Unsteady Aerodynamics, Aeroacoustics, and Aeroelasticity of Turbomachines and Propellers

875 Pages·1993·36.81 MB·English

by  Joseph M. Verdon (auth.)

Unsteady Aerodynamics, Aeroacollstics,
and Aeroelasticity of Turbomachines
and Propellers
Sixth International Symposium
on
UNSTEADY AERODYNAMICS, AEROACOUSTICS
AND AEROELASTICITY OF TURBOMACHINES AND
PROPELLERS
presented at the
University of Notre Dame
September 15-19, 1991
under the sponsorship of
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Lewis Research Center
The General Electric Company
Aircraft Engine Division
United Technologies Research Center
The University of Notre Dame
Center for Applied Mathematics
College of Engineering
Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering
Office of Advanced Studies and Research
Symposium Chairman
H. M. Atassi
The International Scientific Committee
H.M. Atassi (U. S. A.) M.E. Goldstein (U. S. A.)
A. Boles (Switzerland) M. Namba (Japan)
H. Forsching (Germany) E. Szechenyi (France)
T. H. Fransson (Sweden) Y. Tanida (Japan)
J.E. Ffowcs Williams (England) J.M. Verdon (U. S. A.)
H.E. Gallus (Germany) D.S. Whitehead (England)
H.M. Atassi
Editor
Unsteady Aerodynamics,
Aeroacollstics, and
Aeroelasticity of
Turbomachines and Propellers
With 450 Figures
Springer-Verlag
New York Berlin Heidelberg London Paris
Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest
H.M. Atassi
Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering Department
Fitzpatrick Hall
University of Notre Dame
Notre Dame, IN 46556-5637 USA
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Unsteady aerodynamics, aeroacoustics, and
aeroelasticity of turbomachines and propellers / H.M. Atassi, editor.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-9343-6 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-9341-2
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-9341-2
1. Thrbomachines-Aerodynamics. 2. Unsteady flow (Fluid dynamics)
I. Atassi, H. M.
TJ267.A37 1993
629. 132'3-dc20 92-43206
Printed on acid-free paper.
©1993 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., except for the chapter "Unsteady Aero
dynamic Methods" ©1991 Joseph M. Verdon.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover lst edition 1993
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Production managed by Hal Henglein; manufacturing supervised by Jacqui Ashri.
Camera-ready copy prepared by the contributors.
987654321
ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-9343-6
Preface
The first International Symposium on Unsteady Aerodynamics and Aero
elasticity of Turbomachines was held in Paris in 1976, and was followed by
symposia at Lausanne in 1980, Cambridge in 1984, Aachen in 1987, Bei
jing in 1989, and Notre Dame in 1991. The proceedings published following
these symposia have become recognized both as basic reference texts in the
subject area and as useful guides to progress in the field. It is hoped that
this volume, which represents the proceedings of the Sixth International
Symposium on Unsteady Aerodynamics of Turbomachines, will continue
that tradition.
Interest in the unsteady aerodynamics, aeroacoustics, and aeroelasticity
of turbomachines has been growing rapidly since the Paris symposium.
This expanded interest is reflected by a significant increase in the numbers
of contributed papers and symposium participants. The timeliness of the
topics has always been an essential objective of these symposia. Another
important objective is to promote an international exchange between scien
tists and engineers from universities, government agencies, and industry on
the fascinating phenomena of unsteady turbomachine flows and how they
affect the aeroelastic stability of the blading system and cause the radiation
of unwanted noise. This exchange acts as a catalyst for the development
of new analytical and numerical models along with carefully designed ex
periments to help understand the behavior of such systems and to develop
predictive tools for engineering applications.
Progress in unsteady aerodynamics of turbomachines and propellers has
been hampered by inherent difficulties such as complex geometry, rotating
blades, solid-fluid interaction, multistages, high frequency, transonic vorti
cal flows, viscous effects, and acoustic interference. Some of these effects,
such as blade vibration, upstream disturbances, or sound generation, are
small by-products of the fluid motion. Yet they cause significant unwanted
and deleterious effects and need to be carefully understood and properly
accounted for both in theoretical modeling and experiment. In spite of
these considerable difficulties, we have had numerous successes since the
1970s. Today, with massively powerful computers and certainly more elab
orate experimental methods, we may be poised for significant progress in
the field. However, turbomachine propulsion technology keeps evolving at
a fast pace toward higher speed, smaller engine size, increased thrust per
unit engine weight, and ever higher efficiency. This has constantly moved
the frontier of our goals, making them more elusive than ever.
vi Preface
This series of symposia has been instrumental in fostering cooperation
between individual researchers and institutions. The development of the
cascade standard configurations is a significant example of this ongoing co
operation. These standard configurations were developed to compare and
validate available computer codes with each other and with specific data
for cascades in nonuniform flows, thus providing invaluable bench mark
results for new theories, codes, and experiments.
The current volume contains four review articles and 39 contributed pa
pers. They are divided into seven chapters: Computational Methods for
Unsteady Flows, Unsteady Cascade Flows, Unsteady Transonic and Su
personic Flows, Unsteady Viscous Effects, Unsteady Flow Measurements,
Aeroacoustics, and Aeroelastic Instabilities and Control. An eighth chapter
contains the results of a special panel session on the cascade standard con
figurations. The four review articles correspond to the four invited lectures
given at the symposium by Professor John E. Ffowcs Williams, Professor
Heinz E. Gallus, Dr. Philip R. Gliebe, and Dr. Joseph M. Verdon. They
define the state of knowledge at the time of the symposium and provide a
background that should help in the reading of the individual papers.
This symposium would not have been possible without the generous fi
nancial support of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the
General Electric Company Aircraft Engine Division, United Technologies
Research Center, and the University of Notre Dame. Special thanks are
due to Drs. Marvin E. Goldstein, Robert E. Kielb, and Joseph M. Verdon
for their efforts in securing this financial support from their institutions.
The editor gratefully acknowledges the help of the International Scientific
Committee in selecting the papers to be presented at the symposium and
the cooperation of the authors in preparation of the manuscripts. Special
thanks are also due to the local organizing committee and, in particular,
to Dr. Jisheng Fang for their help in organizing the symposium. Thanks
are also due to the administration and staff of the Notre Dame Center
for Continuing Education who provided the practical arrangements for the
symposium. The staff of Springer-Verlag have been very helpful in guiding
the editor through the difficulties posed by this publication. Finally, the
patient and competent secretarial help of Mrs. Patricia A. Kipker through
all the stages of symposium and proceedings preparation is warmly appre
ciated.
H.M. Atassi
Notre Dame, Indiana
Contents
Preface............................................................ v
I. Computational Methods for Unsteady Flows 1
Unsteady Aerodynamic Methods................................... 3
Joseph M. Verdon
An Innovative Algorithm for Periodic Flow Calculations Using a
Parallel Architecture-Some Applications to
Unsteady Aerodynamics ... .............. ............. ....... ...... 43
G. Carte, P. Fraunie, and P. Dussouillez
A Framework for Multi-Stage Unsteady Flow Calculations.......... 57
Michael Giles
Long Time Behavior of Unsteady Flow Computations 73
S.1. Hariharan
Simulation of 3D-Unsteady Internal Flows.......................... 91
Najat Benbouta, Pascal Ferrand, and Francis Leboeuf
II. Unsteady Cascade Flows 107
Time Linearized Euler Calculations for Unsteady Quasi-3D
Cascade Flows ..................................................... 109
Gerhard Kahl and Arno Klose
Unsteady Flow Field Predictions for Oscillating Cascades ........... 127
Dennis L. Huff
Compressible Flows with Vortical Disturbances Around a Cascade of
Loaded Airfoils .................................................... 149
Jisheng Fang and Hafiz M. Atassi
Development of a Steady Potential Solver for Use with Linearized
Unsteady Aerodynamic Analyses ................................... 177
Daniel Hoyniak and Joseph M. Verdon
viii Contents
Calculation of Unsteady Linearized Euler Flows in Cascades
Using Harmonically Deforming Grids ............................... 195
Kenneth C. Hall and William S. Clark
2D Linearized Harmonic Euler Flow Analysis for Flutter and
Forced Response ................................................... 213
D.G. Holmes and H.A. Chuang
Prediction of Unsteady 2D-Flow in Turbomachinery Bladings ....... 231
D. Peitsch, H.E. Gallus, and H.-P. Kau
Axial-Gap Effects on the Propagation of Unsteady Flow
in Cascades ........................................................ 251
T. Korakianitis
III. Unsteady Thansonic and Supersonic Flows 269
Unsteady Lifting Surface Theory for Supersonic
Through-Flow Fan ................................................. 271
Masanobu Namba and Toshiya Hanada
Time-Dependent Predictions and Analysis of Turbine Cascade Data
in the Transonic Flow Region ...................................... 289
A. Boles, A. Cargill, T.H. Fransson, A. Suddhoo, and K. Vogeler
Supersonic Stator-Rotor Interaction in a Turbine Stage 309
Gilles Billonnet
Oscillation of an Airfoil Behind a Detached Normal Shock .......... 331
S. Kaji, M. Ogawa, and H. Doi
IV. Unsteady Viscous Effects 357
Experimental Determination of Nonlinear Transfer Functions
Characterizing Shock Wave/Turbulent Boundary
Layer Interactions .................................................. 359
F.O. Thomas, H.C. Chu, and C.M. Putnam
Analysis of Blade Unsteady Boundary Layers and Wakes ........... 377
M. Barnett and J.M. Verdon
Active Control of Centrifugal Compressor Rotating Stall ............ 397
P.B. Lawless and S. Fleeter
Computational Investigation of Airfoil Stall Flutter ................. 415
J.D. Clarkson, J.A. Ekaterinaris, and M.F. Platzer
Contents ix
Compressor Blade Gust Response to Attached and Separated Flow
Forcing Functions .................................................. 433
Kuk H. Kim and Sanford Fleeter
v .
Unsteady Flow Measurements 453
Experimental Methods and Results in Unsteady Aerodynamics
and Aeroelasticity .................................................. 455
H.E. Gallus
Three-Dimensional Unsteady Flow in a Single Stage Axial-Flow
Turbine and Compressor ........................................... 487
H.E. Gallus, C.A. Poensgen, and J. Zeschky
Reduced Frequency Effects on Gust Response Unsteady
Aerodynamics in Turbomachines ................................... 507
Steven R. Manwaring and Sanford Fleeter
The Response of a Low Solidity Symmetric Airfoil Cascade to
Compressor Wake and Linear Theory Gusts ........................ 529
Gregory H. Henderson and Sanford Fleeter
Time-Dependent Pressure Fluctuations on an Oscillating Turbine
Cascade at Transonic Off-Design Flow Conditions .................. 547
A. Bolcs, T .H. Fransson, and H. Korbii.cher
Linear Oscillating Cascade Unsteady Aerodynamic Experiments .... 567
Daniel H. Buffum and Sanford Fleeter
Experimental Investigation of the Unsteady Pressure Field on a
Vibrating Blade in Steady and Unsteady Flow ...................... 583
C.A. Poensgen and H.E. Gallus
Test Facility for Flutter Investigations with Variable Frequency
of the Vibrating Blade ............................................. 603
Th. Steer
VI. Aeroacoustics 617
Aeroacoustics in Turbomachines and Propellers-
Future Research Needs ............................................. 619
Philip R. Gliebe
Acoustic Control of Flow Instabilities ............................... 643
J .E. Ffowcs Williams
x Contents
High-Speed Helicopter Rotor Noise-Shock Waves as a Potent
Source of Sound .................................................... 655
F. Farassat, Yung-Jang Lee, H. Tadghighi, and R. Holz
Unsteady Flowfield of a Propfan at Takeoff Conditions .............. 669
M. Nallasamy and J.F. Groeneweg
Prediction of Noise Field of a Propfan at Angle of Attack ........... 685
Edmane Envia
The Application of Experimental Data to Blade Wake Interaction
Noise Prediction ................................................... 705
Stewart Glegg and William J. Devenport
Aeroacoustics of Real Blade Cascades .............................. 725
Kenneth A. Kousen and Joseph M. Verdon
High Frequency Gust Interaction with Single Loaded Airfoils in
Subsonic Flows .................................................... 743
James R. Scott and Hafiz M. Atassi
Influence of Airfoil Shape and Incidence Angle on High-Frequency
Gust Interaction Noise ............................................. 765
E.J. Kerschen, C.T. Tsai, and M.R. Myers
VII. Aeroelastic Instabilities and Control 783
A Comparison of Mistuning Effects on Flutter Between Stalled
and Unstalled Cascades ............................................ 785
Ichiro FUjimoto, Hiroshi Nagai, and Hideo Tanaka
Splitter Blades for Passive Turboma.chine Flutter Control ........... 807
Hsiao-Wei Chiang and Sanford Fleeter
A Non-Synchronous Vibration of Moving Blades Coupled with
the Bleed Chamber Resonance in an Axial Compressor ............. 829
N. Yamaguchi, T. Sato, S. Umemura, and T. Ohwaki
Aeroelasticity of Fan Blades with Complex Modes 843
Edmond Szechenyi
VIII. Standard Configurations for
Unsteady Flows 857
Panel Discussion on "Standard Configurations for Unsteady Flow
Through Vibrating Axial-Flow Turbomachine-Cascades" ............ 859
T.H. Fransson and J.M. Verdon