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394 Pages·2007·12.57 MB·English

Schirmer Encyclopedia of Film
Schirmer Encyclopedia of Film
VOLUME1
ACADEMY AWARDS(cid:2)–CRIME FILMS
Barry Keith Grant
EDITORINCHIEF
SchirmerEncyclopediaofFilm
BarryKeithGrant
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Grant,BarryKeith,1947-
Schirmerencyclopediaoffilm/BarryKeithGrant.
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Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN-13:978-0-02-865791-2(sethardcover:alk.paper)
ISBN-10:0-02-865791-8
ISBN-13:978-0-02-865792-9(vol.1:alk.paper)
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Editorial Board
EDITORINCHIEF
Barry Keith Grant
Professor of Film Studies and Popular Culture at
Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
Author, editor, or co-author of more than a dozen books
on film, including Documenting the Documentary: Close
Readings ofDocumentaryFilm andVideo,The FilmStudies
Dictionary, Film Genre Reader III, and Film Genre: From
Iconography to Ideology. He also edits the Contemporary
Approaches to Film and Television series for Wayne State
University Press and the New Approaches to Film Genre
series for Blackwell Publishers.
ADVISORYEDITORS
David Desser
Professor of Cinema Studies, Comparative Literature, East
Asian Languages and Cultures, and Jewish Studies at the
University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign
Author of The Samurai Films of Akira Kurosawa, Eros plus
Massacre: An Introduction to the Japanese New Wave
Cinema; co-author of American Jewish Filmmakers; editor
of Ozu’s ‘‘Tokyo Story’’; and the co-editor of a number of
other books on Asian cinema.
Jim Hillier
FormerSeniorLecturerinFilmStudiesattheUniversityof
Reading(UK)intheDepartmentofFilm,Theatre&Television
Publications include: as editor, Cahiers du Cin´ema Vol. 1:
the1950sandVol.2:the1960s,andAmericanIndependent
Cinema; and, as author, The New Hollywood.
Janet Staiger
William P. Hobby Centennial Professor in Communication
at the University of Texas at Austin
Author of Media Reception Studies, Blockbuster TV:
Must-See Sitcoms in the Network Era, Perverse Spectators:
The Practices of Film Reception, and co-editor of
Authorship and Film.
Contents
VOLUME1
Preface IX
List of Articles XI
ACADEMY AWARDS(cid:2)–CRIME FILMS 1
Index 411
VOLUME2
List of Articles IX
CRITICISM–IDEOLOGY 1
Index 413
VOLUME3
List of Articles IX
INDEPENDENT FILM–ROAD MOVIES 1
Index 423
VOLUME4
List of Articles IX
ROMANTIC COMEDY–YUGOSLAVIA 1
Glossary 409
Notes on Advisors and Contributors 419
Index 433
VII
Preface
The Schirmer Encyclopedia of Film is intended as a standard reference work in the field of
filmstudies.Designedtomeettheneedsofgeneralreaders,universitystudents,highschool
studentsandteachers,itoffersacomprehensiveandaccessibleoverviewoffilmhistoryand
theory with an American emphasis.
SCOPE OF THE WORK
Readers will find in the Schirmer Encyclopedia of Film the major facts about film history,
clearexplanationsofthemaintheoreticalconceptsandlinesofscholarlyinterpretation,and
guidance through important debates. Approaching cinema as art, entertainment, and
industry, the Encyclopedia features entries on all important genres, studios, and national
cinemas, as well as entries on relevant technological and industrial topics, cultural issues,
and critical approaches to film.
Tobesure,therearenumerousotherreferenceworksandfilmencyclopediasavailable,
on the shelves of both retail bookstores and library reference sections. However, the
Schirmer Encyclopedia of Film is distinctive in format and coverage. The Encyclopedia’s
200 entries are substantial in length—from approximately 1,500 to 9,000 words. Even as
these essays distill influential scholarship in different areas of film studies, they also offer
fresh arguments and perspectives.
Accompanyingthemainentriesaremorethan230sidebarsprofilingimportantfigures
infilmhistory.Morethancareersummaries,eachprofileplacesthesubject’sachievements
withinthecontextoftheparticularentryitaccompanies,offeringahistoricalortheoretical
perspective on the person profiled.
GUIDE TO THE WORK
Within the main entries, the first mention of a film title is the film’s original language title
followed parenthetically by the American release title, the name of the director (if it is not
mentionedinthetext),andtheyearofthefilm’srelease.AtitlethathasnoEnglishreleasetitleis
translated parenthetically butnot italicized. In subsequent mentions of non-English language
titleswithinthesameentry,themostwell-knowntitleisused.Alsouponfirstmention,thenames
ofhistoricallyimportantfiguresarefollowedparentheticallybythedatesofbirthanddeath.
Each of the entries is followed by a Further Reading section. These bibliographies
include both any works referenced in the body of the entry and other major works on the
IX
PREFACE
subject in English. In a few instances books or articles published in languages other than
Englisharementionedwhereappropriate.Forthemostpart,referencestoInternetsources
are not included, because of their more fleeting nature, except where appropriate.
The sidebars—highlighting important individual accomplishments—are color-coded
to indicate broadly the type of achievement discussed. Sidebars for actors and performers
are shaded in green, directors in blue, and those involved in other aspects of film
production in yellow. People whose influence has been more culturally pervasive and
not restricted primarily to cinema, are shaded in tan.
Each of the sidebars is followed by headings for Recommended Viewing and Further
Reading. The viewing sections are not complete filmographies but suggest the best, most
representative,ormostusefulworksconcerningthepersonprofiled.Similarly,thereading
lists are not meant as definitive lists but are intended to steer the reader by citing the
principal sources of information regarding the subject.
The Encyclopedia also features an Index and a Glossary. The comprehensive index,
including alltopics,concepts,names,and terms discussedinthework,willenablereaders
tolocateinformationthroughouttheEncyclopediainamorethoroughmannerthancross-
referencesprovidedattheendofentries.ReadersshouldusetheGlossarytotracksubjects
not treated in separate articles but discussed within the context of multiple articles. The
Glossaryprovidesconcisedefinitionsoftermsusedintheentriesaswellasotherbasicfilm
studies terms that informed readers should know.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Editor-in-Chief wishes to thank all of the contributors for their expertise and
professionalism. The Editorial Advisory Board, consisting of Professors David Desser,
Jim Hillier, and Janet Staiger, provided invaluable editorial guidance. Nevertheless, the
realization of this Encyclopedia would not have been possible without the expertise and
tireless efforts of Mike Tyrkus, Senior Content Project Editor at Thomson Gale and
Project Coordinator for the Schirmer Encyclopedia of Film, who, among other duties,
coordinated the submission and copyediting of the work of the 150 contributing scholars
from nearly twenty countries whose writings comprise these pages.
Barry Keith Grant
X SCHIRMER ENCYCLOPEDIA OF FILM
List of Articles
VOLUME1 AUSTRALIA CHILDREN’S FILMS
Geoff Mayer Timothy Shary
ACADEMY AWARDS(cid:2)
Diane Carson AUTEUR THEORY AND AUTHORSHIP CHILE
Jim Hillier Catherine L. Benamou and
ACTING Andreea Marinescu
Cynthia Baron B MOVIES
Eric Schaefer CHINA
ACTION AND ADVENTURE FILMS John A. Lent and Xu Ying
Yvonne Tasker BIOGRAPHY
Marcia Landy
CHOREOGRAPHY
ADAPTATION Barbara Cohen-Stratyner
Graham Petrie BRAZIL
Ana Del Sarto and Abril Trigo
CINEMATOGRAPHY
AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA Murray Pomerance
Sheila Petty CAMERA
Kristen Anderson Wagner
CINEPHILIA
AFRICAN AMERICAN CINEMA Catherine Russell
Frances K. Gateward CAMERA MOVEMENT
Lisa Dombrowski
CLASS
AGENTS AND AGENCIES Sean Griffin
CAMP
Tino Balio
Harry M. Benshoff
COLD WAR
ANIMAL ACTORS Kim Newman
CANADA
Murray Pomerance
Barry Keith Grant
COLLABORATION
ANIMATION John C. Tibbetts and Jim Welsh
CANON AND CANONICITY
Paul Wells
Lisa Dombrowski
COLONIALISM AND
ARAB CINEMA CARTOONS POSTCOLONIALISM
Malek Khouri Paul Wells Corinn Columpar
ARCHIVES CASTING COLOR
Jan-Christopher Horak Dennis Bingham Murray Pomerance
ARGENTINA CENSORSHIP COLUMBIA
David William Foster Ian Conrich Thomas Schatz
ART CINEMA CHARACTER ACTORS COMEDY
Tom Ryall Dennis Bingham Wes D. Gehring
ASIAN AMERICAN CINEMA CHILD ACTORS COMICS AND COMIC BOOKS
Peter X Feng Timothy Shary Bart Beaty
XI
LIST OF ARTICLES
CO-PRODUCTIONS EXPERIMENTAL FILM HISTORICAL FILMS
Mark Betz Craig Fischer Robert Burgoyne
COSTUME EXPLOITATION FILMS HOLOCAUST
Drake Stutesman Eric Schaefer Maureen Turim
CREDITS EXPRESSIONISM HONG KONG
Murray Pomerance Jan-Christopher Horak Jenny Kwok Wah Lau
CREW FANS AND FANDOM HORROR FILMS
Deborah Allison and Joseph Lampel Matt Hills Barry Keith Grant
CRIME FILMS FANTASY FILMS HUNGARY
Thomas Leitch Katherine A. Fowkes Graham Petrie
FASHION
IDEOLOGY
VOLUME2 Stella Bruzzi Douglas Kellner
FEMINISM
CRITICISM
E. Ann Kaplan
Robin Wood VOLUME3
FESTIVALS
CUBA INDEPENDENT FILM
David Sterritt
Ruth Goldberg Jon Lewis
FILM HISTORY
CULT FILMS Gregory A. Waller INDIA
Mikita Brottman Corey K. Creekmur and
FILM NOIR Jyotika Virdi
CZECHOSLOVAKIA William Luhr
Peter Hames INTERNET
FILM STOCK James Castonguay
DANCE Erin Foster
Barbara Cohen-Stratyner IRAN
FILM STUDIES Mita Lad
DENMARK Bill Nichols
Peter Schepelern IRELAND
FINE ART Martin McLoone
DIALOGUE Angela Dalle Vacche
Sarah Kozloff ISRAEL
FINLAND Nitzan Ben-Shaul
DIASPORIC CINEMA Tytti Soila
Michael T. Martin and Marilyn ITALY
Yaquinto FRANCE Peter Bondanella
Hilary Ann Radner
DIRECTION JAPAN
Aaron E. N. Taylor GANGSTER FILMS David Desser
Thomas Leitch
DISASTER FILMS JOURNALS AND MAGAZINES
GAY, LESBIAN, AND QUEER CINEMA
Maurice Yacowar Ian Conrich
Harry M. Benshoff
DISTRIBUTION KOREA
GENDER
Tino Balio Kyung Hyun Kim
Alison Butler
DOCUMENTARY LATINOS AND CINEMA
GENRE
Barry Keith Grant Mary Beltra´n
Barry Keith Grant
DUBBING AND SUBTITLING LIGHTING
GERMANY
Mark Betz Deborah Allison
Stan Jones
EARLY CINEMA GREAT BRITAIN MAINLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA
Charlie Keil Scott Henderson Adam Knee
EDITING GREAT DEPRESSION MAKEUP
Stephen Prince Charles J. Maland Drake Stutesman
EGYPT GREECE MARTIAL ARTS FILMS
Samirah Alkassim Dan Georgakas David Desser
EPIC FILMS GUILDS AND UNIONS MARXISM
Steve Neale Janet Wasko Christopher Sharrett
EXHIBITION HERITAGE FILMS MELODRAMA
Gregory A. Waller Anne Morey John Mercer
XII SCHIRMER ENCYCLOPEDIA OF FILM