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1
Summary table of survey implementation and the survey population,

Lao Social Indicator Survey II, 2017

Survey sample and implementation
Sample frame 2015 Population and Questionnaires Household
Housing Census Women (age 15-49)
Men (age 15-49)
- Updated December, 2016 to Children under five
February, 2017 Children age 5-17
Water Quality Testing

Interviewer training June-July, 2017 Fieldwork July-November, 2017
Survey sample
Households Children under five
- Sampled 23,299 - Eligible 11,812
- Occupied 22,443 - Mothers/caretakers interviewed 11,720
- Interviewed 22,287 - Response rate (Per cent) 99.2
- Response rate (Per cent) 99.3

Women (age 15-49) Children age 5-17

- Eligible for interviews 26,103 - Eligible 15,494

- Interviewed 25,305 - Mothers/caretakers interviewed 15,435

- Response rate (Per cent) 96.9 - Response rate (Per cent) 99.6

Men (age 15-49) Water Quality Testing
The Lao Social Indicator Survey II (LSIS II) was carried out in 2017 by Lao Statistics Bureau (LSB) in collaboration with
- Eligible for interviews 12,694 - Eligible 3,495
Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education and Sport, as part of the Global Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS)
- Interviewed 12,017 - Interviewed 3,346
Programme. Technical support was provided by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), with government funding
- Response rate (Per cent) 94.7 - Response rate (Per cent) 95.7
and financial support of UNICEF and United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), European Union (EU), Luxembourg
Government, United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Swiss Development Cooperation (SDC), World
Food Programme (WFP), and United Nations Development Programmes (UNDP), World Health Organisation (WHO) and Survey population
Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA). USAID provided technical support for the data collection and analysis
Average household size 4.7 Percentage of population living in
on anaemia.
- Urban areas 32.4
Percentage of population under:
- Rural areas 67.6
The Global MICS Programme was developed by UNICEF in the 1990s as an international multi-purpose household survey - Age 5 10.8
- Rural with road 86.0
programme to support countries in collecting internationally comparable data on a wide range of indicators on the - Age 18 39.4
- Rural without road 14.0
situation of children and women. MICS surveys measure key indicators that allow countries to generate data for use in
Percentage of women age 15-49 years with
policies, programmes, and national development plans, and to monitor progress towards the Sustainable Development
at least one live birth in the last 2 years 16.7
Goals (SDGs) and other internationally agreed upon commitments. The LSIS II presents up-to date information for
assessing the situation of children, women and men as well as to provide data for monitoring progress towards existing
strategies and action plans including the 8th National Socio-Economic Development Plan (NSEDP) 2016-2020, update the
status of the provincial social development indicators and track the graduation of the country from the category of Least
Developed Country by 2020.

The objective of this report is to facilitate the timely dissemination and use of results from the LSIS II. The report contains
detailed information on the methodology of the survey, and tables following MICS standard and templates.

For more information on the Global MICS Programme, please go to mics.unicef.org.

Suggested citation:
Lao Statistics Bureau. 2018. Lao Social Indicator Survey II 2017, Survey Findings Report. Vientiane, Lao PDR: Lao
Statistics Bureau and UNICEF.
P a g e | iii

II
Summary table of survey implementation and the survey population,

Lao Social Indicator Survey II, 2017

Survey sample and implementation
Sample frame 2015 Population and Questionnaires Household
Housing Census Women (age 15-49)
Men (age 15-49)
- Updated December, 2016 to Children under five
February, 2017 Children age 5-17
Water Quality Testing

Interviewer training June-July, 2017 Fieldwork July-November, 2017
Survey sample
Households Children under five
- Sampled 23,299 - Eligible 11,812
- Occupied 22,443 - Mothers/caretakers interviewed 11,720
- Interviewed 22,287 - Response rate (Per cent) 99.2
- Response rate (Per cent) 99.3

Women (age 15-49) Children age 5-17

- Eligible for interviews 26,103 - Eligible 15,494

- Interviewed 25,305 - Mothers/caretakers interviewed 15,435

- Response rate (Per cent) 96.9 - Response rate (Per cent) 99.6

Men (age 15-49) Water Quality Testing
The Lao Social Indicator Survey II (LSIS II) was carried out in 2017 by Lao Statistics Bureau (LSB) in collaboration with
- Eligible for interviews 12,694 - Eligible 3,495
Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education and Sport, as part of the Global Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS)
- Interviewed 12,017 - Interviewed 3,346
Programme. Technical support was provided by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), with government funding
- Response rate (Per cent) 94.7 - Response rate (Per cent) 95.7
and financial support of UNICEF and United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), European Union (EU), Luxembourg
Government, United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Swiss Development Cooperation (SDC), World
Food Programme (WFP), and United Nations Development Programmes (UNDP), World Health Organisation (WHO) and Survey population
Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA). USAID provided technical support for the data collection and analysis
Average household size 4.7 Percentage of population living in
on anaemia.
- Urban areas 32.4
Percentage of population under:
- Rural areas 67.6
The Global MICS Programme was developed by UNICEF in the 1990s as an international multi-purpose household survey - Age 5 10.8
- Rural with road 86.0
programme to support countries in collecting internationally comparable data on a wide range of indicators on the - Age 18 39.4
- Rural without road 14.0
situation of children and women. MICS surveys measure key indicators that allow countries to generate data for use in
Percentage of women age 15-49 years with
policies, programmes, and national development plans, and to monitor progress towards the Sustainable Development
at least one live birth in the last 2 years 16.7
Goals (SDGs) and other internationally agreed upon commitments. The LSIS II presents up-to date information for
assessing the situation of children, women and men as well as to provide data for monitoring progress towards existing
strategies and action plans including the 8th National Socio-Economic Development Plan (NSEDP) 2016-2020, update the
status of the provincial social development indicators and track the graduation of the country from the category of Least
Developed Country by 2020.

The objective of this report is to facilitate the timely dissemination and use of results from the LSIS II. The report contains
detailed information on the methodology of the survey, and tables following MICS standard and templates.

For more information on the Global MICS Programme, please go to mics.unicef.org.

Suggested citation:
Lao Statistics Bureau. 2018. Lao Social Indicator Survey II 2017, Survey Findings Report. Vientiane, Lao PDR: Lao
Statistics Bureau and UNICEF.
P a g e | iii

III
Table of contents
Summary table of survey implementation and the survey population, ............................................................... iii
Table of contents .................................................................................................................................................. iv
List of abbreviations………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... xi
Foreword .............................................................................................................................................................. xiii
Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................. xiv
I. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................ .....1
1.2 Survey objectives ........................................................................................................................ 1
II.Sample and survey methodology ................................................................................................... 3
2.1 Sample design ............................................................................................................................. 3
2.2 Questionnaires ............................................................................................................................ 3
2.3 Training and fieldwork ................................................................................................................. 5
2.4 Data collection method ................................................................................................................6
III.Indicators and definitions ............................................................................................................. 8
IV.Sample coverage and characteristics of respondents .................................................................. 23
SR.1. Results of interviews ......................................................................................................... 23
Table SR.1.1: Results of household, women's, men's, under-5's and children
age 5-17's interviews ........................................................................................................... 24
SR.2. Housing and household characteristics ............................................................................. 26
Table SR.2.1: Housing characteristics ................................................................................... 26
Table SR.2.2: Household and personal assets ...................................................................... 28
Table SR.2.3: Wealth quintiles ............................................................................................. 30
SR.3. Household composition .................................................................................................... 30
Table SR.3.1: Household composition .................................................................................. 31
SR.4. Age structure of household population ............................................................................. 32
Table SR.4.1: Age distribution of household population by sex ............................................ 32
SR.5. Respondents’ background characteristics ......................................................................... 32
Table SR.5.1W: Women's background characteristics .......................................................... 33
Table SR.5.1M: Men's background characteristics ............................................................... 34
Table SR.5.2: Children under 5's background characteristics ................................................ 35
Table SR.5.3: Children age 5-17's background characteristics .............................................. 37
SR.6. Literacy ............................................................................................................................. 38
Table SR.6.1W: Literacy (women) ....................................................................................... 39
Table SR.6.1M: Literacy (men) ............................................................................................ 40
SR.7. Migratory status ............................................................................................................... 41
Table SR.7.1W: Migratory status of women ......................................................................... 42
Table SR.7.1M: Migratory status of men .............................................................................. 46
SR.10. Mass media and ICT .......................................................................................................... 50
Table SR.9.1W: Exposure to mass media (women) .............................................................. 50
Table SR.9.1M: Exposure to mass media (men) .................................................................. 51
Table SR.9.2: Household ownership of ICT equipment and access to internet ...................... 52
IV
Table SR.9.3W: Use of ICT (women) .................................................................................... 53
Table of contents Table SR.9.3M: Use of ICT (men) ......................................................................................... 55
Table SR.9.4W: ICT skills (women) ...................................................................................... 57
Table SR.9.4M: ICT skills (men) ........................................................................................... 59
Summary table of survey implementation and the survey population, ............................................................... iii
SR.10. Tobacco and alcohol use ................................................................................................. 61
Table of contents .................................................................................................................................................. iv
Table SR.10.1W: Current and ever use of tobacco (women) ............................................... 62
Table SR.10.1M: Current and ever use of tobacco (men) .................................................... 64
List of abbreviations………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... xi
Table SR.10.2W: Age at first use of cigarettes and frequency of use (women) .................... 66
Table SR.10.2M: Age at first use of cigarettes and frequency of use (men) ......................... 67
Foreword .............................................................................................................................................................. xiii
Table SR.10.3W: Use of alcohol (women) ........................................................................... 68
Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................. xiv Table SR.10.3M: Use of alcohol (men) ................................................................................ 69
SR.11. Children's living arrangements ........................................................................................ 70
Table SR.11.1: Children's living arrangements and orphanhood ........................................... 71
I. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 1
Table SR.11.2: Children's living arrangements and co-residence with parents ..................... 72
1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................ .....1
Table SR.11.3: Children not in parental care ........................................................................ 73
1.2 Survey objectives ........................................................................................................................ 1
V. Survive ........................................................................................................................................ 76
II.Sample and survey methodology ................................................................................................... 3
Table CS.1: Early childhood mortality rates .......................................................................... 76
2.1 Sample design ............................................................................................................................. 3
Table CS.2: Early childhood mortality rates by socioeconomic characteristics ...................... 77
2.2 Questionnaires ............................................................................................................................ 3
Table CS.3: Early childhood mortality rates by demographic characteristics ........................ 78
2.3 Training and fieldwork ................................................................................................................. 5
Table CS.1: Children ever born, children surviving and proportion dead .............................. 76
2.4 Data collection method ................................................................................................................6
Table CS.2: Infant and under-5 mortality rates by time since first birth groups of women.... 77
Table CS.3: Infant and under-5 mortality rates by background characteristics ..................... 78
III.Indicators and definitions ............................................................................................................. 8
Figure CS.1: Trend in under-5 mortality rates ...................................................................... 79
IV.Sample coverage and characteristics of respondents .................................................................. 23
VI.Thrive – Reproductive and maternal health ................................................................................ 81
SR.1. Results of interviews ......................................................................................................... 23
TM.1. Fertility ............................................................................................................................ 81
Table SR.1.1: Results of household, women's, men's, under-5's and children
Table TM.1.1: Fertility rates................................................................................................ .81
age 5-17's interviews ........................................................................................................... 24
TM.2. Early childbearing ............................................................................................................ 82
SR.2. Housing and household characteristics ............................................................................. 26
Table TM.2.1: Adolescent birth rate and total fertility rate .................................................. 82
Table SR.2.1: Housing characteristics ................................................................................... 26
Table TM.2.2W: Early childbearing (young women) ............................................................ 84
Table SR.2.2: Household and personal assets ...................................................................... 28
Table TM.2.2M: Early fatherhood (young men) .................................................................. 85
Table SR.2.3: Wealth quintiles ............................................................................................. 30
Table TM.2.3W: Trends in early childbearing (women) ....................................................... 86
SR.3. Household composition .................................................................................................... 30
Table TM.2.3M: Trends in early fatherhood (men) .............................................................. 88
Table SR.3.1: Household composition .................................................................................. 31
TM.3. Family planning ............................................................................................................... 90
SR.4. Age structure of household population ............................................................................. 32
Table TM.3.1: Use of contraception (currently married/in union) ....................................... 91
Table SR.4.1: Age distribution of household population by sex ............................................ 32
Table TM.3.2: Use of contraception (currently unmarried/not in union) ............................. 93
SR.5. Respondents’ background characteristics ......................................................................... 32
Table TM.3.3: Need for contraception (currently married/in union) ................................... 95
Table SR.5.1W: Women's background characteristics .......................................................... 33
Table TM.3.4: Need for contraception (currently unmarried/not in union) ......................... 97
Table SR.5.1M: Men's background characteristics ............................................................... 34
TM.4. Antenatal care ................................................................................................................. 99
Table SR.5.2: Children under 5's background characteristics ................................................ 35
Table TM.4.1: Antenatal care coverage ............................................................................. 100
Table SR.5.3: Children age 5-17's background characteristics .............................................. 37
Table TM.4.2: Number of antenatal care visits and timing of first visit ............................... 101
SR.6. Literacy ............................................................................................................................. 38
Table TM.4.3: Content of antenatal care ........................................................................... 103
Table SR.6.1W: Literacy (women) ....................................................................................... 39
TM.5. Neonatal tetanus ........................................................................................................... 104
Table SR.6.1M: Literacy (men) ............................................................................................ 40
Table TM.5.1: Neonatal tetanus protection ....................................................................... 105
SR.7. Migratory status ............................................................................................................... 41
TM.6. Delivery care ................................................................................................................. 106
Table SR.7.1W: Migratory status of women ......................................................................... 42
Table TM.6.1: Place of delivery .......................................................................................... 106
Table SR.7.1M: Migratory status of men .............................................................................. 46
Table TM.6.2: Assistance during delivery and caesarean section ....................................... 108
SR.10. Mass media and ICT .......................................................................................................... 50
TM.7. Birthweight.................................................................................................................... 110
Table SR.9.1W: Exposure to mass media (women) .............................................................. 50
Table TM.7.1: Infants weighed at birth .............................................................................. 110
Table SR.9.1M: Exposure to mass media (men) .................................................................. 51
TM.8. Postnatal care ................................................................................................................ 112
Table SR.9.2: Household ownership of ICT equipment and access to internet ...................... 52
Table TM.8.1: Post-partum stay in health facility ............................................................... 113
Table TM.8.2: Post-natal health checks for newborns ........................................................ 114
V
Table TM.8.3: Post-natal care visits for newborns within one week of birth....................... 116
Table TM.8.4: Thermal care for newborns ......................................................................... 118
Table TM.8.5: Cord cutting and care .................................................................................. 120
Table TM.8.6: Content of postnatal care for newborns ...................................................... 122
Table TM.8.7: Post-natal health checks for mothers .......................................................... 124
Table TM.8.8: Post-natal care visits for mothers within one week of birth ......................... 126
Table TM.8.9: Post-natal health checks for mothers and newborns ................................... 127
TM.10. Sexual behaviour ......................................................................................................... 129
Table TM.10.1W: Sex with multiple partners (women) ..................................................... 129
Table TM.10.1M: Sex with multiple partners (men) .......................................................... 131
Table TM.10.2W: Key sexual behaviour indicators (young women) ................................... 132
Table TM.10.2M: Key sexual behaviour indicators (young men) ........................................ 134
TM.11. HIV .............................................................................................................................. 136
Table TM.11.1W: Knowledge about HIV transmission, misconceptions about HIV,
and comprehensive knowledge about HIV transmission (women) .................................... 137
Table TM.11.1M: Knowledge about HIV transmission, misconceptions about HIV,
and comprehensive knowledge about HIV transmission (men) ......................................... 139
Table TM.11.2W: Knowledge of mother-to-child HIV transmission (women) .................... 141
Table TM.11.2M: Knowledge of mother-to-child HIV transmission (men) ......................... 143
Table TM.11.3W: Attitudes towards people living with HIV (women) ............................... 145
Table TM.11.3M: Attitudes towards people living with HIV (men) .................................... 147
Table TM.11.4W: Knowledge of a place for HIV testing (women) ...................................... 149
Table TM.11.4M: Knowledge of a place for HIV testing (men) ........................................... 151
Table TM.11.5: HIV counselling and testing during antenatal care ..................................... 153
Table TM.11.6W: Key HIV and AIDS indicators (young women) ......................................... 155
Table TM.11.6M: Key HIV and AIDS indicators (young men) ............................................. 157
TM.13. Anemia ........................................................................................................................ 159
Table TM.13.1: Women's coverage of hemoglobin testing................................................. 160
Table TM.13.2: Prevalence of anemia in women ............................................................... 162
TM.14. Abortion ...................................................................................................................... 164
Table TM.14.1: Induced abortion rates ............................................................................. 164
Table TM.14.2: Pregnancy Outcomes ................................................................................ 165
Table TM.14.3: Method of Abortion, Lao PDR, 2017 .......................................................... 167
VII.Thrive – Child health, nutrition and development ................................................................... 172
TC.1. Immunisation ................................................................................................................. 172
Table TC.1.1: Vaccinations in the first years of life ............................................................ 173
Table TC.1.2: Vaccinations by background characteristics ................................................. 174
TC.2. Disease episodes ............................................................................................................ 176
Table TC.2.1: Reported disease episodes .......................................................................... 177
TC.3. Diarrhoea ....................................................................................................................... 178
Table TC.3.1: Care-seeking during diarrhoea ..................................................................... 179
Table TC.3.2: Feeding practices during diarrhoea .............................................................. 180
Table TC.3.3: Oral rehydration solutions, government-recommended homemade
fluid and zinc … ................................................................................................................. 182
Table TC.3.4: Oral rehydration therapy with continued feeding
and other treatments ....................................................................................................... 183
Table TC.3.5: Source of ORS and zinc ................................................................................ 185
TC.4. Household energy use .................................................................................................... 186
Table TC.4.1: Primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies for cooking ...................... 187
Table TC.4.2: Primary reliance on solid fuels for cooking ................................................... 189
Table TC.4.3: Polluting fuels and technologies for cooking by type
and characteristics of cookstove and place of cooking ...................................................... 191
VI
Table TM.8.3: Post-natal care visits for newborns within one week of birth....................... 116 Table TC.4.4: Primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies for space heating ............. 193
Table TM.8.4: Thermal care for newborns ......................................................................... 118 Table TC.4.5: Type of space heater mainly used and presence of chimney ........................ 195
Table TM.8.5: Cord cutting and care .................................................................................. 120 Table TC.4.6: Primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies for lighting ....................... 197
Table TM.8.6: Content of postnatal care for newborns ...................................................... 122 Table TC.4.7: Primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies for cooking,
Table TM.8.7: Post-natal health checks for mothers .......................................................... 124 space heating, and lighting .............................................................................................. 199
Table TM.8.8: Post-natal care visits for mothers within one week of birth ......................... 126 TC.5. Symptoms of acute respiratory infection ........................................................................ 201
Table TM.8.9: Post-natal health checks for mothers and newborns ................................... 127 Table TC.5.1: Care-seeking for and antibiotic treatment of symptoms of acute
TM.10. Sexual behaviour ......................................................................................................... 129 respiratory infection (ARI) ................................................................................................ 202
Table TM.10.1W: Sex with multiple partners (women) ..................................................... 129 TC.6. Malaria .......................................................................................................................... 203
Table TM.10.1M: Sex with multiple partners (men) .......................................................... 131 Table TC.6.1: Household possession of mosquito nets ...................................................... 204
Table TM.10.2W: Key sexual behaviour indicators (young women) ................................... 132 Table TC.6.2: Source of mosquito nets .............................................................................. 205
Table TM.10.2M: Key sexual behaviour indicators (young men) ........................................ 134 Table TC.6.3: Access to an insecticide-treated net (ITN) – number
TM.11. HIV .............................................................................................................................. 136 of household members .................................................................................................... 207
Table TM.11.1W: Knowledge about HIV transmission, misconceptions about HIV, Table TC.6.4: Access to an insecticide-treated net (ITN) – background
and comprehensive knowledge about HIV transmission (women) .................................... 137 characteristics .................................................................................................................. 208
Table TM.11.1M: Knowledge about HIV transmission, misconceptions about HIV, Table TC.6.5: Use of mosquito nets by the household population ..................................... 209
and comprehensive knowledge about HIV transmission (men) ......................................... 139 Table TC.6.6: Use of existing ITNs ..................................................................................... 210
Table TM.11.2W: Knowledge of mother-to-child HIV transmission (women) .................... 141 Table TC.6.7: Use of mosquito nets by children ................................................................ 211
Table TM.11.2M: Knowledge of mother-to-child HIV transmission (men) ......................... 143 Table TC.6.8: Use of mosquito nets by pregnant women .................................................. 213
Table TM.11.3W: Attitudes towards people living with HIV (women) ............................... 145 Table TC.6.9: Use of Intermittent Preventive Treatment for malaria (IPTp
Table TM.11.3M: Attitudes towards people living with HIV (men) .................................... 147 by women during pregnancy ........................................................................................... 215
Table TM.11.4W: Knowledge of a place for HIV testing (women) ...................................... 149 Table TC.6.10: Care-seeking during fever .......................................................................... 216
Table TM.11.4M: Knowledge of a place for HIV testing (men) ........................................... 151 Table TC.6.11: Treatment of children with fever ............................................................... 217
Table TM.11.5: HIV counselling and testing during antenatal care ..................................... 153 Table TC.6.12: Diagnostics and anti-malarial treatment of children .................................. 219
Table TM.11.6W: Key HIV and AIDS indicators (young women) ......................................... 155 Table TC.6.13: Source of anti-malarial .............................................................................. 221
Table TM.11.6M: Key HIV and AIDS indicators (young men) ............................................. 157 TC.7. Infant and young child feeding ....................................................................................... 222
TM.13. Anemia ........................................................................................................................ 159 Table TC.7.1: Initial breastfeeding .................................................................................... 224
Table TM.13.1: Women's coverage of hemoglobin testing................................................. 160 Table TC.7.2: Newborn feeding ......................................................................................... 226
Table TM.13.2: Prevalence of anemia in women ............................................................... 162 Table TC.7.3: Breastfeeding status .................................................................................... 229
TM.14. Abortion ...................................................................................................................... 164 Table TC.7.4: Duration of breastfeeding ........................................................................... 230
Table TM.14.1: Induced abortion rates ............................................................................. 164 Table TC.7.5: Age-appropriate breastfeeding .................................................................... 231
Table TM.14.2: Pregnancy Outcomes ................................................................................ 165 Table TC.7.6: Introduction of solid, semi-solid, or soft foods ............................................. 232
Table TM.14.3: Method of Abortion, Lao PDR, 2017 .......................................................... 167 Table TC.7.7: Infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices ............................................ 233
Table TC.7.8: Bottle feeding .............................................................................................. 235
VII.Thrive – Child health, nutrition and development ................................................................... 172 TC.8. Malnutrition .................................................................................................................. 236
TC.1. Immunisation ................................................................................................................. 172 Table TC.8.1: Nutritional status of children ....................................................................... 238
Table TC.1.1: Vaccinations in the first years of life ............................................................ 173 TC.9. Salt iodisation ................................................................................................................ 240
Table TC.1.2: Vaccinations by background characteristics ................................................. 174 Table TC.9.1: Iodized salt consumption ............................................................................. 240
TC.2. Disease episodes ............................................................................................................ 176 TC.10. Early childhood home environment ............................................................................. 241
Table TC.2.1: Reported disease episodes .......................................................................... 177 Table TC.10.1: Support for learning .................................................................................. 242
TC.3. Diarrhoea ....................................................................................................................... 178 Table TC.10.2: Learning materials ..................................................................................... 244
Table TC.3.1: Care-seeking during diarrhoea ..................................................................... 179 Table TC.10.3: Inadequate supervision ............................................................................. 245
Table TC.3.2: Feeding practices during diarrhoea .............................................................. 180 TC.11. Early childhood development index ............................................................................. 247
Table TC.3.3: Oral rehydration solutions, government-recommended homemade Table TC.11.1: Early child development index ................................................................... 248
fluid and zinc … ................................................................................................................. 182 TC.12. Anemia of children ....................................................................................................... 249
Table TC.3.4: Oral rehydration therapy with continued feeding Table TC.12.1: Children's coverage of hemoglobin testing ................................................. 250
and other treatments ....................................................................................................... 183 Table TC.12.2: Prevalence of anemia in children ................................................................ 252
Table TC.3.5: Source of ORS and zinc ................................................................................ 185
TC.4. Household energy use .................................................................................................... 186
Table TC.4.1: Primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies for cooking ...................... 187
Table TC.4.2: Primary reliance on solid fuels for cooking ................................................... 189
Table TC.4.3: Polluting fuels and technologies for cooking by type
and characteristics of cookstove and place of cooking ...................................................... 191
VII
VIII.Learn ..................................................................................................................................... 255
LN.1. Early childhood education .............................................................................................. 255
Table LN.1.1: Early childhood education ........................................................................... 256
Table LN.1.2: Participation rate in organised learning ....................................................... 257
LN.2. Attendance .................................................................................................................... 258
Table LN.2.1: School readiness ......................................................................................... 259
Table LN.2.2: Primary school entry ................................................................................... 260
Table LN.2.3: Primary school attendance and out of school children ................................. 261
Table LN.2.4: Lower secondary school attendance and out of school adolescents ............ 263
Table LN.2.5: Age for grade .............................................................................................. 265
Table LN.2.6: Upper secondary school attendance and out of school youth ...................... 268
Table LN.2.7: Gross intake, completion and effective transition rates ............................... 269
Table LN.2.8: Parity indices ............................................................................................... 272
LN.3. Parental involvement ..................................................................................................... 274
Table LN.3.1: Support for child learning at school ............................................................. 275
Table LN.3.2: School-related reasons for inability to attend class ...................................... 277
Table LN.3.3: Learning environment at home ................................................................... 279
IX.Protection from violence and exploitation ............................................................................... 283
PR.1. Birth registration ........................................................................................................... 283
Table PR.1.1: Birth registration ......................................................................................... 284
PR.2. Child discipline ............................................................................................................... 285
Table PR.2.1: Child discipline ............................................................................................ 286
Table PR.2.2: Attitudes toward physical punishment ........................................................ 287
PR.3. Child labour ................................................................................................................... 288
Table PR.3.1: Children's involvement in economic activities ............................................. 289
Table PR.3.2: Children's involvement in household chores ................................................ 291
Table PR.3.3: Child labour ................................................................................................. 292
PR.4. Child marriage ............................................................................................................... 293
Table SR.4.1W: Child marriage and polygyny (women) ..................................................... 294
Table SR.4.1M: Child marriage and polygyny (men) .......................................................... 296
Table SR.4.2W: Trends in child marriage (women) ............................................................ 298
Table SR.4.2M: Trends in child marriage (men) ................................................................. 299
Table SR.4.3: Spousal age difference ................................................................................ 300
PR.8. Attitudes toward domestic violence ............................................................................... 301
Table PR.8.1W: Attitudes toward domestic violence (women) .......................................... 301
Table PR.8.1M: Attitudes toward domestic violence (men) ............................................... 302
X. Live in a safe and clean environment ......................................................................................... 306
WS.1 Drinking water ............................................................................................................... 306
Table WS.1.1: Use of improved and unimproved water sources ....................................... 307
Table WS.1.2: Use of basic and limited drinking water services ......................................... 309
Table WS.1.3: Person collecting water .............................................................................. 310
Table WS.1.4: Time spent collecting water ....................................................................... 312
Table WS.1.5: Availability of sufficient drinking water when needed ................................ 313
Table WS.1.6: Quality of source drinking water ................................................................ 314
Table WS.1.7: Quality of household drinking water .......................................................... 315
Table WS.1.8: Safely managed drinking water services ..................................................... 316
Table WS.1.9: Household water treatment ....................................................................... 317
WS.2 Handwashing ................................................................................................................. 318
Table WS.2.1: Handwashing facility with soap and water on premises .............................. 319
VIII
VIII.Learn ..................................................................................................................................... 255 WS.3 Sanitation ...................................................................................................................... 321
LN.1. Early childhood education .............................................................................................. 255 Table WS.3.1: Use of improved and unimproved sanitation facilities ................................ 322
Table LN.1.1: Early childhood education ........................................................................... 256 Table WS.3.2: Use basic and limited sanitation services .................................................... 324
Table LN.1.2: Participation rate in organised learning ....................................................... 257 Table WS.3.3: Emptying and removal of excreta from improved pit latrines and
LN.2. Attendance .................................................................................................................... 258 septic tanks ...................................................................................................................... 326
Table LN.2.1: School readiness ......................................................................................... 259 Table WS.3.4: Management of excreta from household sanitation facilities ..................... 328
Table LN.2.2: Primary school entry ................................................................................... 260 Table WS.3.5: Disposal of child's faeces ............................................................................ 329
Table LN.2.3: Primary school attendance and out of school children ................................. 261 Table WS.3.6: Drinking water, sanitation and handwashing ladders .................................. 330
Table LN.2.4: Lower secondary school attendance and out of school adolescents ............ 263 WS.4 Menstrual hygiene ......................................................................................................... 332
Table LN.2.5: Age for grade .............................................................................................. 265 Table WS.4.1: Menstrual hygiene management ................................................................ 333
Table LN.2.6: Upper secondary school attendance and out of school youth ...................... 268 Table WS.4.2: Exclusion from activities during menstruation............................................. 334
Table LN.2.7: Gross intake, completion and effective transition rates ............................... 269
Table LN.2.8: Parity indices ............................................................................................... 272
XI.Equitable chance in life ............................................................................................................ 337
LN.3. Parental involvement ..................................................................................................... 274
EQ.1 Child functioning ............................................................................................................ 337
Table LN.3.1: Support for child learning at school ............................................................. 275
Table EQ.1.1: Child functioning (children age 2-4 years) ................................................... 338
Table LN.3.2: School-related reasons for inability to attend class ...................................... 277
Table EQ.1.3: Use of assistive devices (children age 2-17 years) ........................................ 340
Table LN.3.3: Learning environment at home ................................................................... 279
EQ.2 Social transfers ............................................................................................................... 342
Table EQ.2.1W: Health insurance coverage (women) ....................................................... 343
IX.Protection from violence and exploitation ............................................................................... 283
Table EQ.2.1M: Health insurance coverage (men) ............................................................ 345
PR.1. Birth registration ........................................................................................................... 283
Table EQ.2.2: Health insurance coverage (children age 5-17 years) ................................... 347
Table PR.1.1: Birth registration ......................................................................................... 284
Table EQ.2.3: Health insurance coverage (children under age 5) ....................................... 349
PR.2. Child discipline ............................................................................................................... 285
Table EQ.2.4: Awareness and ever use of external economic support ............................... 351
Table PR.2.1: Child discipline ............................................................................................ 286
Table EQ.2.5: Coverage of social transfers and benefits: All household members ............. 352
Table PR.2.2: Attitudes toward physical punishment ........................................................ 287
Table EQ.2.6: Coverage of social transfers and benefits: Households in the
PR.3. Child labour ................................................................................................................... 288
lowest two quintiles ......................................................................................................... 354
Table PR.3.1: Children's involvement in economic activities ............................................. 289
Table EQ.2.7: Coverage of social transfers and benefits: Children in all households .......... 359
Table PR.3.2: Children's involvement in household chores ................................................ 291
Table EQ.2.8: Coverage of school support programmes: Members age 5-24 in
Table PR.3.3: Child labour ................................................................................................. 292
all households ................................................................................................................. 360
PR.4. Child marriage ............................................................................................................... 293
Table SR.4.1W: Child marriage and polygyny (women) ..................................................... 294
Appendices:
Table SR.4.1M: Child marriage and polygyny (men) .......................................................... 296
Appendix A. Sample design ........................................................................................................... 363
Table SR.4.2W: Trends in child marriage (women) ............................................................ 298
Table SD.1: Distribution of Villages and households in sampling frame .............................. 364
Table SR.4.2M: Trends in child marriage (men) ................................................................. 299
Table SD.2: Sample allocation............................................................................................ 366
Table SR.4.3: Spousal age difference ................................................................................ 300
PR.8. Attitudes toward domestic violence ............................................................................... 301
Appendix B. List of personnel involved in the survey ..................................................................... 372
Table PR.8.1W: Attitudes toward domestic violence (women) .......................................... 301
Table PR.8.1M: Attitudes toward domestic violence (men) ............................................... 302
Appendix C. Estimates of sampling errors ..................................................................................... 383
Table SE.1: Sampling errors: Total sample ........................................................................ 384
X. Live in a safe and clean environment ......................................................................................... 306
Table SE.2: Sampling errors: Urban ................................................................................... 386
WS.1 Drinking water ............................................................................................................... 306
Table SE.3: Sampling errors: Rural .................................................................................... 388
Table WS.1.1: Use of improved and unimproved water sources ....................................... 307
Table SE.4: Sampling errors: Rural with road .................................................................... 390
Table WS.1.2: Use of basic and limited drinking water services ......................................... 309
Table SE.5: Sampling errors: Rural without road ............................................................... 392
Table WS.1.3: Person collecting water .............................................................................. 310
Table SE.6: Sampling errors: North ................................................................................... 394
Table WS.1.4: Time spent collecting water ....................................................................... 312
Table SE.7: Sampling errors: Central ................................................................................. 396
Table WS.1.5: Availability of sufficient drinking water when needed ................................ 313
Table SE.8: Sampling errors: South ................................................................................... 398
Table WS.1.6: Quality of source drinking water ................................................................ 314
Table SE.9: Sampling errors: Vientiane Capital .................................................................. 400
Table WS.1.7: Quality of household drinking water .......................................................... 315
Table SE.10: Sampling errors: Phongsaly ........................................................................... 402
Table WS.1.8: Safely managed drinking water services ..................................................... 316
Table SE.11: Sampling errors: Luangnamtha ..................................................................... 404
Table WS.1.9: Household water treatment ....................................................................... 317
Table SE.12: Sampling errors: Oudomxay .......................................................................... 406
WS.2 Handwashing ................................................................................................................. 318
Table SE.13: Sampling errors: Bokeo ................................................................................. 408
Table WS.2.1: Handwashing facility with soap and water on premises .............................. 319
Table SE.14: Sampling errors: Luangprabang .................................................................... 410
Table SE.15: Sampling errors: Huaphanh .......................................................................... 412
Table SE.16: Sampling errors: Xayabury ............................................................................ 414
Table SE.17: Sampling errors: Xiengkhuang ...................................................................... 416
IX