Table Of Content

FOR PERSONAL, NON-COMMERCIAL USE ONLY NOTE TO THE READER When I wrote this book 18 years ago, I volunteered to be one of the first O’Reilly authors to use DocBook semantic tagging to mark up the text, rather than the traditional troff formatting markup. Norman Walsh, Leonard Muellner, and Lar Kaufman at O’Reilly developed customized tools and gtroff macros to convert the SGML-tagged manuscript into something printable. It was an interesting time, as DocBook and the tools were evolving as I was writing the book. Unfortunately, in 2012, while the old O’Reilly tools and gtroff macro packages are still available, the tools they depended on (DocBook and groff, primarily) have evolved in ways that are not backward- compatible (at least not without a lot of work). To produce this on-line version of the book, I had hoped to be able to use one of the several DocBook-to-Microsoft® Word conversion tools. Unfortunately, these tools are ridiculously complex, and at any rate, don’t appear to either (a) support older SGML DocBook versions (DocBook is XML now) or (b) fully support WordML (XML for Word). So, I was stuck doing things the hard way. This document is the result of preprocessing the original DocBook manuscript files, importing them into Word, and then applying appropriate paragraph styles and fonts to make the text look reasonably similar to the original book (and also make it similar to the electronic version of my earlier programming book, Using C on the UNIX System). With regard to content, I have corrected a couple of errors that were identified by readers after the book was published, but otherwise the manuscript is unchanged. The index has been omitted; use the search function. Please note that I have not made any attempt to update the text to match current UNIX (or Linux) systems. While most of the material is still accurate, you should expect to encounter some (usually minor) differences in include file locations, names of constants, and so forth. The compiler information in the preface is out of date, and later versions of Solaris got rid of the BSD Source Compatibility Package in favor of just including those routines in the standard libraries. The chapter on the Transport Layer Interface is probably of historical interest only; although it still exists, it never caught on, and nobody uses it. The material in the appendices is still generally accurate, but some of the details, such as the names of kernel variables, etc. have probably changed. This document is for your personal, non-commercial use only. You may also use it as a bibliographic reference in any works that you are writing. Any commercial use of this document, including printing and distribution to groups of people (such as a classroom) is prohibited without my prior written permission. I hope you find the information in this book useful. David A. Curry August 2014 FOR PERSONAL, NON-COMMERCIAL USE ONLY UNIX Systems Programming for SVR4 David A. Curry O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. Bonn • Cambridge • Paris • Sebastopol • Tokyo FOR PERSONAL, NON-COMMERCIAL USE ONLY UNIX Systems Programming for SVR4 by David A. Curry Original printed edition Copyright © 1996 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Published by O’Reilly & Associates, Inc., 101 Morris Street, Sebastopol, CA 95472. Editor: Mike Loukides Production Editor: Nancy Crumpton Internet Download Edition Copyright © 2009, 2010, 2012, 2014 David A. Curry Printing History: July 1996: First Edition June 2012: First Internet Download Edition August 2014: Second Internet Download Edition Nutshell Handbook and the Nutshell Handbook logo are registered trademarks of O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are classified as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. This book is printed on acid-free paper with 85% recycled content, 15% post-consumer waste. O’Reilly & Associates is committed to using paper with the highest recycled content available consistent with high quality. ISBN: 1-56592-163-1 FOR PERSONAL, NON-COMMERCIAL USE ONLY TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface ................................................................................................................ 1 About This Book .................................................................................................................. 1 Scope of This Book .............................................................................................................. 2 Audience .............................................................................................................................. 4 Assumptions ........................................................................................................................ 4 Font Conventions ................................................................................................................. 5 Example Programs ............................................................................................................... 6 FTP ............................................................................................................................... 6 Ftpmail .......................................................................................................................... 7 BITFTP ......................................................................................................................... 7 UUCP ........................................................................................................................... 8 Comments and Questions ..................................................................................................... 9 Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................. 9 Chapter 1 Introduction to SVR4 ..................................................................... 11 Standards Compliance ........................................................................................................ 12 Notes on Compilers ............................................................................................................ 13 The HP-UX 10.x Compiler .......................................................................................... 14 The IRIX 5.x Compiler ................................................................................................ 14 The Solaris 2.x Compiler ............................................................................................. 14 The GNU C Compiler .................................................................................................. 15 The BSD Source Compatibility Package ............................................................................. 16 Chapter 2 Utility Routines ............................................................................... 19 Manipulating Character Strings........................................................................................... 19 Computing the Length of a String ................................................................................ 20 Comparing Character Strings ....................................................................................... 22 Copying Character Strings ........................................................................................... 25 Searching Character Strings ......................................................................................... 27 Non-Standard Character String Functions .................................................................... 34 Searching Character Strings .................................................................................. 34 Processing Character Escape Sequences ................................................................ 34 Breaking Up Delimited Strings ............................................................................. 35 Translating Characters .......................................................................................... 36 Porting Notes............................................................................................................... 37 Manipulating Byte Strings .................................................................................................. 38 FOR PERSONAL, NON-COMMERCIAL USE ONLY iii Comparing Byte Strings ............................................................................................... 38 Copying Byte Strings ................................................................................................... 38 Searching Byte Strings................................................................................................. 39 Initializing Byte Strings ............................................................................................... 40 Porting Notes............................................................................................................... 40 Manipulating Character Classes .......................................................................................... 41 Testing Character Class Membership ........................................................................... 41 Changing Character Class Membership ........................................................................ 42 Porting Notes............................................................................................................... 44 Dynamic Memory Allocation ............................................................................................. 44 Porting Notes............................................................................................................... 48 Manipulating Temporary Files ............................................................................................ 49 Porting Notes............................................................................................................... 51 Parsing Command Line Arguments..................................................................................... 51 Porting Notes............................................................................................................... 56 Miscellaneous .................................................................................................................... 56 String to Number Conversion....................................................................................... 56 Printing Error Messages ............................................................................................... 57 Porting Notes ........................................................................................................ 58 Pausing a Program ....................................................................................................... 58 Exiting a Program ........................................................................................................ 59 Chapter Summary ............................................................................................................... 59 Chapter 3 Low-Level I/O Routines ................................................................. 61 File Descriptors .................................................................................................................. 61 Opening and Closing Files .................................................................................................. 62 Porting Notes............................................................................................................... 64 Input and Output ................................................................................................................ 64 Repositioning the Read/Write Offset ................................................................................... 68 Porting Notes............................................................................................................... 70 Duplicating File Descriptors ............................................................................................... 71 Chapter Summary ............................................................................................................... 71 Chapter 4 The Standard I/O Library ............................................................. 73 Data Types and Constants ................................................................................................... 74 Opening and Closing Files .................................................................................................. 75 Porting Notes............................................................................................................... 76 Character-Based Input and Output ...................................................................................... 76 Line-Based Input and Output .............................................................................................. 79 iv FOR PERSONAL, NON-COMMERCIAL USE ONLY Buffer-Based Input and Output ........................................................................................... 81 Formatted Input and Output ................................................................................................ 83 The printf Functions ............................................................................................... 83 Integers ................................................................................................................ 84 Floating-Point Numbers ........................................................................................ 85 Characters and Character Strings ........................................................................... 86 Field Width and Precision ..................................................................................... 86 Variable Argument Lists ....................................................................................... 89 The scanf Functions ................................................................................................. 89 Integers ................................................................................................................ 90 Floating-Point Numbers ........................................................................................ 91 Characters and Character Strings ........................................................................... 92 Field Widths ......................................................................................................... 92 Porting Notes............................................................................................................... 93 Repositioning the Read/Write Offset ................................................................................... 93 Reassigning a File Pointer .................................................................................................. 96 Buffering............................................................................................................................ 97 Porting Notes............................................................................................................... 98 Stream Status ..................................................................................................................... 98 File Pointers and File Descriptors ....................................................................................... 99 Chapter Summary ............................................................................................................... 99 Chapter 5 Files and Directories ..................................................................... 101 File System Concepts ....................................................................................................... 101 The UNIX File System ..................................................................................................... 102 Basic File Types ........................................................................................................ 102 Regular Files ...................................................................................................... 102 Special Files ....................................................................................................... 103 Directories .......................................................................................................... 103 Removable File Systems ............................................................................................ 104 Device Numbers ........................................................................................................ 105 I-Numbers, the I-List, and I-Nodes ............................................................................. 105 Other File Types ........................................................................................................ 106 Hard Links ......................................................................................................... 106 Symbolic Links................................................................................................... 106 FIFOs ................................................................................................................. 107 UNIX-Domain Sockets ....................................................................................... 107 Obtaining File Attributes .................................................................................................. 107 Getting Information From an I-Node .......................................................................... 107 Getting Information From a Symbolic Link ................................................................ 115 Determining the Accessibility of a File ...................................................................... 116 FOR PERSONAL, NON-COMMERCIAL USE ONLY v Changing File Attributes ................................................................................................... 117 Changing a File's Permission Bits .............................................................................. 117 Changing a File's Ownership...................................................................................... 119 Changing a File's Size ................................................................................................ 120 Changing a File's Access and Modification Times ...................................................... 120 Creating and Deleting Files and Directories ...................................................................... 121 Deleting Files ............................................................................................................ 121 Creating and Deleting Directories .............................................................................. 122 Creating Links ........................................................................................................... 122 Renaming Files and Directories ................................................................................. 123 Working With Directories................................................................................................. 123 Determining the Current Working Directory .............................................................. 123 Porting Notes ...................................................................................................... 124 Changing the Current Working Directory ................................................................... 124 Reading Directories ................................................................................................... 124 Porting Notes ...................................................................................................... 129 Chapter Summary ............................................................................................................. 129 Chapter 6 Special-Purpose File Operations .................................................. 131 File Descriptor Attributes ................................................................................................. 131 Managing Multiple File Descriptors .................................................................................. 134 The select Function............................................................................................... 134 The poll Function ................................................................................................... 139 File and Record Locking................................................................................................... 143 Locking Files With fcntl ........................................................................................ 144 Locking Files With lockf ........................................................................................ 146 Porting Notes............................................................................................................. 147 Memory-Mapped Files ..................................................................................................... 147 Mapping a File Into Memory ..................................................................................... 148 Removing a Mapping ................................................................................................ 150 Changing the Protection Mode of Mapped Segments .................................................. 151 Providing Advice to the System ................................................................................. 152 Synchronizing Memory With Physical Storage........................................................... 152 The /dev/fd File System .................................................................................................... 153 Miscellaneous Functions................................................................................................... 154 Controlling File Creation Modes ................................................................................ 154 The Root Directory .................................................................................................... 155 Synchronizing a File With the Disk ............................................................................ 156 Chapter Summary ............................................................................................................. 156 vi FOR PERSONAL, NON-COMMERCIAL USE ONLY Chapter 7 Time of Day Operations ............................................................... 157 The Complexities of Time ................................................................................................ 157 Obtaining the Current Time .............................................................................................. 158 Porting Notes............................................................................................................. 159 Obtaining the Local Timezone .......................................................................................... 159 Porting Notes............................................................................................................. 160 Converting Between UNIX Time and Human Time .......................................................... 161 Porting Notes............................................................................................................. 162 Formatting Date Strings .................................................................................................... 163 Porting Notes............................................................................................................. 168 Chapter Summary ............................................................................................................. 168 Chapter 8 Users and Groups ......................................................................... 171 Login Names .................................................................................................................... 171 The User-Id Number......................................................................................................... 172 Porting Notes............................................................................................................. 174 The Group-Id Number ...................................................................................................... 174 Group Membership .................................................................................................... 175 Porting Notes............................................................................................................. 175 The Password File ............................................................................................................ 176 The Shadow Password File ............................................................................................... 178 The Group File ................................................................................................................. 180 The Utmp and Wtmp Files ................................................................................................ 186 Porting Notes............................................................................................................. 192 The Lastlog File ............................................................................................................... 193 The Shells File ................................................................................................................. 196 Writing Set-User-Id and Set-Group-Id Programs ............................................................... 196 Chapter Summary ............................................................................................................. 200 Chapter 9 System Configuration and Resource Limits ................................ 201 General System Information ............................................................................................. 202 Porting Notes............................................................................................................. 205 System Resource Limits ................................................................................................... 205 Porting Notes............................................................................................................. 210 Process Resource Limits ................................................................................................... 210 Porting Notes............................................................................................................. 212 Resource Utilization Information ...................................................................................... 212 Porting Notes............................................................................................................. 213 FOR PERSONAL, NON-COMMERCIAL USE ONLY vii Chapter Summary ............................................................................................................. 214 Chapter 10 Signals ......................................................................................... 217 Signal Concepts................................................................................................................ 218 Basic Signal Handling ...................................................................................................... 222 Sending Signals ......................................................................................................... 222 Waiting for Signals .................................................................................................... 223 Printing Signal Information........................................................................................ 224 Handling Signals ....................................................................................................... 224 Unreliable Signals ............................................................................................................ 226 Reliable signals ................................................................................................................ 228 Terminology .............................................................................................................. 228 The sigset Function............................................................................................... 229 Porting Note ....................................................................................................... 229 Other Functions ......................................................................................................... 230 Signals and System Calls .................................................................................................. 232 Using Signals for Timeouts............................................................................................... 233 The setjmp and longjmp Functions ...................................................................... 236 Interval Timers .......................................................................................................... 238 Advanced Signal Handling ............................................................................................... 241 Signal Sets................................................................................................................. 241 The sigaction Function ........................................................................................ 242 The siginfo_t Structure................................................................................. 244 Other Functions ......................................................................................................... 246 Sending Signals .................................................................................................. 246 Waiting for Signals to Occur ............................................................................... 248 Printing Signal Information ................................................................................. 248 Manipulating the Signal Mask ............................................................................. 250 Examining the List of Pending Signals ................................................................ 250 The setjmp and longjmp Functions, Revisited ............................................... 251 Porting Berkeley Signals to SVR4 .................................................................................... 251 The sigvec Function............................................................................................... 252 Handler Calling Conventions ..................................................................................... 253 Signal Masks ............................................................................................................. 253 Waiting for Signals .................................................................................................... 254 The setjmp and longjmp Functions ...................................................................... 254 Chapter Summary ............................................................................................................. 254 Chapter 11 Processes ..................................................................................... 255 Process Concepts .............................................................................................................. 256 viii FOR PERSONAL, NON-COMMERCIAL USE ONLY

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