University of Alberta Physiological Adaptations to Concurrent Muscular Strength and Aerobic ...

225 Pages·2001·9.84 MB·English

University of Alberta
Physiological Adaptations to Concurrent Muscular Strength
and Aerobic Endurance Training in Functionally Active
Adults with a Physical Disability
-
James Jay Laskin
Gj
A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy.
Faculty of Physical Education And Recreation
Edmonton, Alberta
Spring 2001
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I dedicate my successful completion of this doctoral program
to my wife Carol, children Calvin, Jacob, and Zachary and to my extended family.
Thank you for your supportand patience.
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to compare the physiologicai adaptations of a
combined muscular strength and aerobic endurance training program to strength
or aerobic training only on one repetition maximum strength, peak oxygen
consumption, the second ventilatory threshold, muscle cross sectional area,
body composition, serum creatine kinase, urinary free cortisol, and serum total
testosterone in adults with a physical disability. Thirty-seven (13 female, 24
male) volunteers, recruited from The Steadward Center, University of Alberta,
participated in a 12 week training program. Participants, aged 18.0 to 51.5
years, with either spinal cord lesion (SCL), cerebral palsylhead injury (CPIHI) or
multiple sclerosis (MS) were recruited. Participants were stratified by disability
and gender and then randornly assigned to one of the four groups: 1) strength
-
-
(S) 10 participants, 2) endurance (E) 10 participants, 3) strength and
-
endurance (S&E) 8 participants, and 4) control- 9 participants. The S and E
groups trained 3 times per week with a moderately intense, individually
prescribed progressive training program. The S&E group trained 5 days per
week, alternating daily strength and endurance sessions, except on Fridays
when they performed bath modes of training. Participants were tested prior to
training, at the mid-point, and after completing 12 weeks of training. Significant
strength increases were found for the S&E group with no evidence @ s .05) of a
diminished response compared to the S group. No significant changes were
demonstrated in the participants' peak oxygen consumption or oxygen
consurnption at ventilatory threshold. Significant gains in the power outputs
achieved at ventilatory threshold and peak aerobic efforts were obsewed in the
E and SBE groups. Strength training perfomed by the SBE group facilitated a
significantly greater gain in power output at ventilatory threshold when compared
to the E group. No significant changes were demonstrated in muscle hypertrophy
rneasured by diagnostic ultrasound. No significant changes in body composition,
serum creatine kinase, sex hormone binding hormone. serum total testosterone,
or urinary free cortisol were detected. This study did not demonstrate any
compromised adaptations to muscular strength or aerobic endurance as a result
of training for both strength and endurance concurrently.
Iw ould like to take this opportunity to thank the clients and staff at The
Steadward Center for al1 their assistance, support, and inspiration. Specifically I
want to thank Barbra Campbell. Rick Gingras, Ewen Nelson, Jennifer Sparks,
and Gary Wheeler. I would like to recognize the financial assistance provided by
the Rick Hansen Center and the Alberta Paraplegic Association. without which
this study could not have been completed. Denise Mclver provided invaluable
assistance in the administration, organization, and performance of the diagnostic
ultrasound procedures. In addition I would like to recognize ATL Canada for their
wi Ming ness to donate the diagnostic ultrasound equ ip ment for the combined
training study and the Royal Alexandria Hospitals for their allowing us to use
their equipment for the pilot study evaluations. The Edmonton Magnetic
Resonance lmaging Clinic is recognized for their generous donation of MRI time.
I would like to acknowledge the tirne and assistance that lan Maclean provided
me in the completion of the biochemical components of this study. I deeply
appreciate the assistance and support from my peers ai the University of
Oklahoma (Dr. Mark Anderson, Dr. Mike Bemben, Dr. lrene McEwen, Dr.
Richard Nisbett, Professor David Thompson, rny Department Chair, Martha
Ferretti. and College Dean, Dr. Carole Sullivan). I would also like to thank my
father, Dr. Richard Laskin and my new colleagues at the Univenity of Montana
for their assistance and editing skills in putting together my final manuscript (Dr.
Rich Gajdosik. Dr. Ann Williams, Dr. Brent Ruby, and Dr. Steve Fehrer). Finally I
would like to acknowiedge the members of my supervisory cornmittee, Dr. Robert
Steadward, Dr. Gordon Bell, Dr. Yagesh Bhambhani, Dr. Marcel Bouffard, Dr.
Dan Syrotuik for their time, patience, inspiration and guidance over the last
seven years.
Thank you all!
TABLE OF CONTENTS
.....................................
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 4
O
.
CHAPTER II REVIEIN OF LITERATURE
Introduction ............................................... 7
Upper Versus Lower Extremity Exercise ......................... 7
.................................
Able-bodied Individuals 7
lndividuals with Physical Disabilities ...................... 15
Physiologi cal Adaptations to Aerobic Endurance and Muscular
..........................................
Strength Training 20
Spinal Cord Lesion and Aerobic Endurance Training:
Malmal Oxygen Consumption .......................... 20
.................................
Ventilatory Threshold 24
Spinal Cord Lesion and Aerobic Endurance Training:
.................................
Ventilatory Threshold 28
Cerebral PalsyIHead lnjury and Aerobic Endurance Training:
Maximal Oxygen Consumption and Ventilatory
..........................................
Threshold 31
Spinal Cord Lesion and Muscular Strength Training ......... 39
....
Cerebral Palsyklead lnjury and Muscular Strength training 40
Simultaneous Training for Muscular Strength and
........................................
Aerobic Endurance 43
Hormonal Adaptations to Muscuiar Strength and
Aerobic Endurance Training ................................. 53
.
CHAPTER III METHODS AND PROCEDURES
Participants .............................................. 61
Study Design ............................................. 63
.........................................
Testing Schedule 65
.........................................
Body Composition 65
..........................................
Strength Testing 66
The Second Ventilatory Threshold and Peak Oxygen
Consumption Deteminations ................................. 67
Muscle Cross Sectional Area Assessrnent ...................... 69
Blood and Urine Collection .................................. 73
Training Programs ......................................... 75
Strength Training Group ............................... 75
Endurance Training Group ............................. 77
Cornbined Training Group .............................. 80
Biochemical Analyses ...................................... 80
Statistical Analyses ........................................ 82
.
CHAPTER IV RESULTS
Person by Treatment Interaction .............................. 87
Body Composition ......................................... 89
Strength ................................................. 89
Elbow Flexors ....................................... 89
KneeExtensors ...................................... 94
OxygenConsumpüon ...................................... 96
Peak Oxygen Consumption ............................. 96
Oxygen Consumption at the Second Ventilatory
Threshold ..................................... 98
Percentage of Peak Oxygen Consumption at Which the
.............
Second Ventilatory Threshold Occurred 98
Power Output ............................................ 100
Power Output at Peak Oxygen Consumption .............. 101
Power Output at the Second Ventilatory
Threshold .................................... 103
HeartRate .............................................. 104
Heart Rate at Peak Oxygen Consumption ................ 104
Hear Rate at the Second Ventilatory Threshold ............ 105
Respiratory Exchange Ratio ................................ 106
Respiratory Exchange Ratio at Peak Oxygen
Consumption ................................. 106
Respiratory Exchange Ratio at the Second Ventilatory
Threshold .................................... 107
Muscle Cross Sectional Area ................................ 108
......................................
Biceps Brachii 108
.....................................
Rectus Femoris 109
..........................................
Creatine Kinase 111
Endocrine ............................................... 111
.........................
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin 112
Serum Total Testosterone .......... .. ................. 113
Urinary Free Cortisol ................................. 113
.....................................
CHAPTER V DISCUSSION 115
=
Person by Treatrnent Interaction ............................. 115
Body Composition ........................................ 116
.........................................
Strength Training 117
Elbow Flexors ................... .... .............. 117
KneeExtensors ..................................... 119
Précis ............................................. 120
.......................
Oxygen Consumption and Power Output 121
Peak Oxygen Consumption ............................ 121
Power Output at Peak Oxygen Consumption .............. 125
...
Oxygen Consurnption at the Second Ventilatory Threshold 126
Power Output at the Second Ventilatory Threshold ......... 127
............................................
Précis 127
Muscle Cross Sectionai Area ................................ 130
Creatine Kinase .......................................... 132
Endocrine ............................................... 133
.
CHAPTER VI SUMMARY ....................................... 138
................................................
REFERENCES 143
.
Appendix 1 Pilot study for Peak Oxygen Consumption and
Ventilatory Threshold Determinations .............. 167
.
Appendix 2 Pilot study for the reliability of diagnostic
ultrasound .................................... 174