Processor Socket and Slot Types 85
The PC Industry More Than 20 Years
Zero Insertion Force 86
Later 22
Socket 1 86
2 PC Components, Features, and Socket 2 87
Socket 3 88
System Design 25
Socket 4 88
What Is a PC? 26 Socket 5 89
Who Controls PC Software? 26 Socket 6 90
Who Controls PC Hardware? 28 Socket 7 (and Super7) 90
PC Design Guides 32 Socket 8 91
System Types 33 Socket 370 (PGA-370) 91
System Components 36 Socket 423 93
Socket 478 94
3 Microprocessor Types and
Socket A (Socket 462) 95
Specifications 37 Socket 603 97
Pre-PC Microprocessor History 38 Socket 754 97
Microprocessors from 1971 to the Present 38 Processor Slots 97
Processor Specifications 41 CPU Operating Voltages 99
Data I/O Bus 45 Heat and Cooling Problems 101
Address Bus 46 Heatsinks 101
Internal Registers (Internal Data Bus) 47 Active Heatsinks 102
Processor Modes 48 Installing a Heatsink 105
Processor Speed Ratings 50 Math Coprocessors (Floating-Point Units) 107
Processor Speeds and Markings Versus Processor Bugs 109
Motherboard Speed 54 Processor Update Feature 109
Cyrix Processor Speeds 56 Processor Codenames 110
AMD Processor Speeds 58 Intel-Compatible Processors (AMD and
Overclocking 61 Cyrix) 113
Cache Memory 63 AMD Processors 113
How Cache Works 65 Cyrix 114
Level 2 Cache 66
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P1 (086) First-Generation Processors 114 Cyrix/IBM 6x86 (M1) and 6x86MX
8088 and 8086 Processors 114 (MII) 175
80186 and 80188 Processors 115 VIA C3 176
8087 Coprocessor 115 Intel Pentium 4 (Seventh-Generation)
P2 (286) Second-Generation Processors 115 Processors 177
286 Processors 115 Memory Requirements 179
80287 Coprocessor 116 Power Supply Issues 180
P3 (386) Third-Generation Processors 116 Eighth-Generation (64-Bit Register)
386 Processors 117 Processors 186
386DX Processors 118 Intel Itanium and Itanium 2 187
386SX Processors 118 AMD Athlon 64 190
386SL Processors 118 AMD Opteron 190
80387 Coprocessor 119 Processor Upgrades 191
P4 (486) Fourth-Generation Processors 119 OverDrive Processors 192
486 Processors 119 Processor Benchmarks 192
486DX Processors 121 Processor Troubleshooting Techniques 193
486SL 122
4 Motherboards and Buses 195
486SX 123
487SX 124 Motherboard Form Factors 196
DX2/OverDrive and DX4 Processors 124 PC and XT 197
Pentium OverDrive for 486SX2 and DX2 Full-Size AT 198
Systems 126 Baby-AT 199
AMD 486 (5x86) 126 LPX 201
Cyrix/TI 486 127 ATX 204
P5 (586) Fifth-Generation Processors 128 Micro-ATX 211
Pentium Processors 128 Flex-ATX 213
First-Generation Pentium Processor 131 ITX and Mini-ITX 215
Second-Generation Pentium NLX 218
Processor 132 WTX 223
Pentium-MMX Processors 134 Proprietary Designs 224
Pentium Defects 135 Backplane Systems 224
Testing for the FPU Bug 135 Motherboard Components 227
Power Management Bugs 136 Processor Sockets/Slots 227
Pentium Processor Models and Chipsets 229
Steppings 136 Chipset Evolution 229
AMD-K5 137 Intel Chipsets 231
Intel P6 (686) Sixth-Generation AMD Athlon/Duron Chipsets 232
Processors 138 North/South Bridge Architecture 233
Dynamic Execution 138 Hub Architecture 234
Dual Independent Bus 139 Intel’s Early 386/486 Chipsets 236
Other Sixth-Generation Fifth-Generation (P5 Pentium Class)
Improvements 139 Chipsets 237
Pentium Pro Processors 139 Intel 430LX (Mercury) 238
Pentium II Processors 143 Intel 430NX (Neptune) 239
Celeron 154 Intel 430FX (Triton) 239
Pentium III 156 Intel 430HX (Triton II) 240
Pentium II/III Xeon 162 Intel 430VX (Triton III) 241
Other Sixth-Generation Processors 165 Intel 430TX 242
NexGen Nx586 165 Third-Party (Non-Intel) P5 Pentium Class
AMD-K6 Series 165 Chipsets 242
AMD Athlon, Duron, and Athlon XP 168 Sixth-Generation (P6 Pentium Pro/II/III Class)
AMD Duron 172 Chipsets 242
AMD Athlon XP 173 Intel 450KX/GX (Orion
Athlon MP 175 Workstation/Server) 246
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Intel 440FX (Natoma) 247 Types of I/O Buses 320
Intel 440LX 247 The ISA Bus 320
Intel 440EX 248 The Micro Channel Bus 324
Intel 440BX 248 The EISA Bus 324
Intel 440ZX and 440ZX-66 249 Local Buses 326
Intel 440GX 250 VESA Local Bus 327
Intel 450NX 250 The PCI Bus 329
Intel 810, 810E, and 810E2 251 PCI Express 332
Intel 815 Family 254 Accelerated Graphics Port 333
Intel 820 and 820E 257 System Resources 336
Intel 840 259 Interrupts 336
Third-Party (Non-Intel) P6-Class DMA Channels 343
Chipsets 262 I/O Port Addresses 344
Seventh-Generation (Pentium 4) Chipsets 271 Resolving Resource Conflicts 348
Intel 850 Family 273 Resolving Conflicts Manually 349
Intel 845 Family 274 Using a System-Configuration
Intel 865 Family 276 Template 350
Intel 875P 276 Heading Off Problems: Special
Third-Party Pentium 4 Chipsets 277 Boards 354
High-Speed North-South Bridge Plug-and-Play Systems 358
Connections 277 Motherboard Selection Criteria (Knowing
SiS Chipsets for Pentium 4 278 What to Look For) 359
ALi Corporation Chipsets for Documentation 362
Pentium 4 279 Using Correct Speed-Rated Parts 362
ATI Chipsets for Pentium 4 281
5 BIOS 365
VIA Chipsets for Pentium 4 283
Athlon/Duron/Athlon XP Chipsets 285 BIOS Basics 366
AMD Chipsets for Athlon/Duron BIOS Hardware/Software 369
Processors 285 Motherboard BIOS 370
VIA Chipsets for Athlon, Duron, and ROM Hardware 371
Athlon XP 287 ROM Shadowing 373
ProSavage PM133 290 ROM Chip Types 373
Silicon Integrated Systems Chipsets for ROM BIOS Manufacturers 378
AMD Athlon/Duron Processors 292 Upgrading the BIOS 384
ALiMagik1 for AMD Athlon/Duron Where to Get Your BIOS Update 385
Systems 297 Determining Your BIOS Version 385
NVIDIA nForce Chipsets for Backing Up Your BIOS’s CMOS
Athlon/Duron/Athlon XP 298 Settings 386
ATI Radeon IGP Chipsets for Motherboard CMOS RAM Addresses 392
Athlon/Duron/Athlon XP 300 Replacing a BIOS ROM 394
Intel Workstation Chipsets for Pentium 4 and Year 2000 BIOS Issues 394
Xeon 301 CMOS Setting Specifications 394
Intel 860 302 Running or Accessing the CMOS Setup
Intel E7205 302 Program 395
Intel E7505 302 BIOS Setup Menus 395
Chipsets for Athlon 64 302 Maintenance Menu 396
Super I/O Chips 304 Main Menu 397
Motherboard CMOS RAM Addresses 305 Advanced Menu 398
Motherboard Interface Connectors 305 Security Menu 407
System Bus Types, Functions, and Power Menu 408
Features 308 Boot Menu (Boot Sequence, Order) 409
The Processor Bus (Front-Side Bus) 314 Exit Menu 411
The Memory Bus 319 Additional BIOS Setup Features 411
The Need for Expansion Slots 319
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vi Contents This is the Chapter Title
Plug and Play BIOS 413 7 The ATA/IDE Interface 497
PnP Device IDs 414
An Overview of the IDE Interface 498
ACPI 414
Precursors to IDE 498
Initializing a PnP Device 415
IDE Origins 499
BIOS Error Messages 415
IDE Variations 499
General BIOS Boot Text Error
Origins of ATA 500
Messages 416
ATA Standards 502
ROM BIOS Messages Indicating Boot
ATA-1 (AT Attachment Interface for Disk
Failure (No Valid MBR Found) 417
Drives) 504
6 Memory 421 ATA-2 (AT Attachment Interface with
Extensions-2) 504
Memory Basics 422
ATA-3 (AT Attachment Interface-3) 505
ROM 424
ATA/ATAPI-4 (AT Attachment with Packet
DRAM 424
Interface Extension-4) 505
Cache Memory: SRAM 425
ATA/ATAPI-5 (AT Attachment with Packet
RAM Types 428
Interface-5) 506
Fast Page Mode DRAM 432
ATA/ATAPI-6 (AT Attachment with Packet
Extended Data Out RAM 432
Interface-6) 507
SDRAM 433
ATA/ATAPI-7 (AT Attachment with Packet
DDR SDRAM 435
Interface-7) 507
DDR2 SDRAM 436
ATA Features 508
RDRAM 437
ATA I/O Connector 508
Memory Modules 440
ATA I/O Cable 511
SIMMs, DIMMs, and RIMMs 441
ATA Signals 513
SIMM Pinouts 447
Dual-Drive Configurations 513
DIMM Pinouts 449
ATA Commands 515
DDR DIMM Pinouts 451
ATA Upgrades 516
DDR2 DIMM Pinouts 453
Secondary ATA Channel 517
RIMM Pinouts 454
Drive Capacity Limitations 517
Physical RAM Capacity and
Faster Data Transfer 533
Organization 457
DMA Transfer Modes 534
Memory Banks 460
ATA Packet Interface 536
Memory Module Speed 461
Serial ATA 536
Gold Versus Tin 461
ATA RAID 541
Parity and ECC 464
Installing RAM Upgrades 471 8 The SCSI Interface 545
Upgrade Options and Strategies 471
Small Computer System Interface 546
Selecting and Installing Memory 472
ANSI SCSI Standards 547
Troubleshooting Memory 477
SCSI-1 549
Memory Defect Isolation Procedures 480
SCSI-2 550
The System Logical Memory Layout 481
SCSI-3 552
Conventional (Base) Memory 484
SPI or Ultra SCSI 553
Upper Memory Area 485
SPI-2 or Ultra2 SCSI 553
Extended Memory 490
SPI-3 or Ultra3 SCSI (Ultra160) 555
Preventing ROM BIOS Memory Conflicts
SPI-4 or Ultra4 SCSI (Ultra320) 557
and Overlap 491
SPI-5 or Ultra5 SCSI (Ultra640) 557
ROM Shadowing 492
RAID Arrays 557
Total Installed Memory Versus Total
Fibre Channel SCSI 557
Usable Memory 492
iSCSI 558
Adapter Memory Configuration and
Optimization 494
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SCSI Cables and Connectors 558 10 Hard Disk Storage 601
SCSI Cable and Connector Pinouts 561
Definition of a Hard Disk 602
Single-Ended SCSI Cables and
Hard Drive Advancements 602
Connectors 561
Hard Disk Drive Operation 603
High Voltage Differential SCSI Signals 564
The Ultimate Hard Disk Drive
Expanders 564
Analogy 605
Termination 564
Tracks and Sectors 606
SCSI Drive Configuration 567
Disk Formatting 609
Start on Command (Delayed Start) 569
Basic Hard Disk Drive Components 614
SCSI Parity 570
Hard Disk Platters (Disks) 615
Terminator Power 570
Recording Media 616
SCSI Synchronous Negotiation 570
Read/Write Heads 617
Plug and Play SCSI 570
Head Actuator Mechanisms 619
SCSI Configuration Troubleshooting 571
Air Filters 626
SCSI Versus ATA (IDE) 573
Hard Disk Temperature Acclimation 627
SCSI Hard Disk Evolution and
Spindle Motors 627
Construction 573
Logic Boards 628
Performance 576
Cables and Connectors 629
SCSI Versus ATA: Advantages and
Configuration Items 630
Limitations 577
The Faceplate or Bezel 630
Recommended SCSI Host Adapters, Cables,
Hard Disk Features 631
and Terminators 578
Capacity 631
9 Magnetic Storage Principles 579 Performance 634
Reliability 640
Magnetic Storage 580
Cost 642
History of Magnetic Storage 580
How Magnetic Fields Are Used to Store 11 Floppy Disk Storage 643
Data 581
History of the Floppy 644
Read/Write Head Designs 585
Floppy Drive Interfaces 644
Ferrite 585
Drive Components 645
Metal-In-Gap 585
Read/Write Heads 646
Thin Film 586
The Head Actuator 647
Magneto-Resistive Heads 586
The Spindle Motor 648
Giant Magneto-Resistive Heads 588
Circuit Boards 649
Perpendicular 589
The Controller 649
Head Sliders 590
The Faceplate 650
Data Encoding Schemes 591
Connectors 650
FM Encoding 592
The Floppy Disk Controller Cable 650
MFM Encoding 592
Disk Physical Specifications and
RLL Encoding 593
Operation 653
Encoding Scheme Comparisons 594
How the Operating System Uses a
Partial-Response, Maximum-Likelihood
Disk 654
Decoders 595
Cylinders 655
Capacity Measurements 596
Clusters or Allocation Units 655
Areal Density 596
Disk Change 656
Increasing Areal Density with Pixie
Types of Floppy Disk Drives 657
Dust 599
1.44MB 3 1/2'' Drives 657
Other Floppy Drive Types 658
Analyzing 3 1/2'' Floppy Disk
Construction 658
Floppy Disk Media Types and
Specifications 659
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viii Contents This is the Chapter Title
Caring for and Handling Floppy Disks and 13 Optical Storage 697
Drives 660
Optical Technology 698
Airport X-Ray Machines and Metal
CD-Based Optical Technology 698
Detectors 661
CDs: A Brief History 699
Drive Installation Procedures 662
CD-ROM Construction and
Troubleshooting Floppy Drives 662
Technology 700
12 High-Capacity Removable Caring for Optical Media 711
DVD 712
Storage 663
DVD History 713
The Role of Removable-Media Drives 664 DVD Construction and Technology 714
Extra Storage 664 DVD Tracks and Sectors 715
Backing Up Your Data 664 Handling Errors 719
Comparing Disk, Tape, and Flash Memory DVD Capacity (Sides and Layers) 720
Technologies 665 Data Encoding on the Disc 723
Magnetic Disk Media 665 Blu-ray Disc 723
Magnetic Tape Media 665 Optical Disc Formats 725
Flash Memory Media 666 Compact Disc and Drive Formats 725
Interfaces for Removable Media Drives 666 CD-ROM File Systems 735
Overview of Removable Magnetic Storage DVD Formats and Standards 740
Devices 667 DVD Copy Protection 743
Iomega Zip 667 CD/DVD Read-Only Drives and
SuperDisk LS-120 and LS-240 668 Specifications 745
Hard-Disk-Size Removable-Media Drives 668 Performance Specifications 746
“Orphan” Removable-Media Drives 669 Interface 754
Magneto-Optical Drives 669 Loading Mechanism 756
Magneto-Optical Technology 669 Other Drive Features 758
Comparing MO to “Pure” Magnetic Writable CDs 759
Media 671 CD-R 760
Key Factors in Selecting a Removable CD-RW 764
Drive 671 MultiRead Specifications 766
Flash Memory Devices 672 How to Reliably Record CDs 768
How Flash Memory Works 672 Recording Software 771
Types of Flash Memory Devices 672 Creating Music CDs 772
Moving Data in Flash Memory Devices to Recordable DVD Standards 776
Your Computer 676 DVD-RAM 778
Microdrive Technology 679 DVD-R 779
Tape Drives 679 DVD-RW 780
Hard-Disk-Based Alternatives to Tape DVD+RW 781
Backup 680 Multiformat Rewritable Drives 783
Disadvantages of Tape Backup Drives 680 CD/DVD Drive and Software Installation and
Advantages to Tape Backup Drives 681 Support 784
Common Tape Backup Standards 681 Booting from a Floppy Disk with CD/DVD
Comparing Tape Backup Technologies 689 Drive Support 784
Choosing a Tape Backup Drive 691 Bootable CDs and DVDs—El Torito 786
Tape Drive Installation 693 Removable Drive Letter Assignments 787
Tape Drive Backup Software 693 Creating a Rescue CD 789
Tape Drive Troubleshooting 694 Making a Bootable CD/DVD for
Tape Retensioning 696 Emergencies 790
Troubleshooting Optical Drives 790
Failure Reading a CD/DVD 790
Failure to Read CD-R, CD-RW Discs in CD-
ROM or DVD Drive 790
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Failure to Read a Rewritable DVD in DVD- 15 Video Hardware 835
ROM Drive or Player 791
Video Display Technologies 836
Failure to Create a Writable DVD 791
How CRT Display Technology Works 836
Failure Writing to CD-RW or DVD-RW 1x
DVI—Digital Signals for CRT Monitors 838
Media 792
LCD Panels 839
ATAPI CD-ROM or DVD Drive Runs
Video Adapter Types 844
Slowly 792
Monitor Selection Criteria 845
Poor Results or Slow Performance When
The Right Size 845
Writing to CD-R Media 792
Resolution 846
Trouble Reading CD-RW Discs on
Dot Pitch (CRTs) 848
CD-ROM 793
Image Brightness and Contrast
Trouble Reading CD-R Discs on DVD
(LCD Panels) 850
Drive 793
Interlaced Versus Noninterlaced 850
Trouble Making Bootable CDs 793
Energy and Safety 850
Updating the Firmware in a CD-RW or
Frequencies 853
Rewritable DVD Drive 793
Controls 856
14 Physical Drive Installation and Environment 857
Testing a Display 857
Configuration 797
Maintaining Your Monitor 858
Installing All Types of Drives 798 Video Display Adapters 859
Hard Disk Installation Procedures 798 Obsolete Display Adapters 859
Drive Configuration 799 Current Display Adapters 860
Host Adapter Configuration 799 Super VGA 861
Physical Installation 801 VESA SVGA Standards 862
System Configuration 807 Integrated Video/Motherboard
Formatting 808 Chipsets 863
Low-Level Formatting 808 Video Adapter Components 865
Drive Partitioning 810 Identifying the Video and System
High-Level (Operating System) Chipsets 867
Formatting 819 Video RAM 868
FDISK and FORMAT Limitations 820 The Digital-to-Analog Converter 872
Replacing an Existing Drive 821 The Bus 873
Drive Migration for MS-DOS Users 821 The Video Driver 875
Drive Migration for Windows 9x/Me Multiple Monitors 877
Users 821 3D Graphics Accelerators 880
Interfacing to Disk Drives 822 How 3D Accelerators Work 880
Hard Disk Drive Troubleshooting and Common 3D Techniques 882
Repair 824 Advanced 3D Techniques 882
Testing a Drive 825 Application Programming Interfaces 886
Installing an Optical Drive 826 3D Chipsets 886
Avoiding Conflict: Get Your Cards in Upgrading or Replacing Your Video Card 892
Order 826 TV Tuner and Video Capture Upgrades 892
Drive Configuration 826 Warranty and Support 893
External (SCSI) Drive Hookup 828 Comparing Video Cards with the Same
Internal Drive Installation 829 Chipset 893
Ribbon Cable and Card Edge Video Cards for Multimedia 894
Connector 830 Video Feature Connectors 895
SCSI Chains: Internal, External, Video Output Devices 895
or Both 831 Video Capture Devices 896
Floppy Drive Installation Procedures 833 Desktop Video Boards 896
Adapter and Display Troubleshooting 900
Troubleshooting Monitors 902
Troubleshooting Video Cards and
Drivers 903
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x Contents This is the Chapter Title
16 Audio Hardware 905 17 I/O Interfaces from Serial and
Early PC Audio Adapters 906 Parallel to IEEE-1394 and
Limitations of Sound Blaster Pro USB 945
Compatibility 907
Introduction to Input/Output Ports 946
DirectX and Audio Adapters 907
USB and IEEE-1394 (i.Link or FireWire) 946
PC Multimedia History 907
Why Serial? 946
Suggested Multimedia Minimums 908
Universal Serial Bus 947
Audio Adapter Features 908
USB Connectors 950
Basic Connectors 908
IEEE-1394 956
Connectors for Advanced Features 911
Comparing IEEE-1394 and USB 960
Volume Control 914
Standard Serial and Parallel Ports 961
MIDI Support Features 914
Serial Ports 961
Data Compression 915
Typical Locations for Serial Ports 961
Multipurpose Digital Signal
UARTs 965
Processors 915
High-Speed Serial Port Cards 967
Sound Drivers 916
Onboard Serial Ports 967
Choosing the Best Audio Adapter for Your
Serial Port Configuration 967
Needs 916
Testing Serial Ports 968
Gaming 917
Parallel Ports 971
DVD Movies on Your Desktop 919
IEEE-1284 Parallel Port Standard 971
Voice Dictation and Control 920
Upgrading to EPP/ECP Parallel Ports 974
Sound Producers 921
Parallel Port Configuration 975
Playing and Creating Digitized Sound
Linking Systems with Serial or Parallel
Files 921
Ports 975
Audio Adapter Concepts and Terms 922
Parallel-to-SCSI Converters 977
The Nature of Sound 922
Testing Parallel Ports 978
Evaluating the Quality of Your Audio
Adapter 923 18 Input Devices 979
Sampling 923
Keyboards 980
Who’s Who in Audio 924
Enhanced 101-Key (or 102-Key)
Chipset Makers Who Make Their Own
Keyboard 980
Audio Adapters 925
104-Key (Windows 9x/Me/2000/XP)
Major Sound Chip Makers 926
Keyboard 981
Motherboard Chipsets with Integrated
USB Keyboards 983
Audio 927
Notebook Computer Keyboards 984
AOpen TubeSound 929
Num Lock 985
3D Audio 930
Keyboard Technology 986
Positional Audio 930
Keyswitch Design 986
3D Audio Processing 931
The Keyboard Interface 990
DirectX Support Issues 931
Typematic Functions 992
Installing the Sound Card 931
Keyboard Key Numbers and Scan
Connecting PC Speakers and Completing
Codes 993
the Installation 932
International Keyboard Layouts 994
Using Your Stereo Instead of
Keyboard/Mouse Interface
Speakers 933
Connectors 995
Troubleshooting Sound Card Problems 934
Keyboards with Special Features 996
Hardware (Resource) Conflicts 934
Keyboard Troubleshooting and Repair 997
Other Sound Card Problems 937
Keyboard Disassembly 998
Speakers 939
Cleaning a Keyboard 999
Theater and Surround Sound
Keyboard Recommendations 1000
Considerations 941
Pointing Devices 1001
Microphones 942
Ball-Type Mice 1002
Optical Mice 1003