Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV)Roadmap (2000-2025)

130 Pages·2001·21.98 MB·English

by  David R. Oliver

yrammuS evitucexE
sihT tnemucod stneserp eht tnemtrapeD fo s’esnefeD )DoD( pamdaor rof
gnipoleved dna gniyolpme dennamnu lairea selcihev )sVAU( revo eht txen 52sraey
0002( ot .)5202 tI sebircsed eht snoissim deifitnedi yb retaeht srethgifraw othcihw
sVAU dluoc eb ,deilppa dna selpuoc meht ot gnigreme seitilibapac ot tcudnoceseht
.snoissim A seires fo s’erooM elyts-waL sdnert era depoleved ot tsaceroflacigolonhcet
,,akdrtnn oaia,sdl nndoe o ishrsin steirie slwvhehya uootpteefprkroogarp
n oita mrofni gnissecorp .seitilibapac ehT tluser si a pamdaor fo -ytilibapac
gnicnahne seitinutroppo dettolp tsniaga eht efil snaps fo tnerruc dna detcejorp .sVAU tI
si a pam fo ,seitinutroppo ton tniop sngised - a ,evitpircsed ton a ,evitpircserp erutufrof
.sVAU
sihT yduts seod ton ylirassecen ylpmi erutuf yllaiciffo denoitcnas ,smargorp
,gninnalp ro .ycilop ,rehtruF eht snoisulcnoc ta eht dne fo siht yduts noitces( )5.6 eraton
yltnerruc dednuf ro demmargorp nihtiw eht yratilim ’secivreS .snalp sihT noitces siton
noitcerid ot yna DoD noitazinagro ot eusrup yna cificeps esruoc fo .noitca tI siylerem
dednetni ot thgilhgih seitinutroppo ni eht daorb saera fo ,ygolonhcet ,snoitarepodna
,snoitazinagro taht eht ,secivreS ,yrtsudni ro rehto detaler-VAU snoitazinagro yamhsiw
.y t sei strvg rVneuindoAagttinfUlducpapufa o brlneeedv hieowsdtnoc
ehT .S.U yratilim sah a gnol dna suounitnoc yrotsih fo tnemevlovni htiw,sVAU
gnihcterts kcab ot eht ssitruC/yrrepS 9-N fo .7191 sVAU evah dah evitca selor nieht
manteiV tcilfnoc 5343( ,)seitros naisreP fluG raW revo( 025 ,)seitros dna ni ehtgniogno
naklaB ,snoitarepo gnidivorp lacitirc ecnassiannocer ni .hcae htiW tnecerseigolonhcet
gniwolla erom ytilibapac rep ,dnuop s’yadot sVAU era erom detacitsihpos naht .reve sA
eht s’yratilim tnecer lanoitarepo opmet sah ,desaercni os oot sah eht tnemyolpmefo
.sVAU revO eht tsap ,edaced eht tnemtrapeD fo esnefeD sah detsevni revo 3$ noillibni
VAU ,tnempo l,etvneedmerucorp dna ,snoitarepo dna lliw ylekil tsevni revo 4$ noillibni
eht gnimoc .edaced ,yadoT eht DoD sah 09 sVAU ni eht .dleif yB ,0102 sihtyrotnevni
si demmargorp ot worg ot ,092 htiw sVAU gnimrofrep a rediw yteirav fo snoissimnaht
.ecnassi atnsnuojcer
:edu l sc t rn rex5ai sehe2edrVvtnyeo AotfUce jsoer ipti lib awpeaNc
• s enno .iinsg t im ntestelehmuntago be snistmlsyrl noias eflacSstellnuplifpeucs
• .s een nitignbner ei uytces tlnicn0g efni6ne cfaaiunrergsdie uapodetnrecni
• tfarcrotoR elbapac fo hgih sdeeps +004( )stk ro gnol ecnarudne +42( )srhelihw
gnin ieyahtttielri boat.revoh
• ecnarudnE sVAU gnivres sa SPG setilletas-oduesp dna enrobriasnoitacinummoc
sedon ot edivorp retaeht dna lacitcat sresu htiw retteb ,ytivitcennoc reraelc
yt.ig lnoiit bm,a mnrda oeejdincntluapudevecrer
i
• retsaF esiurc elissim gnitegrat eud ot erom esicerp niarret gnippam yb hgih
e.dsuVtAiUtla
• , g,ng i ne teileagrbrsaiaonm.avmeaspipdVevmArroU-ucfsleS
• yltnacifingiS reideeps noitamrofni ytilibaliava ot srethgifraw hguorhtdraobno
.noi sr , se,gaihs nt mgetiadsitrsdnn haesaaervermocticotr-plaer
ehT segatnavda dereffo yb sVAU ot eht yratilim rednammoc era suoremun dnanetfo
tcejbus ot .etabed esehT segatnavda eurcca tsom ylbaeciton ni niatrec noissim,saera
dez iyrl onsgoaemt maeochc t,“llu de h,tytr id dn”a.s ueohrte gnad nI na aregn ifsoaerced
ecrof ,ezis sVAU era ecrof sreilpitlum taht nac esaercni tinu .ssenevitceffe roF,elpmaxe
eud ot sti egatnav tniop dna elpitlum ,srosnes eno gnirevoh dennamnu yrtnes dluocrevoc
eht emas aera sa net ro( )erom namuh seirtnes eht“( .)”llud ehT taerht fo,raelcun
,lacigoloib ro lacimehc )CBN( skcatta no eht .S.U ro sti yratilim secrof daorba lliwylekil
niamer a yek lanoitan ytiruces nrecnoc rof eht txen 52 ,sraey gnitpmorp eht deenrof
snaem ot tcudnoc snoitarepo ni rieht .htamretfa sVAU dluoc retionnocerdetanimatnoc
saera tuohtiw ksir ot namuhefil 1 eht“( .)”ytrid nI a etamilc erom gnidnamed fosselssol
,tnemegagne sVAU nac emussa eht reiksir snoissim dna etucesorp eht tsomylivaeh
dednefed .stegrat deinapmoccanU tabmoc sVAU )sVACU( dluoc mrofrep ehtksir-hgih
noisserppus fo ymene ria sesnefed )DAES( snoissim yltnerruc nwolf ybdeinapmocca
s6-AE ro s61-F eht“( .)”suoregnad nI hcus a ,elor sVAU dluow eb tnetop ecrof
t fga .nrr s icoreysrfei laiht,teatrsclooreeserriildpitlum
,yllaniF dna tsom ylecreif ,detabed si eht laitnetop tsoc egatnavda dereffo yb.sVAU
suoireS snosirapmoc fo dennam susrev dennamnu metsys noitisiuqca costs tend to show
elttil egatnavda rof eht rettal eht( detsujda stsoc rof gnihcaer tsrif thgilf rof eht 2-Uni
5591 dna l aebhotl Gk/w4a-HQR ni 8991 er eywlhguo reht .)emas ,esiwe kyinLasgnivas
ni procurement stsoc detic rof sVAU yb gniteled eht ,tipkcoc sti ,syalpsid dnalavivrus
raeg si yllacipyt tesffo yb eht tsoc fo ralimis tnempiuqe ni eht VAU dnuorg.tnemele
,revewoH htiw evitavonni stpecnoc fo ,noitarepo sVAU yam reffo desaercniseicneiciffe
ni snoitarepo dna troppus stsoc eud ot eht decuder deen ot yllautca ylf tolipycneiciforp
dna noitaunitnoc gniniart .seitros hcuS snoitcuder ni VAU S&O stsoc reffo ehtlaitnetop
rof efil elcyc tsoc sgnivas fi detpoda dna deganam yltcerroc nihtiw eht llarevonopaew
.e cd neg a tn gdo c iynipeemnbiu msrenkGeenitashtedslatfyPtesD
s V A U lliw yalp a rojam elor ni eht ylgnisaercni cimanyd elttab lortnoc tahtlliw
evlove ni eht12 ts .yrutnec erehT lliw eb orcim ria selcihev sa llew s a.shtomeheb sVAU
lliw yat senrobria rof skeew ro shtnom dna ,regnol ylf t acino s,rsedpeyehp sesnes atadni
yr a, nseoyti aat rwcudiilnen oahuadvt mtee.matrsodnece t dta,earscee grhnpcenuluslahC
sa gnidivorp na etauqedaC 3 erutcurtsarfni ot ezilatipac no dennamnu sa llew sadennam
,snoitarepo niamer ot eb .emocrevo ,revewoH eht snoisiced edam won lliw yaleht
noitadnuof rof woh raf dna woh tsaf eseht secnavda era .detnemelpmi ylnO ruo
la ifs t o Vt nnlAine eolUmihetiiithotwltp1a2nigami ts .yrutnec

fsolev 1eglninetaerht-ef i olstevlesme hgtnisop x,es04 9e1t ael h ntsinoiss irmalim iwse lsftol i.pS .U
.cific ae P hnstits estnopa erwaelc ur n ufsootcef fe ehetziretcara honctoitaidar
ii
stnet nefoloCbaT
yramm ueSvitucexE ................................ ................................ ............................ i
Table of Contents ................................ ................................ .............................. iii
FiguorfLe isst ................................ ................................ ................................ .... v
TaboLlfie sst ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... v
n o0i.t1cudortnI ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 1
1.1P ESOPRU ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 1
2.1A HCAORPP ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 1
3.1S EPOC ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 2
s mta nr Veg0Aro.Urr2uPC ................................ ................................ ................ 3
2.1 O LANOITAREP VAUS SMETSY ................................ ................................ ................ 3
ro t 1a1.d-1eQ.rR2P ................................ ................................ ................................ 3
r2 e.2e1-n.Qo2RiP ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 3
3.1 .52-rQeRtnuH ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 4
2.2 D LATNEMPOLEVE VAUS SMETSY ................................ ................................ ........... 4
klwaa b H4o1-l.QG2R.2 ................................ ................................ ......................... 4
2 .e2tr.ui2oFcS ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 5
3 w.7o2-d.0Qa20Rh2S ................................ ................................ ........................... 5
4 .l2a. c2liotrctamnTeotCsyS ................................ ................................ .................. 6
2.3 O REHT VAUS SMETSY ................................ ................................ ........................... 6
l1a.u3d. i2VssAemURetsyS ................................ ................................ .................... 6
n o2 i.tt3pa .erV2coAsnlUmopeCxtEsyS ................................ ................................ . 7
sm a A r3PVg.RAo3AUr.DP2 ................................ ................................ .................. 8
4.3. 2n oVsiAetUiidnuitfSeD ................................ ................................ ................. 10
4. 2VAUP MARGOR T SENILEMI ................................ ................................ .................. 10
3.0 Requirements ................................ ................................ ............................. 13
1.W3 SRETHGIFRA ’R RO FSELO VAU S ................................ ................................ ........ 13
3.2 R STNEMERIUQE A HTI WNOITAICOSS VAU S ................................ ........................... 14
Tech4n.o0l ogies ................................ ................................ .............................. 17
1. 1ys.tt4inleimbearpiauCqeR ................................ ................................ ............... 17
4.1 P SMROFTAL ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 18
noi s2l.u1p.o4rP ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 18
3.1.y4tilibavivruS ................................ ................................ ................................ . 22
2.4P SDAOLYA ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 23
1. 2ys.tt4inleimbearpiauCqeR ................................ ................................ ............... 23
2.2.4 yr eegcanmeIgill)eTtNnIIMI( ................................ ................................ ....... 24
3.2.4 s leacnngeigSi)lTlNeItGnIIS( ................................ ................................ ....... 27
t n4e.m2e.r4 uesc a)ns&eTeeMNgrIiuSltAlaMen(tgniIS ................................ ....... 29
s dsanooliytaaPc i5n.u2m.m4oC ................................ ................................ ............ 30
4.2.6 Munitions ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 31
y rsadm am7ou.lS2y.a4P ................................ ................................ ....................... 31
4.3 C NOITACINUMMO ................................ ................................ ................................ . 32
4.4I NOITAMROFN P GNISSECOR ................................ ................................ .................. 34
4.5 C TNERRU UAV T SEIGOLONHCE R HCRAESE ................................ .......................... 37
5.0 Operations ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 41
iii
5.1 O SNOITAREP R STNEMERIUQE ................................ ................................ ................ 41
swercri Atneiciffusn I1.1.5 ................................ ................................ ..................... 41
2 .t1f.a5rcr i.eAstvitlrloeptpauSS ................................ ................................ ......... 42
3. 1dn.sro5naiowtiratoraFecpoOL ................................ ................................ ....... 43
5.2 O LANOITAREP C STPECNO D TNEMPOLEVE ................................ ............................. 43
1. 2re.ic5AroF ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 43
s y2pev.rn a2oi&N.Cr5aM ................................ ................................ ................... 44
3.2.5ymrA ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 44
5.2.4 Joint ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 44
5.3 R YTILIBAILE &S YTILIBANIATSU ................................ ................................ .......... 45
4.5T GNINIAR ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 45
5.5 C NOITACINUMMO I ERUTCURTSARFN ................................ ................................ ..... 47
5.6 C EVITAREPOO VFAU THGIL ................................ ................................ ................. 47
6.0 Roadmap ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 49
6.1 O LANOITAREP M SCIRTE ................................ ................................ ....................... 49
2V.A6UR RO FPAMDAO 2000-2025 ................................ ................................ ........... 51
6.3 C EVITARAPMO C F OSTSO M S VDENNA .U DENNAMN A TFARCRI .............................. 51
tsntesmopC o1l.e3v.e6D ................................ ................................ ....................... 51
sttnseomCer u2c.o3r.P6 ................................ ................................ ........................ 53
s nstotr iso&t opa3Cpr.ue3Sp.O6 ................................ ................................ ......... 54
4.6K YE I SEUSS ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 55
eru t1c.e4t.i6hcrA ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 55
2.4.6 ecapsrnioAitargetnI ................................ ................................ ..................... 56
snoitare dy3it.sa4ne.or6CT ................................ ................................ ................... 57
se i lt4ai.nl4oi.ib6tiasznionpasgerRO ................................ ................................ .... 58
6.5 C SNOISULCNO ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 59
1.s5e.i6golonhceT ................................ ................................ ................................ . 59
sn o2i.t5a.r6epO ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 60
snoit a3z.i5n.a6grO ................................ ................................ ............................... 60
vi
seru gtfisoFiL
F ERUGI :1-4.2D O AD LAUNN F GNIDNU P RO FELIFOR VAU S . ................................ .......... 11
F ERUGI 2.4-2: T F OENILEMI C DN ATNERRU P DENNAL D O VDAPU SMROFTAL . ............... 11
F ERUGI :L 1PP-I1.3 OKTN ISLEITIROIR VAMU SNOISSI . ................................ ................ 13
F ERUGI :1-1 . 4VAUP MROFTAL R STNEMERIUQE . ................................ .......................... 18
F ERUGI 4.S1.2-2: CIFICEP F LEU C NOITPMUSNO T SDNER . ................................ ................. 20
F ERUGI 3-2.1.4M SSA S CIFICEP P REWO T SDNER . ................................ ............................ 21
F ERUGI :1-2 . 4VAUP DAOLYA R STNEMERIUQE . ................................ ............................ 23
F ERUGI :2-3.2.4F F OTSACERO A F OTNUOM B HTDIWDNA C YLSUOUNITNO P ELBASSECOR . 28
F ERUGI V:A1CU-3.4 SNOITACINUMMO R STNEMERIUQE . ................................ ............... 32
F ERUGI :2-A3.4 ENROBRI D ATA L KNI D ATA R ETA T SDNER . ................................ ............ 33
F ERUGI :1 -V4A.U4I NOITAMROFN P STNEMERIUQE RGNISSECOR . ................................ ... 34
F ERUGI :2- 4.4A SUOMONOTU C LORTNO L LEVE T REND . ................................ ................. 35
F ERUGI :3-4P.4 ROSSECOR S DEEP T DNER . ................................ ................................ ...... 36
F ERUGI :V1A-UO1.5 SNOITAREP R STNEMERIUQE . ................................ ......................... 41
F ERUGI 5.3-1: I ILEARS VAU SESUA CPAHSIM . ................................ ............................... 45
F ERUGI :1-4.5 R EVITALE D EMAND IN A S VLAUTC . S DETALUMI F THGIL T GNINIAR . ......... 46
F ERUGI :1 -V2A.RU6 PAMDAO . 5,202-0002 ................................ ................................ .. 52
selb aftTosiL
T ELBA 2.2.3-1: S YRAMMU H F OYROTSI R TNECE VPAU SMARGOR . ................................ .. 6
T ELBA 2.4-2: C F OSESSAL W EDIWDLRO M YRATILI R ECNASSIANNOCE VAU S . ................. 12
T ELBA :1- 2V.A3UM NOISSI A SAER ................................ ................................ ............... 14
T ELBA 3.2-2: CINC/S ECIVRE VMAU NOISSI P NOITAZITIROIR M XIRTA --2000 ................. 15
T ELBA M: O3VC-AO2US.3M NOISSI P NOITAZITIROIR M XIRTA --2000 .......................... 16
T ELBA 4.2.2-1: O LANOITAREP P F OECNAMROFRE C TNERRU EO/IR SROSNES . .................. 25
T ELBA 4.2.3-1. P DESOPOR T NVIAGDUIS NOITARTSNOME P MARGOR . ......................... 28
T ELBA 4.2.4-1. P LAITNETO UAV MASINT S GNISNE A SNOITACILPP . ............................ 29
T ELBA 4.2.4-2: B LACIGOLOIRETCA A TNEG D NOITCETE S SEMEHC . ................................ .. 30
T ELBA 4.4.4-1: F ERUTU P ROSSECOR T SEIGOLONHCE . ................................ ..................... 37
T ELBA 4.5-1: C FO NOSIRAPMO S ECIVRE L YROTAROBA I HTI WSEVITAITIN CNIC
R STNEMERIUQE . ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 38
T ELBA 6.1-1: O LANOITAREP M SCIRTE . ................................ ................................ .......... 49
T ELBA 6.3.1-1: M SV DENNA .U DENNAMN A TFARCRI D TNEMPOLEVE C STSO . ................... 53
T ELBA 6.3.2-1: M SV DENNA .U DENNAMN P TNEMERUCOR C STSO . ................................ ... 53
T ELBA 6.4.2-1: S F OSUTAT AAF AND VF AOUTAN THGIL R SNOITALUGE . .................... 57
T ELBA :1-4.4.6 VAUR ELBISNOPSE O F OSECIFF S SECIVRE . ................................ ............. 58
v
iv
UAV Roadmap 2000 – Section 1.0
Introduction
noitcudor t0n.I1
1.1P urpose
ehT esoprup fo siht pamdaor si ot etalumits eht gninnalp ssecorp rof SUyratilim
dennamnu lairea elcihev )VAU( tnempoleved revo eht doirep morf 0002 ot .5202 tIsi
dednetni ot tsissa tnemtrapeD fo esnefeD )DoD( noisiced srekam ni gnipoleved a-gnol
egnar ygetarts rof VAU tnempoleved dna noitisiuqca ni eht gnimochtroflainnerdauQ
:sn o g.i )ndtw y RinsedeesDwoei nk seQoyuveans(leqeheslb RtfeoterfIDdda
• yll a dei sebtdelnli leutyitoi ?bfocl sspiytVbr nAaareUptomaife clrtiiamuhqWer
• tahW ,mroftalp ,rosnes ,noitacinummoc dna noitamrofni gnissecorpseigolonhcet
?seiti ly ireeba dsa soiepestvhareotcacrepn
• ? seeli bt ea ioellsl tm bieieoeaaibhcvnvgate oeaopbnbl a eaolcehnlsWhiecwhett
s i h T pamdaor si tnaem ot tnemelpmoc gniogno ecivreS stroffe ot enifeder riehtselor
dna snoissim rof gnildnah 12 ts yrutnec .seicnegnitnoc ehT secivreS ees sVAU sa
gnimoceb largetni stnenopmoc fo eht erutuf s’ymrA edagirB tabmoC smaeT ,)sTCB(eht
s’yvaN 12-DD ,sreyortsed dna eht riA s’ecroF ecapsoreA yranoitidepxE secroF.)sFEA(
sA na ,elpmaxe eht s’ymrA tnerruc ”noitamrofsnarT“ evitaitini snoisivne hcaeTCB
gnivah a ,ecnassiannocer ,ecnallievrus dna tegrat noitisiuqca )ATSR( nordauqsdeppiuqe
htiw a VAU ,metsys gnitcelfer eht s’evitaitini sisahpme no gnicuder ,thgiewgnisaercni
,yti lgi. ngsdiacntiaatrogbeotrni
1.2 Approach
h cd aee osht ruTnnp eip smasiuihct:oodt
1. yfitnedI stnemeriuqer tnaveler ot gninifed VAU metsys seitilibapac morf ehttsom
,evisneherpmoc evitatirohtua secruos fo rethgifraw .sdeen kniL eseht
stnemeriuqer ot seitilibapac dedeen ni erutuf VAU ,smroftalp ,srosnes
,sn.o ginnt oiadiscntsiaaenmcuromormfponci
2. poleveD a seires fo gnitsace rsodfner ts’erooM“(”swaL 2 ) rof eht txen 52 sraeyrof
esoht seigolonhcet gnivird VAU ,mroftalp ,rosnes ,noitacinummoc dna
noitamrofni gnissecorp .ecnamrofrep enifeD eht emarfemit gnirud hcihw eht
y gso tle n ol leson.belm sthg amieeecnrlowrsreioiciedtdfaeuhdlvbqtaeaeirf

2rebmu ny(tilibap a e chtta httsace r so5aaf6 9nd1ietanigi r)o.pr olCet nfeIoro onModro Gw (asL’erooM
de s. asBhtn o 8 mo 12ty1re veelbu oddlu oswrosseco rppihcorc i fm)otiucr idcetarget n n inasorotsisna rfto
nevi g aneh wgnitcider pro flufes udevor psselehteno nsa ht i,scisyh pto n,ecnamrofre placirotsi hno
ygolonhc est teinif e o dttdie ssu ayhrtsud nriotcudnocim ee.s heTlbalia veamoc elbl ilwev eylgolonhcet
.sra e5ty3s ae phrte vhotwo rdgeniats ur sopfamdaor
1
UAV Roadmap 2000 – Section 1.0
Introduction
3. ezisehtnyS na detargetni nalp )”pamdaoR“( rof VAU tnempolevedseitinutroppo
g nsyi tbny .nigese bohd mdmltneenooevracnroihtbucaqeetr
yl ledabe isn :tuir e n e ,d deabfs uhpltmoyolcauouatcu mopnwnSadciaor
• gnitaulavE eht seigolonhcet dennalp rof noitaroprocni ni tnerruc VAUsmargorp
se igtn iigl hnincibia vaereproiarhcec varoroefdnu
• gninifeD swodniw fo ytilibisaef rof gnicudortni wen seitilibapac ni eht raenmret
.ss m mg ega nrtnrwi osi getrytnonrossorafiptxse
• gniyfitnedI yek gnilb ayngeol otnnhecmeptole vsetdroffe ot troppus won rof esuni
eht raf mret rof noisulcni ni eht esnefeD ygolonhceT sevitcejbO , the tnioJ
gnithgifraW ecneicS dna ygolonhceTnalP , dna eht esnefeD ygolonhceTaerA
nalP .
1.3S cope
ekiL sti h yawhgi ,ekaseman siht pamdaor si ,evitpircsed ton ,evitpircserp ni
.erutan tI sebircsed eht snoitpo fo setuor tnerruc( dna erutuf )seigolonhcet elbaliavaot
hcaer a rebmun fo snoitanitsed noissim( .)sdeen tI rehtien setacovda cificepsVAU
smargorp ron sezitiroirp eht ,stnemeriuqer sa siht si eht ytilibisnopser fo eht tnioJ
stnemeriuqeR thgisrevO licnuoC )CORJ( dna eht .secivreS tI ,seod ,revewohyfitnedi
esyrwg uo o etdnll luneolebfihnimaw whwol ,ccio sdeeateeetbvlikabtna iinwlleeinbapac
t .d, n’sesdoesm tdet rraraennoVrerorenitAutgonaUc hopl egrrpobipotfcrnaiw
ynaM fo eht seigolonhcet dessucsid ni siht yduts era yltnerruc gnirutam ni
esnefeD hcraeser .seirotarobal ehT s’pamdaor naps fo 52 sraey saw nesohc ot
etadommocca eht lausu 51 sraey deriuqer ot noitisnart a detartsnomed yrotarobal
ytilibapac otni na yllanoitarepo dedleif ,metsys dewollof yb 01 sraey fo larips
tnempoleved fo eht metsys litnu eht etamitlu evitavired si ni ,noitcudorp ronoitcudorp
.ygol o nt dn.ofs ahsi aed ocdtfrtnel e naocuanyet)er rtoahte iiptxnsat(eeisnghnToc
det nn neisy osidtiehu ntrttse apsirs mraeru hocfrT.foe0n b0i1m03e2ceD
2