Universities in the National Innovation Systems: Experiences from the Asia-Pacific

460 Pages·2019·2.302 MB·English

by  V. V. Krishna

Universities in the National
Innovation Systems
This volume looks at the role of universities in the National Innovation
Systems in economies of the Asia Pacific. It examines the tremendous
growth of human and knowledge capital made possible by teaching
and research excellence in major universities, along with how universi-
ties are being re-positioned as frontiers of innovation in the National
Systems of Innovation. The chapters assess the impact of globalisation
and innovation together with the emergence of ‘new’ knowledge sites
extended to the Asia Pacific region.
With contributions by experts and academics and key case studies,
this book will be useful to scholars and researchers in higher edu-
cation, development studies, public policy, economics, business and
resource management, Asian studies as well as policymakers.
V. V. Krishna is Professorial Fellow at the University of New South
Wales, Sydney, Australia.
‘The relationship between universities and industry, be it biotech or
IT, is a central issue for the 21st century. This volume focuses for the
first time on Asia – it provides comprehensive analysis on how Asian
countries are building university-industry relations and how academe
is contributing to development.’
Philip G. Altbach, Center for International Higher
Education, Boston College, Massachusetts, USA
‘This is an excellent and timely volume. The World, and Asia in par-
ticular, stand at a crucial point in bringing new knowledge to bear on
our future. The book is authoritative and comprehensive, of impor-
tance to anyone concerned about the role and organization of knowl-
edge in innovation and development.’
Stephen C. Hill, Emeritus Professor, University of Wollongong, Aus-
tralia, and Former Ambassador, UNESCO
‘This unique volume brings together 13 country case studies in one
place and demonstrates the status of research and innovation from
Asia-Pacific economies both from academic and policy perspectives.’
JinHyo Joseph Yun, President of the Society of Open
Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity,
Korea, and Editor-in-Chief of Journal of Open
Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity
‘Leading experts from 13 Asia-Pacific economies analyze the role of
universities in innovation, making this a unique volume. A must-read
for researchers of innovation and development practitioners.’
Nagesh Kumar, Director, Social Development Division,
United Nations Economic and Social Commission
for Asia and the Pacific
Universities in the National
Innovation Systems
Experiences from the Asia-Pacific
Edited by
V. V. Krishna
First published 2018
by Routledge
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and by Routledge
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Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2018 selection and editorial matter, V. V. Krishna; individual
chapters, the contributors
The right of V. V. Krishna to be identified as the author of the
editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters,
has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
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or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and
explanation without intent to infringe.
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ISBN: 978-1-138-21347-0 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-315-11142-1 (ebk)
Typeset in Sabon
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Contents
List of figures viii
List of tables xi
Contributors xvi
Foreword by Jennie Lang xxii
Acknowledgements xxv
List of abbreviations xxvi
1 Introduction: three missions of universities and their
role in national innovation systems – experiences
from Asia Pacific 1
V. V. KRISHNA
PART I
Japan, Australia and New Zealand 33
2 Changing university-industry links in the Japanese
national innovation system: towards innovation,
entrepreneurship and regional development 35
FUMI KITAGAWA
3 Globalisation and the future of Australian universities 64
SAM GARRETT-JONES AND TIM TURPIN
4 Changing role of research and innovation in New
Zealand universities 95
SHANTHA LIYANAGE AND ANTONIO DÍAZ ANDRADE
vi Contents
PART II
China and India: emerging economies 123
5 Research and innovation in Chinese universities 125
WEIPING WU
6 Indian universities in the national innovation system 153
V. V. KRISHNA AND SWAPAN KUMAR PATRA
PART III
South Korea, Taiwan and Singapore: newly
industrialising economies 183
7 University-industry R&D collaboration in Korea’s
national innovation system 185
KONG-RAE LEE
8 University-industry-government linkages: the case
of Taiwan 213
CHING-YAN WU AND MEI-CHIH HU
9 Research and innovation in Asian universities:
case study of the national university of Singapore 242
SEERAM RAMAKRISHNA AND V. V. KRISHNA
PART IV
Southeast Asian countries: Malaysia, Thailand, the
Philippines, Indonesia and Vietnam 267
10 University-industry linkages and innovation activities
in Malaysia 269
RAJAH RASIAH AND HEMA SUBRAMONIAN
11 Universities in Thailand’s national innovation system:
their contributions on industrial and technological
upgrading 305
PATARAPONG INTARAKUMNERD, RICHARD F. DONER, AND
BRYAN K. RITCHIE
Contents vii
12 Role of universities in the national innovation system
of the Philippines 328
RAYMUND B. HABARADAS
13 Higher education institutions in Indonesia: access,
innovation and research 353
R. ALPHA AMIRRACHMAN
14 The roles of universities in Vietnam’s national
innovation system 373
NGUYEN NGOC ANH, NGUYEN PHUONG MAI,
DOAN QUANG HUNG AND DAO NGOC TIEN
15 Asia Pacific universities in national innovation
systems: concluding synthesis 401
V. V. KRISHNA
Index 419
Figures
2.1 Income related to intellectual property exploitation 43
2.2 Collaborative research grants from different sources
received by universities 43
2.3 Collaborative research grants received by different
types of universities 44
2.4 Number of newly established academic start-ups 45
2.5 Regional innovation scores 52
3.1 Australia: gross expenditure on R&D as a percentage
of GDP by sector, 1996/1997–2012/2013 76
3.2 Research training – changing mobile populations 77
3.3 Selected measures of research commercialisation in
universities, 2005–2007 and 2008–2011 85
5.1 China’s national innovation system 131
5.2 University sector’s share in China’s R&D activities,
1997–2013 134
5.3 University sector’s share in granted domestic patents,
1995–2014 139
6.1 Growth of patenting by Indian universities 172
7.1 The roles of the university and university-industry
collaboration in the Korean NIS 188
7.2 Patent productivity of government R&D expenditure
by R&D agents 193
7.3 Importance of sources in the innovation of
private firms 194
7.4 Factors influencing university-industry collaboration 196
7.5 Contract out research per researcher from private
firms by R&D agents 198
7.6 Trends of university- and research institute-based
venture creation in Korea 202
Figures ix
7.7 Types and examples of policies for university-
industry collaboration in Korea 204
8.1 Number of companies and sales in Hsinchu Science-
Based Industrial Park by industry, 1983–2013 215
8.2 Percentage of R&D investment of Taiwan over
GDP, 1981–2009 217
8.3 The growth of universities in Taiwan, 1991–2013 219
8.4 Total number of PhDs graduated from Taiwan’s
universities, 1997–2012 221
8.5 UIG performances under NSC, 1998–2007 228
10.1a Number of first degree graduating students,
Malaysia, 2000–2011: S&T-based degree 274
10.1b Number of first degree graduating students,
Malaysia, 2000–2011: non-S&T-based degree 275
10.2a Number of master’s degree graduating students,
Malaysia, 2001–2011: S&T-based degree 275
10.2b Number of master’s degree graduating students,
Malaysia, 2001–2011: non-S&T-based degree 276
10.3a Number of doctorate degree graduating students,
Malaysia, 2001–2011: S&T-based degree 276
10.3b Number of doctorate degree graduating students,
Malaysia, 2001–2011: non-S&T-based degree 277
10.4 Headcount of researchers, Malaysia, 2000–2011 279
10.5 Headcount of researchers by sectors, Malaysia,
2000–2011 280
10.6 Gross expenditure on R&D (GERD), Malaysia,
2002–2011 280
10.7 R&D expenditure, BS, Malaysia, 2000–2011 281
10.8 R&D expenditure, IHL, Malaysia, 2000–2011 282
10.9 Sources of R&D funds, business enterprises,
Malaysia, 2006–2011 285
10.10 Sources of R&D funds, IHL, Malaysia, 2008–2011 285
10.11 Scientific publications, Malaysia, 2001–2011 287
10.12 Scientific publications by field, Malaysia, 2001–2011 288
10.13 Scientific publications by top 15 fields, Malaysia,
2001–2011 288
10.14 PCT applications of middle-income countries, 2012
(top 15) 290
13.1 Number of university students 355
14.1 Patent applications by residents in selected ASEAN
countries, 1997–2014 380