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BROWN, Emily Clara, 1911-
HAR DAYAL: A PORTRAIT OF AN INDIAN INTELLECTUAL.
University of Arizona, Ph. D., 1967
History, modern
University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan
© COPYRIGHTED
BY
EMILY CLARA BROWN
1967
iii
HAR DAYAL: A PORTRAIT OF AN INDIAN INTELLECTUAL
by
Emily Clara Brown
A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the
DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the Degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
In the Graduate College
THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA
19 6 7
THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA
GRADUATE COLLEGE
I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my
direction by Emily Clara Brown. Ph.D.
entitled HA.R DAYAL: A PORTRAIT OF AN INDIAN INTELLECTUAL
be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement of the
degree of Doctor of Philosophy
M LA.ffH.t~t 14 tfj7
S
Dissertation Director Date
After inspection of the dissertation, the following members
of the Final Examination Committee concur in its approval and
recommend its acceptance:*
7
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*Thi8 approval and acceptance is contingent on the candidate's
adequate performance and defense of this dissertation at the
final oral examination. The inclusion of this sheet bound into
the library copy of the dissertationi s evidence of satisfactory
performance at the final examination.
STATEMENT BY AUTHOR
This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment
of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona
and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to
borrowers under rules of the Library-. •
Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without
special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source
is made. Requests for. permission for extended quotation from or re­
production of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by
the copyright holder.
SIGNED
The relation of a Man to his Message
is a vexed question to study.
—Har Dayal
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT ........... ..... ix
CHAPTER
I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
The Role of the Armed Revolutionaries k
The Man, His Milieu, and His Message 8
II. EASTERN YOUTH AND WESTERN STUDENT 12
The Time of Birth 12
Family Background ...... 17
Caste 17
Marriage and Family Connections ......... 21
Education . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Arya Sama.j versus Brahmo Sama.j 2k
Influencing Personalities . .... 31
State Scholarship ......... 35
III. CONFRONTATION WITH THE WEST ON ITS HOME GROUND ..... 37
Oxford o . . . . . . e e o . e e . o o ....... 37
India House and the Indian Student in London .... 39
The Indian Sociologist . 5k
Har Dayal's Recruitment into Politics • 56
The Impact of Savarkar 59
The "Comet" Appears 67
The Bomb Manual 77
Har Dayal Resigns His Scholarship 79
Rejection of the West and Return to India 87
Emerging Characteristics . . . . r 90
IV. AN INDIAN IN INDIA ........ 97
The Status of Nationalism in India ......... 97
Political Guru in Lahore ........ 109
Decision to Retreat 125
The Plan and Its Practice 127
v
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS —Continued
Page
V. RETURN TO THE WEST . 131
Savarkar and India House .............. 131
Har Dayal in London ........ . ... . . . . . lA-l
The Indian Nationalists in Paris ..... lk7
"The Social Conquest of the Hindu Race" 152
Violence Erupts ................... 157
Gandhi's Reaction to Violence . . ..... 162
Har Dayal and the Plan of Action 169
The British Apply Pressure ............. 177
Decision to Withdraw ........... l8l
Penance on Martinique l8*f
Martinique a "Moratorium"? ............. 186
VI. THE WEST EMBRACED 191
Har Dayal at Harvard 191
An Indian Looks at America ............. 193
America Looks at the Indians 200
Retreat to Hawaii .................. 207
Return to the United States . 210
- Woman in the West 212
Political Hope Revived ........ 216
Har Dayal at Stanford ................ 220
Writings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Extra-Curricular Activities ... ... 232
Resignation from Stanford ..... 239
Social and Political Involvement .......... Zh2
The Fraternity of the Red Flag . . 2^5
Writings 2^9
The Dichotomy 26l
VII. GHADR: THE POLITICAL MISSION ......... 266
Earlier Indian Nationalist Activities on the
West Coast 266
Dr. Khankhoje and the Military Bent ........ 267
Student Organizations ........ 270
Har Dayal's Organizational Activities ........ 273
The Jawala Singh Scholarships .......... 27^
The Hindu Association of the Pacific Coast . . . 275
The Ghadr Party and the Yugantar Ashram . . . . . 277
The Propaganda Program ...... 28l
Pro-German Intimations 287
The Plan of Action 290
Deportation Proceedings ............... 292
British Officials Investigate .......... 29^
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued
Page
The Warrant for the Arrest . 297
The Arrest ......... 300
The Interrogation ....... 301
Statements to the Press 312
National and International Repercussions .... 318
VIII. THE HINDU-GERMAN CONSPIRACY 322
The Swiss Interlude ........ . . 322
The Berlin Indian Committee 336
Personnel of the Committee 338
Har Dayal in Constantinople 3^
The Grand Strategy 352
Har Dayal Enters the Conspiracy ........... 355
The Abortive Revolution 368
The Cruise of the Komagatu Maru 369
The Ghadr Party Mobilizes 372
The Plot in India 375
The Plot is Foiled 379
The German Plot in Bengal . 383
The Silk Letter Plot . 388
IX. THE APOSTACY AND THE COMPROMISE 39**
The Aftermath of Failure 39**
Har Dayal's Withdrawal from the Committee .... 395
Har Dayal and German Culture *+11
The End of a Revolutionary *+15
Har Dayal and Empire ..... *+19
The Years in Sweden ......... *+26
Involvement in India ..... *+30
Agda Erikson **36
Return to England *+39
The Doctoral Degree *+*+0
Hints for Self-Culture *+*+3
The Modern Culture Institute *+*+6
Twelve Religions and Modern Life *+58
Death in the United States *+59
X. CONCLUSION *+66
APPENDIX I: EXTRACTS FROM GHADR *+76
APPENDIX II: POEM NO. 1? FROM GHADR KI GANJ ("ECHO OF MUTINY") *+90
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS —Continued
Page
APPENDIX III: TRANSCRIPT OF A SPEECH MADE BY HAR DAYAL AT
JEFFERSON SQUARE HALL, SAN FRANCISCO,
CALIFORNIA, FRIDAY, OCTOBER 31, 1913 if9 3
BIBLIOGRAPHY . . if98