UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Planning of Airports for the New Large Aircraft by Alexandre Gomes ...

245 Pages·2002·2.67 MB·English

UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY
Planning of Airports
for the New Large Aircraft
by
Alexandre Gomes de Barros
A THESIS
SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CALGARY, ALBERTA
JUNE, 2001
© Alexandre Gomes de Barros 2001
UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY
FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES
The undersigned certify that they have read, and recommend to the Faculty of Graduate
Studies for acceptance, a thesis entitled "Planning of Airports for the New Large Aircraft"
submitted by Alexandre Gomes de Barros in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the
degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
_______________________________ _______________________________
Supervisor, Dr. S. C. Wirasinghe Dr. R. Wardell
Department of Civil Engineering Faculty of Environmental Design
_______________________________ _______________________________
Dr. J. D. Hunt Dr. P. Ehlers
Department of Civil Engineering Department of Mathematics and
Statistics
_______________________________ _______________________________
Dr. J. F. Morrall External Examiner, Dr. W. H. K. Lam
Department of Civil Engineering Department of Civil and Structural
Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic
University
_______________________
Date
ii
ABSTRACT
Aircraft manufacturers are developing a new generation of very large aircraft – known as
New Large Aircraft – that will supersede any existing ones both in size and seat capacity.
The Airbus A380 is scheduled to enter service in 2006 and the Boeing 747X could follow
suit soon after.
Due to their larger dimensions and seat capacity, the New Large Aircraft will im-
pact the planning and operation of airports. The design and operation of the airside sytem –
comprised of runways, taxiways and aprons – will be highly affected by the New Large
Aircraft’s unprecedented wingspan, length, height and weight. Its high passenger capacity
will affect the passenger terminal, as more passengers and baggage will require processing
and accommodation in the check-in, security check, departure lounge, baggage claim, cus-
toms and immigration areas. Determining these effects and seeking solutions for those
problems comprise the object of this thesis.
Since the airside effects of the New Large Aircraft have been extensively studied by
several institutions, this thesis focuses on the issues related to the passenger terminal plan-
ning. Five main issues are analysed in more detail: the gate requirement, the terminal con-
figuration, the sizing of the departure lounge, the processing of passengers and the design
of the baggage claim area. As the full-scale operation of the New Large Aircraft is still
years ahead, this thesis concentrates on developing mathematical models that will help in
the early stages of airport planning. Thus an analytical approach is chosen with the use of
deterministic models suitable for when important decisions must be made with little data
available.
Several separate models are developed to analyse the five issues cited above. It is
shown that, with the use of proper operational and structural measures, it is possible to ac-
commodate the New Large Aircraft in an effective, economical manner.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My deepest gratitude goes to Dr. Wirasinghe for his role as thesis supervisor. His construc-
tive and challenging comments and criticisms, as well as his support and friendship, were
fundamental to the success of my research and to the expansion of my knowledge.
I would like to extend my appreciation to the members of my supervisory commit-
tee, Dr. Hunt and Dr. Wardell, for their help and suggestions to improve the quality of this
work, and to Dr. Ehlers for his help with the probability problems. I am also very grateful
to Dr. R. de Neufville from the MIT, for his important, helpful insights that also contributed
in part to this thesis. Thanks also to Dr. Morrall and Dr. MacIver for their support, and to
all the staff in the Department of Civil Engineering.
Thanks to all of those who somehow contributed to the success of this research, es-
pecially Mr. G. Falk and Mr. R. Livesey at the Calgary International Airport, Mr. P. Bian-
coni at the Vancouver International Airport, Ms. P. McHargue at Los Angeles World Air-
ports, and Airbus Industrie for all the information and data provided.
Many thanks to all of those who contributed to help my family and me adapt to life
in Canada. I am especially grateful to the Heinz, Baranoski and Rodrigues families for their
invaluable support during our stay in Calgary.
Special thanks to my family and my parents for all the love, patience, encourage-
ment, inspiration and unconditional support provided during all these years.
This research was made possible by CNPq, an agency of the Brazilian government
dedicated to scientific and technological development.
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To
my wife Solange
and my children
Ana Carolina and Maurício
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Approval page……………………………………………………………………………….ii
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………..iii
Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………………iv
Dedication…………………………………………………………………………………...v
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………………...vi
List of Tables……………………………………………………………………………….xi
List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………..….xii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION........................................................................................1
1.1 THE NEED FOR NEW LARGE AIRCRAFT.......................................................1
1.2 NLA DEVELOPMENTS.......................................................................................3
1.3 IMPORTANCE OF THE NLA TO AIRPORT PLANNING................................4
1.4 RESEARCH OUTLINE.........................................................................................7
1.5 METHODOLOGY.................................................................................................8
1.5.1 Objective Functions......................................................................................10
CHAPTER 2: NLA/AIRSIDE ISSUES.............................................................................13
2.1 AIRPORT DESIGN STANDARDS.....................................................................13
2.2 AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL (ATC).......................................................................15
2.3 AIRFIELD GEOMETRIC DESIGN....................................................................16
2.3.1 Runway Length and Width...........................................................................16
2.3.2 Runway Clearances.......................................................................................17
2.3.3 Taxiway Design............................................................................................19
2.4 MISCELLANEOUS.............................................................................................20
2.5 SUMMARY..........................................................................................................22
CHAPTER 3: GATE REQUIREMENT FOR AIRPORT TERMINALS SERVING
NLA AND CONVENTIONAL JETS................................................................................23
3.1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................23
3.2 LITERATURE REVIEW.....................................................................................25
3.3 UNCONSTRAINED SPACE SHARING MODEL.............................................30
3.4 OPERATIONAL ISSUES....................................................................................34
3.4.1 Sharing Passenger Departure Lounges.........................................................35
3.4.2 Clearing the Common Area before Peak Hour.............................................35
3.4.3 International/Domestic Passengers...............................................................36
3.5 VARIATIONS OF THE GATE REQUIREMENT MODEL...............................36
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3.5.1 No Space Sharing..........................................................................................37
3.5.2 Constrained Space Sharing...........................................................................38
3.6 COST OF GATE REQUIREMENT.....................................................................39
3.6.1 Evaluation of Deterministic Delays..............................................................40
3.6.2 Cost Minimisation.........................................................................................43
3.7 COMPOUND INTEREST AND DEMAND GROWTH OVER THE
TERMINAL’S LIFE SPAN..............................................................................................44
3.7.1 Delay Costs...................................................................................................47
3.7.1.1 Parabolic Peak.........................................................................................47
3.7.1.2 Triangular Peak........................................................................................49
3.7.1.3 Total Cost of Delays.................................................................................50
3.7.2 Cost of Gate Installation and Maintenance...................................................50
3.7.3 Overall Cost with Compound Interest and Demand Growth........................51
3.8 STAGE CONSTRUCTION..................................................................................52
3.8.1 Delay Costs...................................................................................................53
3.8.2 Gate Installation and Maintenance Cost.......................................................53
3.8.3 Terminal Airside Construction Cost.............................................................55
3.8.4 Cost Minimisation.........................................................................................56
3.9 NUMERICAL EXAMPLE...................................................................................56
3.10 SUMMARY..........................................................................................................61
CHAPTER 4: TERMINAL CONFIGURATIONS FOR THE NLA.............................62
4.1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................62
4.2 LITERATURE REVIEW.....................................................................................66
4.3 SINGLE PIER TERMINALS...............................................................................69
4.3.1 Pier Configurations for 1 NLA Gate.............................................................70
4.3.1.1 Pier with Entrance in the Middle..............................................................71
4.3.1.2 Pier with Entrance at One End.................................................................74
4.3.2 Pier Configurations for 2 NLA Gates...........................................................76
4.3.2.1 Two NLA Gates on Opposite Sides of the Pier.........................................78
4.3.2.2 NLA Gates on One Side and Pier-End Entrance......................................79
4.3.2.3 NLA Gates on One Side and Mid-Pier Entrance......................................81
4.3.3 Pier Configurations for 3 or More NLA.......................................................83
4.3.3.1 Optimisation..............................................................................................86
4.4 PIER SATELLITE TERMINALS........................................................................88
4.4.1 Description of the pier satellite types...........................................................89
4.4.1.1 Circular Pier Satellite...............................................................................89
4.4.1.2 T-shaped Pier Satellite..............................................................................91
4.4.1.3 Y-shaped Pier Satellite..............................................................................91
4.4.2 Evaluation of Walking Distances.................................................................91
4.4.3 More than One NLA Gate............................................................................94
4.5 PARALLEL PIER TERMINAL CONFIGURATION.........................................97
4.5.1 Optimal Location – Basics and Assumptions...............................................98
4.5.1.1 Terminal Configuration............................................................................98
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4.5.1.2 APM System..............................................................................................98
4.5.1.3 Types of Passengers..................................................................................99
4.5.1.4 Disutility of Passenger Movement..........................................................100
4.5.2 One NLA Gate............................................................................................101
4.5.2.1 No Airside Constraints – NLA Gate at the Pier Centre..........................101
4.5.2.2 Airside Constraints – NLA Gate at the Pier End....................................102
4.5.3 Two or More NLA Gates............................................................................104
4.5.3.1 NLA allowed at the Pier Centre..............................................................104
4.6 OPTIMAL CONFIGURATION WITH INTELLIGENT GATE ASSIGNMENT
105
4.7 SUMMARY........................................................................................................110
4.7.1 Single Pier...................................................................................................110
4.7.2 Pier Satellite................................................................................................110
4.7.3 Parallel Pier Terminal.................................................................................111
CHAPTER 5: SIZING THE DEPARTURE LOUNGE FOR THE NLA...................112
5.1 INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................112
5.2 LITERATURE REVIEW...................................................................................115
5.3 PLANNING FOR A NEW TERMINAL............................................................117
5.3.1 The Basic Model.........................................................................................118
5.3.1.1 Determination of the Number of Passengers..........................................118
5.3.1.2 Evaluation of the Lounge Area...............................................................120
5.3.1.3 Passenger Standing Time........................................................................120
5.3.1.4 Choice of the Number of Seats................................................................121
5.3.2 Expanded Model.........................................................................................122
5.3.2.1 Flight Delay............................................................................................122
5.3.2.2 Calculation of the Area R ......................................................................124
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5.3.3 Numerical Example....................................................................................125
5.4 CONVERTING EXISTING FACILITIES FOR THE NLA..............................127
5.4.1 Re-spacing / Blocking Gates.......................................................................128
5.4.1.1 Second Level and Optimal Number of Seats...........................................129
5.4.1.2 Second Level Configuration....................................................................131
5.4.1.3 Numerical Example.................................................................................135
5.4.2 Use of the Satellite Section of a Pier-Satellite Finger as a Single NLA Gate
136
5.4.2.1 Use of the Satellite by other Aircraft......................................................138
5.4.2.2 Lounge sharing: one NLA and one 747 gate..........................................140
5.5 CONCLUSIONS................................................................................................141
CHAPTER 6: AUTOMATED PASSENGER/BAGGAGE PROCESSING................144
6.1 INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................144
6.1.1 Intelligent Transportation Systems.............................................................146
6.1.2 Use of Electronic Storage Devices (ESD) and Privacy..............................147
6.2 ELECTRONIC TICKETING AND AUTOMATED SALES............................149
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6.2.1 Electronic Ticketing....................................................................................149
6.2.2 Automated Sales Systems...........................................................................151
6.3 AUTOMATED CHECK-IN...............................................................................152
6.3.1 The Traditional Check-in Process...............................................................152
6.3.2 The Check-in of the Future.........................................................................154
6.3.3 Impact on the Airport Terminal Facilities..................................................157
6.3.4 Effect on NLA Operations..........................................................................160
6.4 SECURITY CHECK AND BOARDING...........................................................164
6.4.1 Security Check............................................................................................164
6.4.2 Boarding......................................................................................................164
6.5 CUSTOMS AND IMMIGRATION...................................................................165
6.5.1 Biometrics...................................................................................................166
6.5.2 Ideas for a Fully Automated Customs/Immigration System......................167
6.6 BAGGAGE HANDLING...................................................................................170
6.6.1 Conventional Baggage Systems..................................................................170
6.6.2 Automated Baggage Systems.....................................................................172
6.6.2.1 Baggage Identification and Tracking.....................................................173
6.6.2.2 Conveyance and Sorting System.............................................................175
6.6.2.3 Baggage Reconciliation and Screening..................................................178
6.6.3 NLA Operations..........................................................................................180
6.7 SUMMARY........................................................................................................180
CHAPTER 7: SIZING THE BAGGAGE CLAIM AREA FOR THE NLA...............183
7.1 INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................183
7.2 LITERATURE REVIEW...................................................................................184
7.3 FORMULATION OF PASSENGER AND BAGGAGE ACCUMULATIONS185
7.3.1 Passenger Accumulation.............................................................................187
7.3.1.1 Area Requirement...................................................................................190
7.3.1.2 Statistical Dependence of Bag Arrival Times.........................................190
7.3.1.3 Estimation of the Correlation Factor.....................................................192
7.3.2 Baggage Accumulation...............................................................................194
7.3.3 Evaluation of the Baggage Claim Length Requirement.............................195
7.4 NLA ANALYSIS...............................................................................................196
7.5 CONCLUSIONS................................................................................................199
CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSIONS......................................................................................201
8.1 SUMMARY........................................................................................................201
8.1.1 Airside.........................................................................................................201
8.1.2 Gate Requirement.......................................................................................202
8.1.3 Terminal Configuration..............................................................................204
8.1.3.1 Single Pier...............................................................................................204
8.1.3.2 Pier-Satellite...........................................................................................205
8.1.3.3 Parallel Piers..........................................................................................205
8.1.4 Departure Lounge.......................................................................................206
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8.1.5 Passenger Processing..................................................................................207
8.1.6 Baggage Claim............................................................................................207
8.2 ANALYTICAL VS SIMULATION MODELS.................................................208
8.3 FUTURE RESEARCH.......................................................................................209
8.3.1 Data availability..........................................................................................211
REFERENCES..................................................................................................................213
APPENDIX A: WALKING DISTANCES FOR THE PIER CONFIGURATION
COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS MODEL....................................................................222
APPENDIX B: EXTRA DELAY CAUSED BY SHUTTING DOWN ONE GATE
DURING A PEAK HOUR...............................................................................................229
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