Upgrading and Repairing PCs

1584 Pages·87.71 MB·english

by  Muller Scott.

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Contents at a Glance
Introduction 3
1 Personal Computer Background 11
2 PC Components, Features, and
System Design 27
3 Microprocessor Types and Specifications 39
4 Motherboards and Buses 193
5 BIOS 345
UPGRADING 6 Memory 403
7 The IDE Interface 475
8 The SCSI Interface 513
AND
9 Magnetic Storage Principles 547
10 Hard Disk Storage 569
REPAIRING PCS, 11 Floppy Disk Storage 609
12 High-Capacity Removable Storage 635
13 Optical Storage 687
13th Edition
14 Physical Drive Installation and
Configuration 779
15 Video Hardware 813
16 Audio Hardware 879
17 I/O Interfaces from Serial and Parallel to
IEEE-1394 and USB 923
18 Input Devices 953
19 Internet Connectivity 997
20 Local Area Networking 1055
21 Power Supply and Chassis/Case 1103
22 Portable PCs 1161
23 Building or Upgrading Systems 1213
24 PC Diagnostics, Testing, and
Scott Mueller Maintenance 1265
25 File Systems and Data Recovery 1315
Appendixes
A Glossary 1357
B Key Vendor Contact Information 1419
C Troubleshooting Index 1425
List of Acronyms 1459
Index 1463
On the CD
Printers and Scanners
Vendor List
Technical Reference
Original PC Hardware Reference
201 West 103rd Street,
Hard Drive Specifications Database
Indianapolis, Indiana 46290
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Upgrading and Repairing PCs, Associate Publisher
Greg Wiegand
13th Edition
Executive Editor
Rick Kughen
Copyright © 2002 by Que
Acquisitions Editor
All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be repro- Rick Kughen
duced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any Development Editor
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or Todd Brakke
otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Managing Editor
No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the Thomas F. Hayes
information contained herein. Although every precaution Project Editor
has been taken in the preparation of this book, the pub- Tricia Sterling Liebig
lisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or Copy Editor
omissions. Neither is any liability assumed for damages Megan Wade
resulting from the use of the information contained herein.
Team Coordinator
Sharry Lee Gregory
International Standard Book Number: 0-7897-2542-8
Indexer
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 00-110466 Erika Millen
Proofreader
Printed in the United States of America
Harvey Stanbrough
First Printing: September 2001 Technical Editors
Mark Soper
03 02 01 4 3 2 1
Mark Reddin
Karen Weinstein
Trademarks
Kent Easley
All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be Jeff Sloan
trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capi- Dan Rodemack
talized. Que cannot attest to the accuracy of this informa- Software Development
tion. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as Specialist
affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Michael Hunter
Interior Designer
Warning and Disclaimer Anne Jones
Cover Designer
Every effort has been made to make this book as complete
Anne Jones
and accurate as possible, but no warranty or fitness is
implied. The information provided is on an as isbasis. The Photography
John Freeland
author and the publisher shall have neither liability nor
responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any Layout Technician
Mark Walchle
loss or damages arising from the information contained in
this book or from the use of the CD or programs accompa- Reviewers
nying it. Jean F. Coppola
James F. Kelley
Josh Norem
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Contents
Introduction 3
Cache Organization 64
1 Personal Computer Processor Modes 67
SMM (Power Management) 69
Background 11
Superscalar Execution 70
Computer History—Before Personal MMX Technology 70
Computers 12 SSE and SSE2 71
Timeline 12 3DNow and Enhanced 3DNow 72
Mechanical Calculators 15 Dynamic Execution 73
The First Mechanical Computer 16 Multiple Branch Prediction 73
Electronic Computers 17 Data Flow Analysis 73
Modern Computers 18 Speculative Execution 74
From Tubes to Transistors 18 Dual Independent Bus Architecture 74
Integrated Circuits 19 Processor Manufacturing 74
The First Microprocessor 19 PGA Chip Packaging 79
Personal Computer History 21 Single Edge Contact and Single Edge
Birth of the Personal Computer 21 Processor Packaging 80
The IBM Personal Computer 22 Processor Sockets and Slots 82
The PC Industry 20 Years Later 23 Socket 1 83
Socket 2 85
2 PC Components, Features, and
Socket 3 86
System Design 27
Socket 4 86
What Is a PC? 28 Socket 5 87
Who Controls PC Software? 28 Socket 6 88
Who Controls PC Hardware? 31 Socket 7 (and Super7) 89
PC 9x Specifications 33 Socket 8 90
System Types 34 Socket 370 (PGA-370) 90
System Components 37 Socket 423 93
Socket A (Socket 462) 94
3 Microprocessor Types and Zero Insertion Force Sockets 95
Specifications 39 Processor Slots 96
Slot 1 (SC242) 96
Microprocessors 40
Slot 2 (SC330) 96
Pre-PC Microprocessor History 40
CPU Operating Voltages 97
Processor Specifications 42
Heat and Cooling Problems 99
Processor Speed Ratings 47
Heatsinks 99
Processor Speeds and Markings Versus
Math Coprocessors (Floating-Point
Motherboard Speed 50
Units) 103
Overclocking 53
Processor Bugs 105
Cyrix P-Ratings 55
Processor Update Feature 105
AMD P-Ratings 57
Processor Codenames 107
Data Bus 58
Intel-Compatible Processors (AMD and
Internal Registers (Internal Data Bus) 59
Cyrix) 110
Address Bus 60
AMD Processors 110
Internal Level 1 Cache 61
Cyrix 112
How Cache Works 62
Level 2 Cache 63
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iv Contents This is the Chapter Title
P1 (086) First-Generation Processors 112 Intel Pentium 4 (Seventh-Generation)
8088 and 8086 Processors 112 Processors 183
80186 and 80188 Processors 113 Memory Requirements 186
8087 Coprocessor 114 Power Supply Issues 186
P2 (286) Second-Generation Processors 114 Itanium (Eighth-Generation) Processors 187
286 Processors 114 Itanium 187
80287 Coprocessor 115 Processor Upgrades 190
286 Processor Problems 115 OverDrive Processors 190
P3 (386) Third-Generation Processors 116 Processor Benchmarks 190
386 Processors 116 Processor Troubleshooting Techniques 191
386DX Processors 117
4 Motherboards and Buses 193
386SX Processors 117
386SL Processors 118 Motherboard Form Factors 194
80387 Coprocessor 118 Baby-AT 195
Weitek Coprocessors 119 Full-Size AT 200
80386 Bugs 119 LPX 201
P4 (486) Fourth-Generation Processors 120 ATX 204
486 Processors 120 Micro-ATX 207
486DX Processors 122 Flex-ATX 210
486SL 124 ATX Riser 213
486SX 124 NLX 214
487SX 125 WTX 218
DX2/OverDrive and DX4 Processors 126 Proprietary Designs 220
Pentium OverDrive for 486SX2 and DX2 Backplane Systems 221
Systems 127 Motherboard Components 223
AMD 486 (5x86) 128 Processor Sockets/Slots 224
Cyrix/TI 486 129 Chipsets 225
P5 (586) Fifth-Generation Processors 129 Chipset Evolution 226
Pentium Processors 129 Intel Chipsets 228
First-Generation Pentium Processor 133 Intel Chipset Model Numbers 229
Second-Generation Pentium AMD Athlon/Duron Chipsets 229
Processor 133 North/South Bridge Architecture 230
Pentium-MMX Processors 135 Hub Architecture 231
Pentium Defects 136 Intel’s Early 386/486 Chipsets 232
Testing for the FPU Bug 137 Fifth-Generation (P5 Pentium Class)
Power Management Bugs 138 Chipsets 234
Pentium Processor Models and Intel 430LX (Mercury) 235
Steppings 139 Intel 430NX (Neptune) 235
AMD-K5 140 Intel 430FX (Triton) 236
Intel P6 (686) Sixth-Generation Intel 430HX (Triton II) 237
Processors 140 Intel 430VX (Triton III) 238
Pentium Pro Processors 143 Intel 430TX 238
Pentium II Processors 147 Third-Party (Non-Intel) P5 Pentium Class
Celeron 159 Chipsets 239
Pentium III 162 Sixth-Generation (P6 Pentium Pro/II/III Class)
Pentium II/III Xeon 170 and Seventh-Generation (Pentium 4)
Other Sixth-Generation Processors 172 Chipsets 246
NexGen Nx586 172 Intel 450KX/GX (Orion
AMD-K6 Series 173 Workstation/Server) 251
AMD Athlon 176 Intel 440FX (Natoma) 251
AMD Duron 180 Intel 440LX 252
Cyrix/IBM 6x86 (M1) and 6x86MX Intel 440EX 253
(MII) 182 Intel 440BX 253
Intel 440ZX and 440ZX-66 254
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Intel 440GX 255 Upgrading the BIOS 362
Intel 450NX 255 Where to Get Your BIOS Update 363
Intel 810, 810E, and 810E2 256 Determining Your BIOS Version 364
Intel 815, 815E, and 815EP 259 Backing Up Your BIOS’s CMOS
Intel 820 and 820E 262 Settings 365
Intel 840 265 Keyboard-Controller Chips 365
Intel 850 267 Motherboard CMOS RAM Addresses 370
Intel 860 268 Replacing a BIOS ROM 372
Third-Party (Non-Intel) P6-Class CMOS Setting Specifications 373
Chipsets 268 Running or Accessing the CMOS Setup
Athlon/Duron Chipsets 276 Program 373
Super I/O Chips 283 BIOS Setup Menus 373
Motherboard CMOS RAM Addresses 284 Maintenance Menu 374
Motherboard Interface Connectors 285 Main Menu 375
System Bus Types, Functions, and Advanced Menu 376
Features 288 Security Menu 388
The Processor Bus (Front-Side Bus) 293 Power Management Menu 389
The Memory Bus 299 Boot Menu (Boot Sequence, Order) 392
The Need for Expansion Slots 299 Exit Menu 394
Types of I/O Buses 300 Additional BIOS Setup Features 394
The ISA Bus 300 Year 2000 BIOS Issues 396
The Micro Channel Bus 304 Plug and Play BIOS 396
The EISA Bus 304 PnP Device IDs 396
Local Buses 305 ACPI 397
VESA Local Bus 309 Initializing a PnP Device 397
The PCI Bus 310 BIOS Error Messages 398
Accelerated Graphics Port 313 General BIOS Boot Text Error
System Resources 316 Messages 399
Interrupts 317
6 Memory 403
DMA Channels 323
I/O Port Addresses 325 Memory Basics 404
Resolving Resource Conflicts 328 ROM 406
Resolving Conflicts Manually 330 DRAM 407
Using a System-Configuration Cache Memory: SRAM 408
Template 331 RAM Memory Types 412
Heading Off Problems: Special Fast Page Mode DRAM 415
Boards 335 Extended Data Out RAM 416
Plug-and-Play Systems 338 Burst EDO 417
Knowing What to Look For (Selection SDRAM 417
Criteria) 340 DDR SDRAM 418
Documentation 342 RDRAM 419
Using Correct Speed-Rated Parts 343 Memory Modules 420
SIMMs, DIMMs, and RIMMs 421
5 BIOS 345
SIMM Pinouts 426
BIOS Basics 346 DIMM Pinouts 429
BIOS Hardware/Software 347 DDR DIMM Pinouts 430
Motherboard BIOS 349 RIMM Pinouts 432
ROM Hardware 350 Physical RAM Capacity and
ROM Shadowing 352 Organization 436
ROM (True or Mask ROM) 352 Memory Banks 438
PROM 353 Memory Module Speed 440
EPROM 354 Gold Versus Tin 440
EEPROM/Flash ROM 356 Parity and ECC 443
ROM BIOS Manufacturers 357
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vi Contents This is the Chapter Title
Installing RAM Upgrades 450 SCSI-1 517
Upgrade Options and Strategies 450 SCSI-2 518
Selecting and Installing Memory 451 SCSI-3 520
Troubleshooting Memory 455 SPI or Ultra SCSI 521
Memory Defect Isolation Procedures 458 SPI-2 or Ultra2 SCSI 522
The System Logical Memory Layout 459 SPI-3 or Ultra3 SCSI (Ultra160) 524
Conventional (Base) Memory 461 SPI-4 or Ultra4 SCSI (Ultra320) 526
Upper Memory Area 462 Fiber Channel SCSI 526
Extended Memory 468 SCSI Cables and Connectors 526
Preventing ROM BIOS Memory Conflicts SCSI Cable and Connector Pinouts 528
and Overlap 470 Single-Ended SCSI Cables and
ROM Shadowing 470 Connectors 529
Total Installed Memory Versus Total High Voltage Differential SCSI
Usable Memory 471 Signals 531
Adapter Memory Configuration and Expanders 531
Optimization 472 Termination 531
SCSI Drive Configuration 534
7 The IDE Interface 475
Start on Command (Delayed Start) 537
An Overview of the IDE Interface 476 SCSI Parity 537
Precursors to IDE 476 Terminator Power 537
The IDE Interface 477 SCSI Synchronous Negotiation 538
IDE Origins 478 Plug-and-Play SCSI 538
IDE Bus Versions 479 SCSI Configuration Troubleshooting 539
ATA IDE 480 SCSI Versus IDE 540
ATA Standards 480 SCSI Hard Disk Evolution and
ATA-1 (AT Attachment Interface for Disk Construction 540
Drives) 482 Performance 544
ATA-2 (AT Attachment Interface with SCSI Versus IDE: Advantages and
Extensions-2) 482 Limitations 545
ATA-3 (AT Attachment Interface-3) 483 Recommended SCSI Host Adapters 546
ATA/ATAPI-4 (AT Attachment with Packet
9 Magnetic Storage Principles 547
Interface Extension-4) 483
ATA/ATAPI-5 (AT Attachment with Packet Magnetic Storage 548
Interface-5) 484 History of Magnetic Storage 548
ATA/ATAPI-6 (AT Attachment with Packet How Magnetic Fields Are Used to Store
Interface-6) 485 Data 549
ATA Features 486 Read/Write Head Designs 553
ATA I/O Connector 486 Ferrite 553
ATA I/O Cable 489 Metal-In-Gap 554
ATA Signals 490 Thin Film 554
Dual-Drive Configurations 491 Magneto-Resistive Heads 554
ATA Commands 494 Giant Magneto-Resistive Heads 556
ATA Upgrades 495 Head Sliders 557
Secondary ATA Channel 495 Data Encoding Schemes 558
Drive Capacity Limitations 495 FM Encoding 560
Faster Data Transfer 503 MFM Encoding 560
ATAPI (ATA Packet Interface) 505 RLL Encoding 560
Serial ATA 506 Encoding Scheme Comparisons 562
ATA RAID 509 Partial-Response, Maximum-Likelihood
Decoders 563
8 The SCSI Interface 513
Capacity Measurements 563
Small Computer System Interface 514 Areal Density 564
ANSI SCSI Standards 515
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10 Hard Disk Storage 569 Analyzing Floppy Disk Construction 626
Floppy Disk Media Types and
Definition of a Hard Disk 570
Specifications 628
Hard Drive Advancements 570
Caring for and Handling Floppy Disks and
Hard Disk Drive Operation 571
Drives 629
The Ultimate Hard Disk Drive
Airport X-Ray Machines and Metal
Analogy 573
Detectors 630
Tracks and Sectors 574
Drive-Installation Procedures 631
Disk Formatting 577
Troubleshooting Floppy Drives 631
Basic Hard Disk Drive Components 581
Common Floppy Drive Error Messages—
Hard Disk Platters (Disks) 582
Causes and Solutions 632
Recording Media 583
Read/Write Heads 584 12 High-Capacity Removable
Head Actuator Mechanisms 586
Storage 635
Air Filters 594
Hard Disk Temperature Acclimation 595 Why Use Removable-Media Drives? 636
Spindle Motors 595 Backing Up Your Data 636
Logic Boards 596 Comparing Disk, Tape, and Flash Memory
Cables and Connectors 597 Technologies 637
Configuration Items 597 Magnetic Disk Media 637
The Faceplate or Bezel 597 Magnetic Tape Media 638
Hard Disk Features 598 Flash Memory Media 638
Reliability 598 Comparing Removable Media Types 638
Performance 601 Interfaces for Removable-Media
Cost 606 Drives 640
Capacity 606 Overview of Removable Magnetic Storage
Specific Recommendations 607 Devices 640
Iomega Zip and PocketZip 641
11 Floppy Disk Storage 609 High-Capacity Floptical Drives 646
LS-120 (120MB) SuperDisk Drives 647
Floppy Disk Drives 610
Hard-Disk–Sized Removable-Media
History of the Floppy 610
Drives 650
Drive Components 610
Jaz Drives 650
Read/Write Heads 611
Castlewood Orb 651
The Head Actuator 613
Iomega Peerless 653
The Spindle Motor 615
“Orphan” Removable-Media Drives 653
Circuit Boards 615
SyQuest Drives 653
The Controller 615
Avatar Shark Parts and Drivers 654
The Faceplate 616
Management Strategies for “Orphan” or
Connectors 616
Out-of-Production Drives 654
The Floppy Disk Drive Cable 617
Removable Drive Letter Assignments 655
Disk Physical Specifications and
Floppy Drive Disk Assignments 655
Operation 618
MS-DOS and Windows 9x/Me Disk
How the Operating System Uses a
Management 655
Disk 619
Windows NT 4.0, Windows 2000, and
Cylinders 621
Windows XP Disk Management 657
Clusters or Allocation Units 621
Comparing Price and Performance of
Disk Change 621
Removable-Media Drives 657
Types of Floppy Disk Drives 622
Magneto-Optical Drives 660
The 1.44MB 3 1/2-Inch Drive 623
Magneto-Optical Technology 661
The 2.88MB 3 1/2-Inch Drive 624
Comparing MO to “Pure” Magnetic
The 720KB 3 1/2-Inch Drive 625
Media 662
The 1.2MB 5 1/4-Inch Drive 625
The 360KB 5 1/4-Inch Drive 626
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viii Contents This is the Chapter Title
Flash Card and Digital “Film” 662 CD-ROM File Systems 714
How Flash Memory Works 662 High Sierra 715
Types of Flash Memory Devices 663 ISO 9660 715
Moving Flash Memory Devices from Joliet 717
Camera to Computer 664 Universal Disk Format 717
Microdrive Technology 667 Macintosh HFS 718
Tape Drives 668 Rock Ridge 718
Hard-Disk–Based Alternatives to Tape DVD 718
Backup 669 DVD History 719
Disadvantages of Tape Backup DVD Technology 720
Drives 669 DVD Formats and Standards 732
Advantages to Tape Backup Drives 670 DVD Drive Compatibility 734
Common Tape Backup Standards 670 DVD Copy Protection 734
QIC and Its Variants (QIC-Wide and Adding a DVD Drive to Your System 737
Travan) 670 CD/DVD Drives and Specifications 738
QIC Tapes and Head Recording Performance Specifications 738
Technologies 671 Interface 741
Increased QIC and Travan Loading Mechanism 744
Performance 671 Other Drive Features 746
The Travan NS 674 Writable CDs 747
Proprietary Versions of Travan CD-R 748
Technology 675 CD-RW 752
OnStream ADR Technology 675 MultiRead Specifications 754
DAT/DDS, AIT, and Other High-Capacity How to Reliably Record CDs 756
Tape Drive Standards 677 Recording Software 759
Comparing High-Performance Tape Backup Creating Music CDs 760
Technologies 679 Recordable DVD Standards 763
Choosing a Tape Backup Drive 681 DVD-RAM 764
Tape Drive Installation 683 DVD-R 766
Tape Drive Backup Software 683 DVD-RW 767
Tape Drive Troubleshooting 684 DVD+RW 767
Can’t Detect the Drive 684 CD/DVD Software and Drivers 768
Backup or Restore Operation Failure 684 DOS SCSI Adapter Driver 769
Bad Block or Other Tape Media DOS ATAPI CD-ROM Device Driver 769
Errors 685 MSCDEX: Adding CDs to
System Lockup or System Freezing When DOS/Win3.x 770
Running a Tape Backup 685 CD-ROM Support in Windows 9x and
Other Tape Drive Problems 686 Windows NT 4.0 771
Tape Retensioning 686 MS-DOS Drivers and Windows 9x 772
Creating a Bootable Floppy with CD-ROM
13 Optical Storage 687
Support 772
What Is a CD-ROM? 688 Creating a Rescue CD 773
CDs: A Brief History 689 Making a Bootable CD for Emergencies 773
CD-ROM Technology 689 Files Needed for a Bootable CD 773
Compact Disc and Drive Formats 705 Caring for Optical Media 774
Red Book—CD-DA 706 Troubleshooting Optical Drives 776
Yellow Book—CD-ROM 706 Failure Reading a CD 776
Green Book—CD-i 706 Failure to Read CD-R, CD-RW Discs in
CD-ROM XA 707 CD-ROM or DVD Drive 776
Orange Book 710 ATAPI CD-ROM Drive Runs Slowly 776
PhotoCD 711 Poor Results When Writing to CD-R
White Book—Video CD 713 Media 777
Blue Book—CD EXTRA 713 Trouble Reading CD-RW Discs on
CD-ROM 777
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Trouble Reading CD-R Discs on DVD Dot Pitch 826
Drive 777 Image Brightness and Contrast (LCD
Trouble Making Bootable CDs 777 Panels) 828
Interlaced Versus Noninterlaced 828
14 Physical Drive Installation and
Energy and Safety 829
Configuration 779 Frequencies 831
Hard Disk Installation Procedures 780 Refresh Rates 831
Drive Configuration 781 Horizontal Frequency 833
Host Adapter Configuration 781 Controls 834
Physical Installation 782 Environment 834
Hard Drive Physical Installation—Step by Testing a Display 835
Step 785 Caring for Your Monitor 836
System Configuration 787 Video Display Adapters 837
Formatting 788 Obsolete Display Adapters 838
Drive Partitioning with FDISK 790 VGA Adapters and Displays 838
Drive Partitioning with Super VGA 840
PartitionMagic 796 VESA SVGA Standards 841
High-Level (Operating System) Video Adapter Components 841
Formatting 796 Integrated Video/Motherboard
FDISK and FORMAT Limitations 797 Chipsets 843
Replacing an Existing Drive 798 The Video RAM 846
Drive Migration for MS-DOS Users 799 High-Speed Video RAM Solutions—Older
Drive Migration for Windows 9x/Me Types 850
Users 799 Current High-Speed Video RAM
Interfacing to Disk Drives 800 Solutions 850
Hard Disk Drive Troubleshooting and The Digital-to-Analog Converter 851
Repair 802 The Bus 851
Testing a Drive 802 AGP Speeds 852
Installing an Optical Drive 803 The Video Driver 853
Avoiding Conflict: Get Your Cards in Video Cards for Multimedia 855
Order 803 Video Feature Connectors 855
Drive Configuration 804 VESA Video Interface Port 855
External (SCSI) Drive Hookup 806 Video Output Devices 856
Internal Drive Installation 807 Still-Image Video Capture Cards 857
Ribbon Cable and Card Edge Multiple Monitors 857
Connector 808 Desktop Video Boards 859
SCSI Chains: Internal, External, or 3D Graphics Accelerators 863
Both 809 Common 3D Techniques 865
Floppy Drive Installation Procedures 811 Advanced 3D Techniques 866
Application Programming Interfaces 869
15 Video Hardware 813 3D Chipsets 869
Upgrading or Replacing Your Video
Video Display Technologies 814
Card 872
How CRT Display Technology Works 814
Video Card Memory Upgrades 873
Multiple Frequency Monitors 815
TV Tuner and Video Capture
Curved Versus Flat Picture Tubes 816
Upgrades 873
DVI—Digital Signals for CRT
Warranty and Support 874
Monitors 816
Comparing Video Cards with the Same
Video Adapter Types 817
Chipset 874
LCD Displays 817
Adapter and Display Troubleshooting 875
Flat-Panel LCD Displays 820
Troubleshooting Monitors 876
Monitor Selection Criteria 823
Troubleshooting Video Cards and
The Right Size 823
Drivers 877
Monitor Resolution 825