Untitled - Institute of Music Acoustics (Wiener Klangstil)

466 Pages·2010·11.8 MB·English

The Science of String Instruments

Thomas D. Rossing
Editor
The Science of String
Instruments
Editor
ThomasD.Rossing
StanfordUniversity
CenterforComputerResearchinMusicandAcoustics(CCRMA)
Stanford,CA94302-8180,USA
[email protected]
ISBN978-1-4419-7109-8 e-ISBN978-1-4419-7110-4
DOI10.1007/978-1-4419-7110-4
SpringerNewYorkDordrechtHeidelbergLondon
#SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC2010
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Contents
1 Introduction............................................................... 1
ThomasD.Rossing
2 PluckedStrings........................................................... 11
ThomasD.Rossing
3 GuitarsandLutes ........................................................ 19
ThomasD.RossingandGrahamCaldersmith
4 PortugueseGuitar........................................................ 47
OctavioInacio
5 Banjo ...................................................................... 59
JamesRae
6 MandolinFamilyInstruments........................................... 77
DavidJ.CohenandThomasD.Rossing
7 PsalteriesandZithers.................................................... 99
AndresPeeknaandThomasD.Rossing
8 HarpsichordandClavichord............................................ 123
NevilleH.FletcherandCareyBeebe
9 Harp....................................................................... 145
ChrisWaltham
10 BurmeseArchedHarp................................................... 167
RobertM.Williamson
v
vi Contents
11 PluckedStringInstrumentsinAsia..................................... 173
ShigeruYoshikawa
12 BowedStrings............................................................. 197
ThomasD.RossingandRogerJ.Hanson
13 Violin...................................................................... 209
JosephCurtinandThomasD.Rossing
14 Cello....................................................................... 245
EricBynumandThomasD.Rossing
15 DoubleBass............................................................... 259
AndersAskenfelt
16 Bows,Strings,andBowing............................................... 279
KnutGuettler
17 ViolsandOtherHistoricBowedStringInstruments.................. 301
MurrayCampbellandPatsyCampbell
18 TheHutchins–SchellengViolinOctetAfter50Years................. 317
GeorgeBissinger
19 HammeredStrings ....................................................... 347
ThomasD.Rossing
20 SomeRemarksontheAcousticsofthePiano.......................... 353
NicholasGiordano
21 HammeredDulcimer..................................................... 371
DavidPeterson
22 ElectricGuitarandViolin............................................... 393
ColinGough
23 VirtualStringSynthesis.................................................. 417
NelsonLeeandJuliusO.SmithIII
Index............................................................................ 457
Contributors
AndersAskenfelt
RoyalInstituteofTechnology(KTH),DepartmentofSpeech,Music,
andHearing,Stockholm,Sweden
CareyBeebe
CareyBeebeHarpsichordsAustralia,Factory35/17LorraineStreet,
Peakhurst,NSW2210,Australia
GeorgeBissinger
AcousticsLaboratory,EastCarolinaUniversity,HowellScienceComplex,
RoomE208,Greenville,NC27858,USA
EricBynum
214MacoyAve,Culpeper,VA22701,USA
GrahamCaldersmith
12MainStreet,Comboyne,NSW2429,Australia
MurrayCampbell
SchoolofArts,CultureandEnvironment,UniversityofEdinburgh,
EdinburghEH11JZ,UK
PatsyCampbell
SchoolofArts,CultureandEnvironment,UniversityofEdinburgh,
EdinburghEH11JZ,UK
DavidJ.Cohen
9402BelfortRd,Henrico,VA23229,USA
JosephCurtin
JosephCurtinStudios,3493W.DelhiRoad,AnnArbor,
MI48103,USA
NevilleH.Fletcher
ResearchSchoolofPhysicsandEngineering,
AustralianandNationalUniversity,Canberra,ACT0200,Australia
vii
viii Contributors
NicholasGiordano
DepartmentofPhysics,PurdueUniversity,525NorthwesternAvenue,
WestLafayette,IN47907-2036,USA
ColinGough
44SchoolRoad,BirminghamB139SN,UK
KnutGuettler
TheNorwegianAcademyofMusic,Eilinsvei20,Jar1358,Norway
RogerJ.Hanson
2806EdgewoodDrive,CedarFalls,IA50613-5658,USA
OctavioInacio
ESMAE,RuadaAlegria,503,Porto4000-045,Portugal
NelsonLee
StanfordUniversity,CenterforComputerResearchinMusic
andAcoustics(CCRMA),Stanford,CA94302-8180,USA
AndresPeekna
5908NorthRiverBayRoad,Waterford,WI53185-3035,USA
DavidPeterson
UniversityofCentralArkansas,56RidgeDrive,Greenbrier,AR,USA
JamesRae
827ValkyrieLaneNW,Rochester,MN55901,USA
ThomasD.Rossing
StanfordUniversity,CenterforComputerResearchinMusic
andAcoustics(CCRMA),Stanford,CA94302-8180,USA
JuliusO.SmithIII
StanfordUniversity,CenterforComputerResearchinMusic
andAcoustics(CCRMA),Stanford,CA94302-8180,USA
ChrisWaltham
DepartmentofPhysics&Astronomy,UniversityofBritishColumbia,
6242AgriculturalRoad,Vancouver,BCV6T1Z1,Canada
RobertM.Williamson
DepartmentofPhysics,OaklandUniversity,Rochester,MI48309-4401,USA
ShigeruYoshikawa
GraduateSchoolofKyushuUniversity,4-9-1Shiobaru,Minami-ku,
Fukuoka815-8540,Japan
Chapter 1
Introduction
ThomasD.Rossing
Stringinstrumentsarefoundinalmostallmusicalcultures.Bowedstringinstruments
formthebackboneofsymphonyorchestras,andtheyareusedwidelyassoloinstru-
mentsandinchambermusicaswell.Guitarsareuseduniversallyinpopmusicaswell
asinclassicalmusic.Thepianoisprobablythemostversatileofallmusicalinstru-
ments,usedwidelynotonlyinensemblewithothermusicalinstrumentsbutalsoasa
soloinstrumentandtoaccompanysoloinstrumentsandthehumanvoice.
In this book, various authors will discuss the science of plucked, bowed, and
hammeredstringinstrumentsaswellastheirelectroniccounterparts.Wehavetried
totellthefascinatingstoryofscientificresearchwithaminimumofmathematicsto
maximizetheusefulnessofthebooktoperformersandinstrumentbuildersaswellas
tostudentsandresearchersinmusicalacoustics.Sometimes,however,itisdifficult
to “translate” ideas from the exact mathematical language of science into words
alone,soweincludesomebasicmathematicalequationstoexpresstheseideas.
It is impossible to discuss all families of string instruments. Some instruments
have been researched much more than others. Hopefully, the discussions in this
book will help to encourage further scientific research by both musicians and
scientistsalike.
1.1 A Brief History of the Science of String Instruments
Quite a number of good histories of acoustics have been written (Lindsay 1966,
1973; Hunt 1992; Beyer 1999), and these histories include musical acoustics.
CarleenHutchinshaswrittenaboutthehistoryofviolinresearch(Hutchins2000).
Relativelylesshasbeenwrittenaboutscientificresearchonotherstringinstruments.
Pythagoras, who established mathematics in Greek culture during the sixth
centuryBC,studiedvibratingstringsandmusicalsounds.Hereportedlydiscovered
T.D.Rossing(*)
CenterforComputerResearchinMusicandAcoustics(CCRMA),
StanfordUniversity,Stanford,CA94302-8180,USA
e-mail:[email protected]
T.D.Rossing(ed.),TheScienceofStringInstruments, 1
DOI10.1007/978-1-4419-7110-4_1,#SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC2010