Universe, Third Edition

528 Pages·2020·190.099 MB·English

by  DK

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S M I T H S O N I A N
U N I V E R S E
THE DEFINITIVE VISUAL GUIDE
General Editor
Martin Rees
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S
ABOUT THIS BOOK 6
THIS EDITION
DK LONDON DK DELHI A SHORT TOUR OF THE UNIVERSE 8
PROJECT EDITOR Miezan van Zyl SENIOR EDITOR Suefa Lee BY MARTIN REES
US EDITOR Kayla Dugger EDITOR Ishita Jha T
PROJECT ART EDITOR Steve Woosnam-Savage PROJECT ART EDITOR Rupanki Arora Kaushik
MANAGING EDITOR Angeles Gavira Guerrero ART EDITOR Nobina Chakravorty
MANAGING ART EDITOR Michael Duffy DTP DESIGNERS Pawan Kumar, Ashok Kumar INTRODUCTION
JACKET DESIGN DEVELOPMENT MANAGER Sophia MTT ASSISTANT PICTURE RESEARCHER Nimesh Agrawal N
PRODUCTION EDITOR Gillian Reid SENIOR MANAGING EDITOR Rohan Sinha
SENIOR PRODUCTION CONTROLLER MANAGING ART EDITOR Sudakshina Basu WHAT IS THE UNIVERSE? 20
Meskerem Berhane
PICTURE RESEARCH MANAGER Taiyaba Khatoon
ASSOCIATE PUBLISHING DIRECTOR Liz Wheeler THE SCALE OF THE UNIVERSE 22
PRE-PRODUCTION MANAGER Balwant Singh
PUBLISHING DIRECTOR Jonathan Metcalf PRODUCTION MANAGER Pankaj Sharma E CELESTIAL OBJECTS 24
ART DIRECTOR Karen Self
MATTER 28
PREVIOUS EDITIONS
RADIATION 34
SENIOR EDITOR Peter Frances
PROJECT EDITORS Georgina Garner, Rob Houston, Gill Pitts, Martyn Page, T GRAVITY, MOTION, AND ORBITS 38
David Summers, Miezan van Zyl
SPACE AND TIME 40
EDITORS Joanna Chisholm, Ben Hoare, Giles Sparrow
PROOF READERS Steve Setford, Jane Simmonds, Nikky Twyman EXPANDING SPACE 44
INDEXERS Hilary Bird, Jane Parker
SENIOR ART EDITORS Mabel Chan, Spencer Holbrook, Peter Laws N
PROJECT ART EDITORS Dave Ball, Sunita Gahir, Alison Gardner, Mark Lloyd, Duncan Turner THE BEGINNING AND
DESIGNERS Kenny Grant, Jerry Udall END OF THE UNIVERSE 46
DESIGN ASSISTANT Marilou Prokopiou
THE BIG BANG 48
PICTURE RESEARCHER Louise Thomas
ILLUSTRATORS Anbits, Combustion Design and Advertising, Fanatic Design, JP Map O OUT OF THE DARKNESS 54
Graphics, Moonrunner Design, Pikaia Imaging, Planetary Visions, Precision Illustration
PRODUCTION CONTROLLERS Heather Hughes, Mary Slater LIFE IN THE UNIVERSE 56
PRODUCTION EDITORS John Goldsmid, Adam Stoneham THE FATE OF THE UNIVERSE 58
MANAGING EDITOR Camilla Hallinan
MANAGING ART EDITOR Michelle Baxter
PUBLISHER Sarah Larter C THE VIEW FROM EARTH 60
ART DIRECTORS Philip Ormerod, Bryn Walls
THE CELESTIAL SPHERE 62
ASSOCIATE PUBLISHING DIRECTOR Liz Wheeler
PUBLISHING DIRECTOR Jonathan Metcalf CELESTIAL CYCLES 64
CONSULTANT FORN RaEtiVoInSEaDl A EiDrI TaInOdN SApnadcere Mw uKse. uJomh,n Sstmonit,h Csoennitaenr Ifnosrt iEtuartitohn a, nUdS PAla.netary Studies, PLANETARY MOTION 68
STAR MOTION AND PATTERNS 70
WARNING
Looking at the Sun with the naked eye, binoculars, or a telescope can cause eye damage.
LIGHTS IN THE SKY 74
Advice on safe viewing of the Sun is provided on page 85 of this book (see Solar Telescopes).
The authors and publishers cannot accept any liability to readers failing to follow this advice.
NAKED-EYE ASTRONOMY 76
This American Edition, 2020
First American Edition, 2005
Published in the United States by DK Publishing
1450 Broadway, Suite 801, New York, NY 10018
Copyright © 2005, 2012, 2020 Dorling Kindersley Limited
DK, a Division of Penguin Random House LLC
20 21 22 23 24 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3
001–316672–Sep/2020
All rights reserved.
Without limiting the rights under the copyright reserved above, no part of this publication
may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any
form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise),
without the prior written permission of the copyright owner.
Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited.
A catalog record for this book
is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-1-4654-9995-0
DK books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk
for sales promotions, premiums, fund-raising, or educational use.
For details, contact: DK Publishing Special Markets,
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Printed in China
For the curious
www.dk.com
Jacket Mars; Endpapers the Orion Nebula; Half-title page the Helix Nebula;
Title page Jupiter’s moon Europa; Contents page the Carina Nebula
Established in 1846, the Smithsonian is the world’s largest museum and research
complex, dedicated to public education, national service, and scholarship in the
arts, sciences, and history. It includes 19 museums and galleries and the National
Zoological Park. The total number of artifacts, works of art, and specimens in the
Smithsonian’s collection is estimated at 155 million.
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BINOCULAR ASTRONOMY 80 THE MILKY WAY 224 MONTHLY SKY GUIDE 426
TELESCOPE ASTRONOMY 82 THE MILKY WAY 226 USING THE SKY GUIDES 428
SETTING UP A TELESCOPE 86 STARS 232 JANUARY 430
ASTROPHOTOGRAPHY 88 THE LIFE CYCLES FEBRUARY 436
ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORIES 90 OF STARS 234 MARCH 442
OBSERVING FROM SPACE 94 STAR FORMATION 238 APRIL 448
MAIN-SEQUENCE MAY 454
GUIDE TO THE STARS 250 JUNE 460
OLD STARS 254 JULY 466
UNIVERSE
STELLAR END POINTS 266 AUGUST 472
MULTIPLE STARS 274 SEPTEMBER 478
THE SOLAR SYSTEM 98
VARIABLE STARS 282 OCTOBER 484
THE HISTORY OF THE
STAR CLUSTERS 288 NOVEMBER 490
SOLAR SYSTEM 100
EXTRASOLAR PLANETS 296 DECEMBER 496
THE FAMILY OF THE SUN 102
THE SUN 104
BEYOND THE MIKY WAY 300 GLOSSARY 502
MERCURY 110
TYPES OF GALAXY 302
VENUS 116 INDEX 510
GALAXY EVOLUTION 306
EARTH 126
ACTIVE GALAXIES 320 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 526
THE MOON 136
GALAXY CLUSTERS 326
MARS 150
GALAXY SUPERCLUSTERS 336
ASTEROIDS 170
JUPITER 178
SATURN 188 THE NIGHT
URANUS 200 SKY
NEPTUNE 204
PLUTO AND ITS MOONS 208 THE CONSTELLATIONS 344
THE KUIPER BELT AND THE HISTORY
THE OORT CLOUD 210 OF CONSTELLATIONS 346
COMETS 214 MAPPING THE SKY 348
METEORS AND METEORITES 220 Guide to the Constellations 354
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6 ABOUT THIS BOOK
ABOUT THIS BOOK
GUIDE TO THE UNIVERSE
This part of the book focuses on specific regions
of space, starting from the Sun and then moving
Universe is divided into three main sections. The
outward to progressively more distant reaches
introduction is an overview of the basic concepts of of the universe. It is divided into three sections,
astronomy. guide to the universe looks, in turn, at covering the solar system, the Milky Way, and features beyond the
Milky Way. In each section, introductory pages describe features in a
the solar system, the Milky Way (our home galaxy), and
general way and explain the processes behind their formation. These
the regions of space that lie beyond. Finally, the night pages are often followed by detailed profiles of actual features (such as
sky is a guide to the sky for the amateur skywatcher. individual stars), usually arranged in order of their distance from Earth.
150 MARS MARS 151
INTRODUCTION MARS MARS PROFILE
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1spyoEslOVatenOr m LrJseU udgnTeieoIvO ne3hN l0oo ,fpO 1MeF9d oa9A or9 csvS,. eTar Ow stRhtooeMr mn So Yrmt Sh TEafMo2ohrbrieg aiAptechn cl leggsoaenimuarlw-nraetbnfoiu aruta)noa,c.Ir c wtletniMhusro ecnoerw (b sc stg3- sda–1MbwtASDVNOist,uaho nhcuh6u4rUOVi1rIBr,cUlchiedAaebeor0s1h9gEApRLsSM3eironrrsMonet.cUaR 5h FEsn06f eAi e.i °hBnstaAlAºthMna wRtEac f nFeidMs o0asa mCETaaClGscTVrstiapc deEsasudt assR(aEmkts tEEool,eAt Euitnu ivo coeopa0s l Nio( mR)t sfTa rlOaai sTEd wazrDnua tisamrt— xcrMp I7po.p p ornEAFr OihtiIr deatrit6rfauh7ph4giblSn Mo dehRse(sNppeMoetia avoneyºrn,ieola T e oTs 12tcaFsoDhoenmwPsv acnme AweOph leurd H f1e x espslE p,((ry )tNediprOtOrc–ai3en9 pd r elR0oaihdm=.sheehapnCrat N l1g5se alA s s rmh T0sgo btecos1Eaaert2ige.thl SeeT rph csd rt3e) y itfi5e(o0nnsawUs ra hFpbefrWolere h2en au % iS eºe eRa m2rRr 0es al 2Ccfne rioelnsnuyeaiOclbn-uE.v m il7,sntp) a 1 atio mkc t3bMi(i nototln.uegnos(—56tokmdsw9rt roeeaPci n n ew)oe, r o divre gEoen7Tuc2ptvimba indsdtnEfeyhtmseH8umien5s ni t. toeutf rrsxeip e s0i nºE fetlahl iHTddeetttfpCllo eeuiyr rc tocAietlhho vn ev Sk sooa)eseohridnramh xase6mprhh ,hrU Eneos.inesdo x nt re.sieou-gutoieaN p Ir) dy ifraeoxTrEnktotd i r 8mvdnMe e i ihsemv–rshts2iodpinoire hreesv.eg1xfu2 , doae) )gmr ee y,nasco.inH c.na x RaMahe°s r0emletiraf oryd ltrlritl ra.haFrniaed,tsoinglthi tmnsrentg bitpmair seshau rusnndati EtEi.eie,r arnwai n g dh uiesnssIdt scgsei, rbtl rth hd w nea yddocrs s( ua i,hR t a, gwsat geg a teioretearl wahs bcatt anieess,ufie roeio nc s gea nn(eprhtsvo2spdr2ROMGS6 t mn. eic48mOIoRRf(h7stAZlg0 SLiTcdaiao.7r rhTBA%(onso6ESeooa.m1ur pAhtA VI 4en 3rEe.SerTopcaChnT va6)It% N roalr A TktIOh be oaa(s%yawarOxu sYELiwoDoMtsh,)lniwsN gtAro h du Pu)Ao eNetg dPw uR rDceirEtdT PwhdAs ieTtnA ,Ryad aal4eUEn h0 EERHwgoankItySpoRrtrne.QOAINha dv es6SeIew=aAushrhUDROeSta E O en.ssr’ahes1mA T snsDdim,(S N T ) xce sr THTLet u ACTMdootfciMses iua aErOr lr0pnhhift haiiTOe oraNllkboR onh.ailctpoioaeo1nnsMcenapGRMeox gefrotur( m1 ein fnsip uET estd r( twerdO avs1shP t ,AdrHl dhs igdndeiboR ht iSs eRtO n osnrkeIaOha,iaghtbe sulTe gPem)fmSg dhsarFaafwee ycGH an. eHt seow Ina hnaso st)Y eetgTiMtaps =smhctaEmtt lnEara t-t lI a hee nl AR1hn coOactaietsotlnai td)nGddeaRh.arrhmIoentr NshrMdnomC ai tr)lied 0vpcn adlis u pste Aeaei av .o shyseuetsa3fswttdanR yrl taei dn.E8coslogahrp pS canr s es tNwmrom(ebo .tw oscsatsc sn o yerbieu eTo.nR.oirenls am amihuaalTcfrtd Oe nco tienanhrfaslhe rl tard sdwe gb irSisba. smc ei s o nt ee and rg eT O THE SOLAR SYSTEMSTAR 239
remote regions on the margins FORMATION
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lnteMiaa–hneiATli-lonhedelcc11iatg iba bleirohtarse r, ylh0tA y no ho°oeta Tneioan a Sai eh-nC–stdTp nusnl thnnd1niiaaegPaXto—eqas)ttT8cIi d odts r nng d-ceruNAEaemnsl( s btty haae aio eqidRaeeiCotot cba-ypncrw mu,cncmG fslkei itEaatTe osaladoto inpdolyraee sHirn nnt pea,omrkis rlai dte dteA ocdrnstisasThncesthslc,s dN ineu otinpaietcatanid.dHsrruutapnl ynnorteus.A lgo radeo tiatn psetWtihirN no Eiptss qr otoctoetfooi )aTu hnltl c.avdtefydt hraeeIlo Anhet ,eu MEpertiin tercn p,kthchari ph lpsaeA tataarABepnteaheh,tandrtvhT aiicnet e serigct eeXtiTrsutRaits cllh t pi ia ee-lEB eecinluteibatcenscahlR xaeinLselorwsn ttraientiueris si yviY-toswttget ctoX,,e yog ren hr lpnaie r-e eands s nhrs v,o eUe do—e . t oNn11110 00 taIf91 e–Vm81Km5 Es((t6h1eo.2oRcs8fXdp(a0oep panerp,m-nca0SbottacI odrpcii0nodiCUrnpatlnsotal isu0EEytiLiatcdodXrncooheRc T rltlmneve-it cntieNRsbcpise cscs oa Ai’ltoue sdrla e lrrefpeta -nsrieiyestLilHesrnnsnomlpqiea oticns/ )oIdaginauotr1droeacGgrsgnne ARpf aia ut necfm,t Heinimd t rtrc hoane°ac khttta-a eoeHinFerair hEateeenndlceg sta/itletnNsorri 1ltreeithhoygd b hetidf c i qEcyBi rayna meeopdra(oi loRu rp f nnea aac crnikenmraceGihgEt trl oegmdrplitChtxsYoeoipvk baioreu .n ocit B lp)o,rihtipnPt o elnlCyrtdllsehalq oyiRnao saem odtwsil nensrOaEurdssetp oir-ii)tmlon i erTpgtaelcR,emiofihf rOon dcr o t ieaoinhk11QAibdknnabsttNltN tennrPartpcooaaebFe0theh erto asnstUysehcot ttposRo°anoff npe n seCc –,eroeyeste n C t eoiuA C1prtitogl EaeeacueyOaharm 2nsec ci ti itl)spcaw tn oqqlERtnamkcircoredr e toLlr shecehonaenoscu ueeclZpiKeLo dte aelleewgfnmn,wilends ehihaaehrI E nlra a scg n Stgteoi cunE t rr–h etaliph gagtorniartrtlokkIeyyaOos htnPiieooeelsynatetOtn srlln.nssthensnrt oii tu ps UuronOrtgdie.N, mr oMstca c uecdaeeni tgfeptoshCsaotTfspsd Cw t rlu aoitagnr s oei repvffeeotolpa uaunnwiHi o odpehAeeEnnngoyi zesrsrraterhigmv setre rsenhe.eh le ritnNrlto e iR .eanah acNe i to irtrrf tItaxtff psoni Drs wtgvteolhoorfrosn pcespege m raNub eey r esgwu 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rcdPraWtYcenorot.ayt l dfcnuspugoaWdito tryledoefyepeaels soAe sslitssotana hrdcYe -ostnsnocoir.hm ufs ideof▷r rbe c f e.tdsimert ehsnf eeFhs ea rdoohdceetaerthiotro ec sluvepi sanwt nomrivttaidtesocnaha nou sien ronetsi asss sstlt,l e THE MILKY WAY 25222 45233– 824 ––T2 T722hrglTmSAnThgcwttuc 33hei heo37Caelv reuescsbiYbFToSfhshp ohmae neeni elitbiO huyaorSTegnnnollT ateesb aiew h , itcuhtatRuttu gctsnrdssahs seettkoe unage ta Mtdslttres hrlreebg urasogiuSrsatEelsanrtslhssaii iaer eplewn ,elAftt,rtr cghleo l lceeardt eroosttdeb o sosTscuttih ltri gNtlcflnca,s. rbn esreLchlsIanco at ctieyldOge dij s Asdgieraadke lraoscrut u gobetr Nbhdicm cn snclroea bsL—mlen usneu gtdt fe wtetlgwsdt tsels Io le ealtnshaeabidshaaNa celalr aoriti r,iaucliArrtsiunoural tenoks efnoi igsvl aAc iglhmvo r noosgrsus 2nglloo shafeiasnCtsoesatfslse8 a n g Ra g m oiettac8pTtsoa htrmo ttaasfa-–pahsh ryn Irifsr fruayrmen O2 s,ytye tyc-scom tein8M eufdeepw hNeoe .eateso9og dbimohenltp.nr aetoMhrsel Nml i uomos 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THE NIGHT SKY
△ THE BEGINNING AND detailed
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Ean) REeINTRODUCTION 6o3n EThksBhbanehaoesNaoc evwnhDttew ghio u ot eOnownihnn riFew avi di g dsetTuaei e rHnmyntsstha icEaeiivettgri ee ilU ihbi sBrdsatNse i nteginsehInd VonocB t wadEhlauaon.eRmg,no hSageBketsE.sv i tg etTwoao nh t eti sll (smsfctiiansnlohtuekchlocuthoremcyaro oo snrete pt mnhtrgt rawsodhcadec,ua sit hrh oarniegilptyin ydndguciam d o ehsroiopt dntt)o ofcn rae sen(iho te s stlthtotcaf hshhlria reofoelaef , te in tmsnithrdsmhr ts oisi eaoetoogtTashpomt iwk tnfhnaanoopnhl yintealoiawslsl.ihitn siareldsg )tI lhs-i ngpd i ohtn sbiott eal desfthhgaiysyn rt scsit aeset -tv a t.hs d iiir.gcsnod ei Touvo nenutihin hddtitiesTEilmdchgsheeloetaaelH ocuehd e nefctaEarssatilh trenkt trlbois iCora nlsce knepay rOtto md ht,tyif t mneNho ooo .wgsd utoaSentIu o npew Tis tigsdstdl t8Erli h, e cataL oa8hla t opLnatri ntoohAoa rsdnrhdpf sn Ttaee tfc pt.i. eehIosnn hgpa.OATae cn3tarigietmNr oe4nurosimhrtebtf 8Sreeeo,sineeooed– lsxc retss▷r tt3 tsw se i 4ito so 9n . 368THE NIGHT SKY THHAGshtenrEEaeTObibaMrATnowciAtScr dAnr sheerrrHA oosnprqofs iimD1hnokhCg egnlemnNEtnnurr1y tm ridsahg olec Tcht Dus0ssvOaAs.rt taodphre tt Oimot, rheRdoBsreeNc nireadeeuNwe s eOk eeeserllnmTra(D rm t llsβtnedlM ho lir oOaanoShoeetnReaitedie)u ttshywfElsln,E ntbOiiapTleg d mes. t atooDeaoPs br 2hMkht r aCMtEMr nntaAfnnhe eyi eihbiuCtdeotpEesc..eLg3o e3e—le ae nDeaADTlsah1o L 2 a dLsi brnp nelAe df nstild.ho o ew irmx uspAtrestQ icgIne enet Ghnta hasslaoeoTh s ope dec,rgeAtrug sfne hnfneih ie Ib eih ettLcorMce nOsibea ss rnissAaarhfAAMSBGAHF9Ootseitttgay t i go U3strs0Ie REBI’fgXwNnlcin assZdGzo epiho cL m°1NIBilriuEdt ntYutGaLH N—nhi lsttd,ao hoIhR YhS tcraaCpHTe a RoE oea Acbheo–E(e 4hrIn StgATpVserγrVlVhefwm3 at ienA ETa aItNee)ls e EsIhoa r7S d .S pA s(tetd m –IKerp i°Iisβzl NT lsThen BdgIhtNSpi(ira r iNI)a αerh(rSLtOaei S ohuαeoahGEm2hl TsooNeK l) vaplA.rb )gi ,a Ytp1 1. sff eadRA2he o h 9 rAmtS.(ttjni1ezTrit αahhabdn,e i 1c,eeenw )r0cer gePna. sMsts . TSWtaiictofhSOpiwApsAgoionfesatltlmgfsmeoosnrihhhtapsHtNolaPiop fofnae oalnlo h iwvhbaou f eereinlaEska.nlnrOasr Eitrmaaeorgedn3dos ibkscs s fhe soa s xntWcBnEbect iua Ca1ser g iomtifu dlb e tohslsytoaoln keLua,p’sag2uaabhgi Blues pclIlvU elm mfnrasgbtnil ehheam –eFeelesilAst eleenteungEaett s yop e v ,hp3 hIv inLedclcA at tm 2aniuaaaweocw laCNito1 iheLd .thddva, erom .uohati sna r W nG35t o i-rhfiease;wrn5 atMuanfs enesidsn e nrFa)i C elodsicbke o tsolg n.,mGt et iet”h s— o.aeoE4ead nnei3hugP t 7hleasgsctsIhtsele lr gaitA 61hite eo vyoiecsi wositl sn ahliAhoM6ts . g tletthor aTto t on ui he T 2a,suno raia xooilepnkn tdtrtarUptsa3osw g nahry rhnhhe msssulC uch1repneto m ,el aRaec eCssid.p(i,ae tlw ln,erte sai Dsh e ttsir tudfgeE.tpwslea h kh aa3 naerloT e h mdeiStr0yarih hr s z sttnh˚t g at i -—eh e hgalaemytr eklhe eeeoa4sis ee r astxtf0sid a ary˚t dinsr .t, ’eem ssiy rs“aie vtr 5hek 0edPe˚ dEN RGSCasataso2 66Ehmt8nnl.fas5093 rUddoraao1 G i lnat5oSutMlγa n ao 8fgsi1com s d h1Aoc crAa Te1 oammoa llaansm0mR nNn smfapg,sita GIca almraeaAi(ayeccCannrγ τlh nsha Negl)its7t lot e eii25tlArdG(an eren2hastn iglnnete fUbeυteωgf edl slice aa uLcscrtops5stloouheUcaa .1lmd p2lxoerotcM o 7ei rpβooeelts.ξu7ieodPfs.mg . )b, a Ih,mI sMltpeSeiet ,sMa.ac eC φ 3Tnktgoa ihE2rnin nhoarηd oiSsoνec μntoiwhu us1,u tdζhgnasbε ehn M lπ e d1 M 1δM03A32l1pTsfbnokoiadup hineffMHAAraaoThGpdkwaDThofhsθnel rroehofestnmolAoloiY9tfoe encnhNo oreroihl AhdcmdEwMsawglmataTm hc tdeσnacikrinehFeeod ithGnsoHSgcle ldun zfrsnmRe d ok eelsPpαaGytoEargrSoroe mml mC eo .peo,deL tca o aaamit nangmOtremd iHatnrnrnoisirsaIsev faevh ,nAlNsen ii th 7reg s e neti0eA,feotdeenIte hNgs aiurdhid6nhsyrahDkastebtCr ects noc nADi r tea6a’rhi eIψsdo sAustestai foSttdetsr de Nhi o no2 topoeu sn ildtwsT PwsB p a Nracht te S,D lrecrRrltpRcdch oo vyaaGha,eEeRr aelwaal TRiiEamaoDemeu eousnt.m iQndusrsrGSnEnOshnO r a n hκe.bhae se1r mgRoeSaci o ePRtegeMttua7d AtotιisSbenebiλehcnhNnSa Odctsc eIeaeekrdhkErbes edMl SrasheGnarla.eraEed-C i Dt Myl eoi cas n N r Co eUnfsnmiS fseemAt8 dmeiatgoadadba rwcosnUn edeu7EndsG.nSeu yeiuCy tiea6 todlenspuveudHrbDndetfsd ni6,EbCr n u ahtaiods7 ssayba2tt3tdfdteAwusecoafs iloloyehhpll dsenfrlt uys,o le7fn i,il. oeu2ePat tat foeioe taaph5aypehin3efr’enohlοssldls pgirna eh 2ryr e c s s gpei or eiyseta tode nnnw iltoi,i d iuuo yg nans a sn rg i.eg t s h h L ACERTA LLsblobdna( TTiAotcGNSTmgGMt( aittsiocToctinsstshehhhesTsT oooyaekuPfonffa areerthnhlalera H e Hrriernltt3 caennmirrer e eeEtlsl5aooelo iidiwaJmT TToEEesorilehia ies3 ssssAt eoxceao.tn unuzCg a rc p p htxtprneb2et eLhikThhbio hbedeesy noegtggngln.iaeedyIpeso ejRnmIlesiaee3s eellmeZae euthg hsinpadss F ., lle ntIm pz ra tenlA2raa3, ltsrc(nAao-l ce igamlrdswehftI arc hepsvuattooRb5naMtb1oepoAaNldtoC oee sii.roesdlelie moDwax o)ohin.io2oueimedua r eGrn fMs nnsno,nra T noh3 npsas nn–om rlu nnLafsF ow,o dap rtsleelblpo3ur faoi sEa3s l ctH chi3dt otE usa urad catia. avs etan elrtoesh1ntoag3oat3 lka ort ltluophuaArtrtsileth ldlanlcdnr3imttoan1sh wlm nhym ne1malrecvrh a uTlha olLaag)Gttt1 seehrcio 7Aoao h7eete,eaneerrttena efustoioi r)axUwt-aolhetikusl oaeas,r ol rdp.lign hnnelhc aowitsylffllsannunke,iugafzanIohah lr Roan s ea -e s naLSBGAHF9SA NSBGAHF9B naocd ssb hcnez macx bTcsM tlrmio rU sUla0I0 sItREBI rIREBea , ltlerkrocisZodEaZ o GomGet. d epyLlkie°(LoN°ecNIm IBhGtrgBpdn EiapEtoiiaB GwvoGroLHHLs,NyNtha poInfna e Is3oSI aaiRky RY tcYiz egeeHTmw HTREiEd. Rht adaeo gnons rr–E ,–aEer nLsg tts3tIekInSmhnaS6( A TVtAT emVet mnoVIVV Vym uβ 3nthe5gf.sarst(cTheETtEgrIg NoIa N stC Eceon IEaeα Ib3S2 Saq ) hsguS TtSebAaaAnrLaioe .ep IttIKu S eK li°se IennM°iIleaN tiNT)itTTT3iTey eepueBupBonipI ylInc SI.r iSnnga uersi cr NIlN.sI cr3 .a er3SsLttSLl uOS0t–OcaShlii peavltgf ct– dh ve.hsaGsEuiGdEhtto T3 aTu KsN 8KhNDoa8nilizere i eO eesiAniAn o sii-fYtnl Yedn e1s f6r o 7 ms.ee4omefzccynRraLR.adgTt c f lut f8 f 8 A geAc . eaT atar wenoi isur)it uot T tisTao enoes u rictisreldo hp iglh nn1bhe gemn1mtf ad l 0a 0eeeh i d eete trb .Ps re P s st e . . M, rtM r. .. tvactdwBoh aaiLecr alrlebl tiAeasaL cedessb tTTmita sheln Bhal hcRyBe oacor i LtI olk spooALfuhtsue oedittbN Legg mascewuLhsjaG arsupaee ja,lca U ne gac lctth riejethxLth odaessia eUoeigr o t bse o stMhbtfp sjs1e h gbfelhj toa n 4eohewaicAgnfvcredt pt NieaheEi tnge ttstsiDnt-gh ha as ooMm fr o sr PMferai ta roatihle hTasc soAtrr “mgec .stysi oRnaebin,atBpv anSksdapliieea.regtm at-s2uz ssucso ont altdaesacuhnrufiu ermne as,tclq s .gnto”i tel k uaeht lee ai se .rsos a er 203˚0˚40T˚HE LIZ30A˚ARDNP35hDE0˚RRS0ORhEMUESMTsifTnaDhh c3oRetAe3hw I-c γeδo5A l uonL6Npu o4t dcoiLGsna 12 t Alo hCU53GβfeCCh 9rL pPDA1oEE1iα21UuT na5E0NihRAp6krmHGMti.ThDRs aαIh.EAAtgIR 4N7 eβEig 2S2sGsOCa 4S Up1Cso3MTMCrO feiSH 3BnEts32NEE hLetP2i hTnDsSheHtPR seA TIapIEdASriE rNmUaaCLlGslmS E CLgLooaESfYAs ltMaT Gx3yIN3O UNSS THE NIGHT SKY369
looking at the sky with the naked eye, telescopes, and binoculars.
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62 THE VIEW FROM EARTH THE CELESTIAL SPHERE 63
THE CELESTIAL SPHERE IMAGINARY GLOBE DAILY SKY MOVEMENTS
The celestial sphere is purely
imaginary, with a specific As the Earth spins, all celestial objects move across the sky, although the movements of
shape but no precise size. the stars and planets become visible only at night. For an observer in midlatitudes, stars
FOR CENTURIES, humans have known Astronomers use exactly in polar regions of the celestial sphere describe a dai6ly8 circle arToHunEd V tIhEeW n oFrRthO oMr sEoAutRhT H 69
Celestial cycles 64–67 that stars lie at different distances from ditesf sinuerfda pceo iansts r eafnedr ecnucrveess f oorn celestial pole. The Sun, Moon, planets, and the remaining stars rise along the eastern
Mapping Ethaert hsk’sy o 3rb4i8t– 312563 Ethaer tpho. sHitoiownesv oefr , swtahrse nin rtehceo r ding npaNboooorlretvth hel i cePEesoal eldretsihrte’isac lt ly cseplheesrteial dtohetehs ecprro icbseiintliegos notsira dol efo tbsetjreamcrstis na.i nngd tHhhoeerm iszoiosupnth,h es (wrfeoe)r—e po tbihnsee ralvnoew raser cri n ta hctehro eos sbN steohrrevt hesrke’sry n, laa Htnitdeu mdseeits, ptinhh eet rhsete)e eowpre etsrot . t Ththehe i tsin lmto. rPSothttai or(sSn Loh huavathse A eafr inxtie ltdN t o ETARY MOTION ABecLauIsGe alNl thMe plEaneNts oTrbSit t hIeN Su n TroHughEly inS thKe sYame plane
Using the sky guides 428–429 sky, it is convenient to Earth’s positions on the sphere, so the pattern (see pp.102–103), they never stray from the band in the sky called
pasp rshepteherneerd ea ltsthoha atht etshlupersyr oaasurtenro dansl lo Emstauretcrhks . uTtonh deteh rieds teianan sdoid fhe t ohowifs asxpiisn of vernal or ssaotppaphprpeestora oaers r ’iEsteto ea sf rmiudtxhrierof’seadv cc estetp oii oni antn nht dhe e oppal.rfw6 et6cahi)yes. siTi orm hnme oo ovpnevlc eaoemnn eee tvtnshe, treS yr uec nspei,led eaaesnttrsied awa lMl sidtphoah yoeg nr(re see,a et zseunnisthe tat 6:00 P.M. 64–67 N CBEFwcaeraikQtnholenieoUmomd scblA-tee uieetaT lhy daolOs eerucfe R yraateeicIhssnqnAltteegurr Loo fs aco onnNternooo lIemmserG,o s yynaHmt i ilgT78ame60hl ––oots78.sfp 71t Tht htheheere e TcthlHoeEs eS Pru LtnAo N tEhEeaTyrSt h aIp Ntph TeaaHnrE at orSeO wtLhaAenR ds teSarYr Ssa,Tc srEooM sas s a trhtehe em ystu aocrrrhby i t ttrnhoooe u b gdzeheo elidynpi aitsnchi g e(ans esilafieinm cpeae..n 6 Scp5uea)c,r. htbI t uo etifvs cetnhanonets t , sb ukceyna la cla eostd pmt ehpmcelta oanscnaeum tflaoaerrr y ts siicmegovheent,r j. oauAlfn tnoceoftn itt ohhaneresrr ,a ptnalyragpene eedo t fs
their location on Earth, the time of night, sepqruiningo x so the period of repetition differs UsingS tsuhmen ’ssak lgly l pogauwridt oeobsf s t4ch2ue8r –es2sp9 hoenrlye .a background. This sky motion is influenced by of alignment, called a transit, occurs
and the time of year affect what they see (first point from that of the stars. Earth’s own solar orbit, which changes the point when an inferior planet comes directly
in the night sky. of Aries) 64 CStIaRrCsTU iHnM tPEhOe LVpAoIRlEa SrW TreA gRFioSRnsO M EMAIDRNTIGHHT oarfo vuinewd oonaforffbot semcEtrg uhslroaueewnsrs tsecthta er -slbeostuianl ds pohbesreer vmerosr. eT hraep ipdllayn ethtsa ncl otShsueen s intm mtioods ruEem maderritshta mnto ve btyheeeatw rSs euaenpn’as r Edt,a isroktch. c Aua nrpsd aa itbrh ooeu f StV uoennn,uc pes a tasrs aicnnegsni ttasuc, rreyoi gsCosh rEt sLoE, STIAL CYCLES 65
THE SKY AS A SPHERE of the celestial sphere zenith at planets; thpriesd aiwsn pgloawr tly due to perspective and partly because the closer while Mercury transits happen about 12 times
describe pCerfect pEart- LEmidnigSht TIAL CYCa pLlaneEt isoSb stcour etsh stear sSun, the faster is its orbital speed. direction of first point of Libra, or point of tahe c Neonrtthuerryn. In earlier times, tThHeEs eZ OtDraIAnCsits allowed
INTRODUCTION EAshoorToaOFEpiepTmispiaartadP(seigaohansmshpetioooaaaonsrnnnqlBvlioobrnao t thnh reoearrclroohett sclvddddee uStttslr aheiFeaana 6 m ihsb veahseeeiarkvE i gfsadoctt r’t 0dezuhsiesasglipeno rr Rieeeatcee,tiio x,boa omteotevnf°o F— anserrVlsr wt eah j.yeesyraone seS.u echtoanlnu aEr. lslTelha e ated neT od.ec erog oofdRtTaab )sdteEtxasorocaTi ch dtsnncl.t hhtbwt i ,p hr svabr eanlAit ei bactT aeo o e ysaehetoiwtahuentitsesTolnp inslphyaneC rsnnshhe tcso shyltre, eddeve le ov iray Eop eh ms bt ee tsae tfsErcscehvie blQteoi hhelroascophieeet etlr ineaiii e lioeraiUa ohTcqosnnesaoe etnsh eraetEonss r turksrntgiiroAlvi leuell ibi ,p o tise et n t ezmooo saaeayauETqtehistraafivohwasbShr srnstnrlhxla o nupsOe at et npn eeteiatlt’thaes oieah nE lsvsoeyao.Rinhsrcehh rsr l r E t it ear mfceve ht ttq e t nsoahrgdsirr’eero l eohosbhlshaiuEce ) eoreqre aEl (e,ep,o Ol,tofpa raose t he rtrsa cEasENuto ttphirhtat,ncswt ilfla so oblo teonihhneaaftf r aaanhsahte’ltr io eqsesrwfa ttrnilu,hhr,ritognF rii et dehowloa.tierutsg t timaeaisft hprhhOFhisTt t tehn’erhhcn suarhhv s eouoohohoah Bn ad i.-hs ssagetiea, rulia dletc nrpei pbnk of qS eIt el L t l cate aohef whtc shosasohywEgwrul hbnos eki tec fit rRai el thssaa ,ltrhv coAdusey c atrseyVe nrhrrt hapaoa.e es sosa tacboctuerr EhtnseshhsTebvh t,cnStreirelunane , RrvTuun ei eeea esea cllat aardcoi nerb k hooe rtEtslg urdvAletnsp Smesf’bsh eccswr usrisofelnsee suhloe ebT c atIvuabeippti aee dcopireostsiotlherirqlea oanrrdctlhi oTslyc e vtNehre p oh otleur fp irlfteutn w,e, e eliastt hcfa tvs s reiha O xaasceriemE a onE tti orctep eroe attvzno iihUitRvn smlahdah o hso rd fndhnaeeesturcloTo s triie n o et p c rr oboercpolueHih ttrnri. staly thgnhseqyvanh’na sl kiDos lche ceiel , nPuho edech eros tyeehe ea’.t rpOh eidcsann thenbqtl toea Fe olLolese atEul bef llerE rfoersani fi— sn.cutn sot artd oiotl ai taf irkaa o fnlulo lt . b ihtsOFtvaosnnIgshphsoiontenpBsohe ehrmehdi t hS erbbt tccheefErhv,Elcee ase e raeiRpeoatelrsc,elrer afeVner tlat scouhres tE,s f tt bhe’ pistisoscRofansaeital ot raeirelibt Artne oat rrtlssoistTv ta dol mptoiea es satih M ttpervr a vnih,enl vo ilhiIeeraee enDeeeas ewav rwp Lrpcbeisr a Ashrtrefhla ri o Tanavt datesr Itiigl aoonTswisr asyftiU emd b a. ua Dlly leadaehswE,tt e i iaodstsy,uof e sEEsdmst pa heaiKronetr eEhto t’ YhsthtfiSm e i’msum6ro ns0tesvsvssvpooh’ies.otititoi .obbo°sss ,aaanm sssrNiiirrrbbbiieezssstellloirr eee oantvvn inleeem w Errvo’eaencsafsye ror2 ts lrhe t4hs t6 ialSSS pole ENSaorrtTthh’As spEP TITTfATsBCfiioimvCitrtftoWWWoaEEEoislstoohhheRhuCEEhhrlHriElffles teretseuegor rrahMMeioae mp hNAsil-ttm’wbnmmwniist c i meu we cBIICFT ogofagcaas2tyS2SSenrw3geAaoiK i 8banllniTHE MILKY WAYicdolerOhb SS eonosscdknhUusu tdEBeke9sisetsubaIIa otegb lltat Ra25222 OOiSgrRRmhno45233d ius– 824lTp oiv ––T2 roa A T722ht ur wuSAnThgcwtrglTmtucS ulb 33he4Ai hRneNNo37tCaUvelv reueltPFToSiYbcsbspfl shhp ohrmae neenoi neelitbi O huyaorseSTegnnneoll T ateessbak aiFewM h ,e ritcuhtatRutfNtu gctsnredssahs seeottkoe unaeg te sotaOool MtdslttrYes hrplreebg Turaso giuSrsa tEelsanrtslhssao. brii iaer eple wdn ,SelAftt,Rrtr c ghleov l lceearedte eroostt dheb o sosTscuttilh ltreil gNtNN4lcflnbcMda,s. rbn esreLschlsIanco at ctiea emyldOge dAij s Ahsdg’ieryaapdkne l uroasctrut u gobteHrl NbhdAicm cn sngclroea ebas L—mlens usnebuSi gtdNNNt fe wtetlgTwrsdt Ibtsel s eIo le ealwtnhsaieaboidshaaNae eceEElalra aoriIti roo,ialucliAr.rtsliu nobur al tOenoks efinoi igsvl aRAc iglhmvoN r neoonsglrs us 2ngllooe shafeiasu nCtNsoheastfslse8n a n og e Ra g m oiietBBtac8pTtsssoa htrmo mtotaafsfa-o–pahGsh ryn IrifoBsr fruyauyrmen O2 s,ytye tyc-scosm ctnesin8M eufdeepw hNeoe .teattes o 9bog d bimolhe nltpo.nr aetoMhrsel Nml ilUU uomos dt nglG srneairI1 wsbdulsr l m u wL uF.ad seoMAochcaMArswocMAoataafogloenrwiyougntrabso.ncae s c eo- o hi eu o stadhtgcnoUeiwe itResnih mt rhsneankae cgavrelki ug r9rhribenbtpnnLLtcOolrro setreiv tnrauealhetttIkeasseenorouorOamhugoeil 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hou.dl rteRe ri nrlun nmetuOtrscnh snSyaisrfolifHe. iM ghlu ha stttgy o nmol llvashy rjrceh teeruaanUa et5loh isSa Tvoimekoonu al yrm a nctndse tl lsu a,e leeaYesww ,snrs t sictamet e cueteueiett r ness cistsMratrtncnEahapa taoeiteeo h’s etchahrAori auwnh)eo sarmrgIvet slh ehnssfueeetn sbiec rrr laifc reAAompk( em lle ftNa ae mt ie aoet nnaanrtcytens.ODirran abtasoalh aa ranooty rtpon s,meul l i ovheectolptoOc od B yeeoceeitwiasemtsic Raslntgtvottgn uv,ibeo oveLnwL puocCr eb2 Otth lonesniuodc.AorEthrrfahepioe hcsorr at uc) le4nneoeeon eScs afitcklseameNsftbn la rytehuin cgOrislta lrayisaystoi6seCrtntao.goerraEeas rMSAsosmaftwTpaspeiTiTHE MILKY WAYeess Upd e tIm sr sErm assHiutuoaS=cesesdur rte.snasttgpt rsi NSia knoqicsedda.lon ssnad tseeubUirwn weent o la e aaYy luiarrTohd dnnnfehcey,etum l2 byfseebvobslc mdl nata isr sltkeusofuio a gaiiSe gebn aet ltttiesfegrsglx p inlB roa xTsdgnahl eeur Tl r, araasol s N ra-ai ei bs ttremd mwloAnH rog y lapeTag eyttosnguculhmwwe eafsemoh riw 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o-lyot tr fh ist oneoeure huf daiulibU4iA teedn fNNurotenUveetleleftth rt. a yomornwesdaasisle Iasoe skEesrMg eear .ef2N ehlnylTrofesUtbseoltoo wysYlprllr e s y i nlon .betel edyiSiTy vriueea lhI T r4paa d NN4y aHpib5dsr hsdoe sseh mrisreeh es’dy wpqnb ueS otsatHlcsro ,g nem sb a Sisf s tgr nrIbh epethrw eio t ea0etEEiEn a dssooJlc.l brt ni hetn1tipdauNtfenl oeieeni u ssclthro wn, lvorediBBess si bsamrtoi fSoo eGfsoBEgifyeuhdedcLsTci8,nsdomoentst t s tbnl iitili cohr Ml UUan eoG 1webetnrnnil u ,tLe adadaetRoh inhnhs cetooo tsnaaditegllNlkuka sssun9i aeLLrOel h ugcpnreuIw,ghe sytsfah uIouvcngofeemnici uce k irhIetAA5pFsesCnpllNalae ue yooeBl tA a-c l u.teen elnnb eessNo oCennwivIAs ulgtlI0H dehtelntlb loep.aC tinror rcbtstle.eeytlD n .Ulggi lileu -v eSd l fcl ilta o no yseenut bee T eIbg aayoeeidaolhb bwnE f,td2r Debiywl aarMLe2ie- bslu bI t lfil tlb a2til raaerhlcoeopanyhi oCDMCDM75MIr,ctnahaoysr sr ia9tEnre ln9.hcor lr’pn Ceu uBgeyaotahniee uTHE MILKY WAY,,9 AAproeaietaII uoisDg .su besAtetlin269ndsAAmoSm4h SapSST4rdbog2 g,e ga TThcaup aoi l.sittug.u cra 2 4l00aAelem cGG TTdm.4veurUnthadAA0so efw iuaa4nah c,l fdhim900AAItttayhafc r NN sos4aaro agLL ,ato2u. gcertqble u ed4sl toC h mNwd NNNNcow.i ntidytOO i teoLIIttillpef urp bcheo.attnn fhnb4oIanTTii eriuTsu, n3ssscoeeCCenGGxhiggei n GpsskTenl irtUU st y ussntnAseslEEaGEo dsttmboi t e rdh hheae rer et▷oa29rt o NNDDfmhrbCer ittn het bvaabwsaeweihfehsFFtt ettbru N rC ue EE EUUEA9 -- a siCe RRrlta2weeehutr eet rt 6yyiendooe/euMM spdesl t OOeh6 a4hy0 hos dnni ceer 4tav fo5y9oesm as a.e.yMMi ff s BBreia aelehle3i4u.e iaa eat pc1.g6 da sln 5nesoiEEsei ibrrntumstfu 4oxuSSvtemlng5RRynwihssebCDM4Schaiatnuie heahe rygUU ilsrn sehE1rr pasb1nbsm nm gt cest elNNna E sshvbtdoervrt gleeD4bus-stac gn D,aaeu-ugr rt. npeote,t,e lA rrnlsa dlAIp hiai annseHca felert uy tlu °1 .Ai.yihpb asjSel fslia,s ui paigietTaeabor ewrstaotn ue ye nps0oe)itkoo GdcTa ainrrtmrm2gitIemhmIytier tActtsohhieanC aeempae9rie2hm osgt ihjd vns Noaaareea pan aan04A ni w eaaestt ndinyimr trctleNto2Taait4 oeeastfbdryidasirL u siparinl9bo tsten rr-lc .laev hd eds no nieseade aiiTod4hf ntltrgtoebieeiaaNgcrieldrhtPiesba ttOnet4 ,gnli .s oolln2ohotorIe igeyl .aaylT bj o o rl mcte tlaenT nt(oit,ocrohfT ia,shgionte hb ficeig iirgiaddaus e poh te .s Cjeaaor9omG m dei,h hgicttf o oh nt s t fessb o a rlmfeiwc oof o ialUntoadd EepgirbgoettmmraetltlT psshwahnrteio Eioa lirh nhcrlr At ’nE t awefatst p. tg rl heareaSssh htah) upgg lyiesn dvaiNh Dnrtneo cenimsSle tu ieed rloeINTRODUCTION aif ystig o fst eobtdnlceasnwsuts rinol hlseF tatotcet aemio ao intei ghiseteaiovoa EcbieBlosUoa ten mnrn. s c -rcasi fiiuot,g rgR.n sdro dfog tngaofSsgo geibdliiSulsyo S,uoplls’ka dNenb o erot y etste eicsgttlsnfMa c sn astt bt hodoe,o,iOogp b helds 1oTut lueudhederrcsnlr r,oati.hf oetaonl8mnh ess .i a4e dtsueenauasttdbunbwvuh td tee ts ui n tMlsat tyiheluaBrd,sh RToT(are lsoai. pnh i,r nlig1t laeantnancsetaiuosrtietn mhri5ho itrc ndogr d l tpafa ooed tEhhnhsiIs l codseE hnmE -ln.’Cgo eaa esoto rr in— osu ita Scrusih e ieRruxto nCs as emnmmtpb△Toetfainrr s t hsrr eeesUaope e rcno h shoooSSBNnabLfSotfiaaethatnswin Ohfmsbr L nrmuooai- iErnner exAhiyfaeI nelsolayhfxc.imeeaN a hnMswr wotlgrhnbEHs(dldcdN badiGa qdomscbeb ornn nauhtotAirtgreb uaIosrIeJuel t EuiiostaaStsTgpeRooe lourtRreT sei le. tu6htt tru(h losSss Tnair clea ataeYwseaeciec uMr nseehsgecrgA a mIe ututtaieuafdmlde tl nnagOu saiss onslelieilpomBfb FRiatvbwLc2no.Srac su noccueNb pDe omiteeriuUI r martSakdsna oUoeataolddur2ybf hmr naenm msee nBng aN acit ern mowEf–rtS h9t obeiesea 2chrroheB ptnrdobhEarw emitsmoyUra lrEiibrVS1basrs )ii ooBthLnyIu r iechrntsrn npnrmulisesisahhotE iemUe 6nteevosuksfw eyalp dehaet wle sfenthNagti,nn asLoss3ii Eonuehr eel slyesu tslyt t n nAtte en oeteo li dplh swi adee c3cppeaetpli2do e,A c Jre sewio prt, ohmi oanbnqosaiahammpaoetlrrfrbib,sb2 fg—rtohgu sgncanit to9pm aeea r ht sseiGpmud ynuCDM4Sehhh rglam c0vvd ao sa gurte,A I i Ha elu fc l1tAt.yipaSs r,hueifspigtTaeaobro rultn ss0Ma1ro GTanewAmc alaptae 2hhr grehnhai T0ATiwhN t erleLraailb -ct edsnfl en 0MAAotaaa. hdleNEiet etOe n2tiIl ’b mrnstlrtonr oTit ,hieaigiaeCeo9eNG gft h e s atpvii )soUnaahe,s2oAansteEr n oa we rhoShhiahdeirNDatesrlr l rng TodenasoFtiiie ss0 ii ra hEsoUan -rt Rfttdggogsd UgntlYooofb ey g tsen Mn ooeO drgn teb y’he e5f8nimPaeeMaoeteeuaniosee iMrttB,dolo.,aa s to i tn aaealElu iaee o t rS r tn rtaStdhoR es aumgS t s h rrUco T, trrolnllr rh,rEtt rtN cutsirricbooh vdst2eRtvs cs c8urf onratooeg’tlari thaekl entrbsuheTmhssttlse,pi ot eh roiadiH aitosee5 ee,0nphx otsTocr- n cnye elhl oni At itdanne yeEhnrarteie oodt aclos,yi tapi l gaf0Seege lho oetop ssm b8 e ficfr1aeocRr ef poooint sh+oicn-nshR- bmo rps npgstffo nlTt0ae ,W yrSe hi’heot’P 4 aatemalgtsommho tue dSlgerhhte0jnoirsirot .Areult5iT la a tiieonn y mea eOhente isl aReo oatoitnin hyo°t slPcyyehnNayuenohd hsmte r x escbMii)etsnreafe n rrO E nOtsrie i rGil Ditstg,y w,neprsd sLsioasi tnflsirawanr a Stisi eoee Sol t’hol shoMcm o issuonksroaFon roiau(fuoteset tb(cwmpduG(UEAEussSPrEmkfgts(toeIOrtf n aydlgullldl.b hS h83nhnepoTylautI aanydp dieurewe y Eeuha Xsnn s 1thioau aaall obLa edaxivsIraoa58naouTohetRF o il ndtbros oat u5eObnobrryncc Piieenf1113eGliestalnoesaa neaEe ts –4evev strteOdottoc°lsooum 0234rntees ooaowweNtict ,Lhsttpssiriet hhl iyhvn fneeet.eI–4468r1ib)uhetSsfgtlhR otbbg,ittstfkabrciaecttivOm eeYe pe–––– Si r rr ,tos uortde ,o id63 sse h leetInen oaeivi aah psss1113r sssooocet Rnnlpecn hr4tsao52dp a(ctenetelaee ytc3045 l itsudEd 4Tera hnui r“ ala I 5 nneont)resp.rrgh7593te s 2chy ’k bnorv ysA5jv rorso .’o tSt ia°tuglocAesdhdsNu peed etyo eu OM o i° ietre g H sunfnl 1p ddtib olc f)ddoertes oGesvha ssNrw,o motn y s’o 7mpslt it esu vphiinlicnfs)t nioeee oaieiTop Dlsin tf na nSte.ehpe chlabvtwa atfooifr twukoeowDhaStla aaAe sy esl oioitbeo eoLrtnhiSiecedC ANbhyiiuzek(falwWWbvoCsekNowCewopru) i ofnin”mnst.n hEsPneonexmeAcrnenapfbr aeclraiicyc vMeeeiaa oriss sdoal nrttNRm ooseennttenreg eit aslworboybbrqeuhh emiqcshl eu I a eIwwi tt hsEfr N Seteeuu horndppei vr isS–e,osedcfgEhlhkn eApvi(toadSd cietnnAallfiapaer nsResveildaaaaes n lna ulcnnIairbndu tine.d, e,cyesOs,.latfd eunt rg2uN ef oaweteerT tEsaabnha( wT ionom essitRaN ae.me eenst3eoasoηutwo dyts doahondeytWvne eeutClof tro p a 2ienfeacnpet )N ei-erreetnbb entns ithrsapw fsth–Ctha sOktscNrhdobErt ’buuCi etnf og.l end ttre2oittteis Bn2anlt iemdaruetnllvcoihhs d , taudndu3te3anraa s EtheUr 5O orvsK a sehl ghodie o aHr t eort3wtoS aiaithor snLvw4Atgaaeiirsa naii o evfltipdbesth)nAns,nnetPum– arrthi ye.a fofa An aeencma riusoem es tws a pte Te2tsr tsuhiremf .tlrc ,ephh orm ooe tNs et iv s sh5enbThfoE ootaidh ileae tes peCDMN8eleltrash5rletErrSTtiaftiota(ttrnrf“blieit,hhAo I aaartndmr o0GsA ee cSl sd)sateib raTut b eeltet onmp t0ge CG.s T o soaAC 3 aEnuarcrhhilste0A oyu TetOe Ns(Elts L uo eh o rpybe0dh ttNe T3aaaηryeOen nIelflihtohyTiieTahtepj3eipa0r sCaihAs aG g3n pa,Snsne tU)grk std7rsti iEseoi. lcten. eenaht s i aceNnhDica2nsetl t 2aiA l I rCteFvtss euhcnewEoUtr imt-reacrceaRleaute6eaores2pitegh lyoisgeh ebM roaalnph.v dO1rlla b eo t 2nef0Aie htuoyt ceee lfraANnMsecBer et aesa af ntt)ssd0stt ahsstnhdsREittretct rhOhstr,t a ldtS-tnle anR. eeysNgdtihsie ewbt a PlnrUrly on rsnooo adbOiibpai1o,usnie Ea3sreedurN trshllmeigvweaegi n ’ tu .o teo aea G atlaihathnwa ein , sitttaId hlhS hgnsierreraTttetne7 seies ea dfa-en n g, r oo f t .snhcr sc ipe t Aoar, enr Hftssu aaslyh si,fC s oaauoSAeametgh dh EAPAwoatCh(CstXiTmsmsi3Nsoezestksvtn8eeiZptuispr pReRa nit denri l ehOolamte-f2graaeetrait oOt mrObeson gue htrdiroctsr-ei nle8hndnvnnuo wcssnDrlhBiaeseoisp e iEc tti odince,efn lwioynchtstrsgomIcyspi0aIecruevies ul c-olEsNl iitNaaisutrspye E rube,0reo snaLth e,ip r soeG hr a Grns lreRaoc ”s 0edulneNttde edoageiqcehae dtt ssv ai feeetu hd , te tnussiTtaeriT id oesnhdieutkhlao ds ceasbn aru B sgOol riHldre boumsihtot mprrnn absoe sg tahaln,o.i bW ee uEeo—s tfo r tihnh T.. umsfat hu Ry n tie b.fv lon r nhImiNsw aog)nov E ellwxf,unoet eenhyengatEoa— gntauleuteh RehtrmuEcxsysa t’ls at iantesi nie pele uenBdtaeaolegtrniepthor SleTPmgo xhiufeeru-rtd rBTfigtterisrU hlnOttldoncto rc fdttbeve,nns fieda tir6hsentdeiooLdtaga nte,sia tr nztitatd n mevtt dnaol Aeienmaaat l t r,osohht1ihEihred—e elotar5dend llreoelerg4btr ss tmEsaertdosa ao r m2haaaeos puy:la bgHte yr odtsr .a tfsevnbCo2nE yootae ihro XiAP8uuminog Tesrp0sht,ioecn e,c stte dlrab stdnuadt tuee0a hp mslc n-hh g t teaob bor a rsdgcela 0ielrTeme a t fdbli ilhiarnooRiferStao0uahetr toudn 0cavyptltnetdhu nirie0aynn lulYd ’. hlceisreg baidd emiitn dsa rhsmnlmdsaesdnsael n ,b hdyx eelie b ha rgqgpNluCtv Ii0nllsa mouca ori- goyeeohaepelase rumeatgtge egtteicosf htslurdeh et orhn ryiceir a enait. otsbAf y hu tgtCwfn e.txO hagh V0fh1t se lTshedas hni esa uarna Tbiiem6t eeho,rnfoeed sehrdjsol.i aw egsm.ayasa ngeti neSc .eamtyx e a y. nyoEPacacs e M-d epe eoncINTRODUCTIONrrpnltAStMoNhrseaiarictErmsoipaohorxnbieOoidtwntotShoSsaoaptdhetcrTpotaIoMCRsA e io P(nPehgunlhhhhwhtenltlnErrntisotpxarrAptiriofepaffibua s Rh eea.iqss ga MoeeeaeencpCsdiypavmbcigoteRttserrtktttsudxi ainhcccaalriet th lu hiedeplueac hts keuae,nIIii ersz,sitsMsooocapdsynroNiae SdpnmnoreiW RRminoc ie hgte csoDit eyeeylt am rnrnIorees vuhenawSa oacr eoActcagt hf ferre r n lc t n ieeroeirWeu io’fr leI(a vMaa aseee o ffssdanSoattlrooO sRntwalrl.nf dou desvp etere tsss n atk hl tcoi taprrutNduet eeTaot ge4his.aredalrg.n3i stifhrea t syiC raeho,pytrynnlau Tneitrm rn.rlnflngDlce mvo0tskiyd eNrot , y oabecT sal 9p rno n tnoshWd e eetdg ah r0afs iy ( hle t E aaaeotr meohm har lsesf. o soltsnH b ethriu io eBt,c teee peepettes t Wsthoioeae sn.Tipb tehe AoeoaisOtrhdokci Uenn selS oatrsf vivtss4da exateailsadeu uofearnys rses Lragt uloasaleh -nn ee,f9dfnw rprsa tp erhtioAytmnib Onttftraecrlrzdir ss ’,ceetn l, dro.hyp ia tb n pe c lvt twolaaa eoheT3(oettesrtnbey2Riao.gOet. er lnvsSHobnsetsoas lrttfpeam52t oTeedrul yoA i em e,p o- retvtlsRCD1 aeaoos2ffskaove09sCahniyb e frtoua4ArdothIe CEatto)h hnotw S0o fi vna f6sfo ,Taheesla-oa llhrrnn0 WubsoWr iTl u anpnAderaed0nv l– r f slktimyw0dAaaiSmthuredenLgrcnii.omgrnsra ad oe0 s hvNc2O gapuL4uNif nl sactvW ts ruin d hEbr tls xlCtseoGebls9apiu9hidt)c ai4’tisaibaurvam vsEesy sieootg, an t dtlrtur9N trrgucai ptta9ut fe-ei aeeGpih l r sFIh msentma.eiaa goa eU e s,t)gi yaRsrt cienstako Uepsrfsrnn vhi.eHM-w ee sh OnrdisereA cltcdnaendeyovsrhanMispnsorooselebgmM aeipB as nerredsy eyni ete t goodsagrrtryeEltoe nu r i aOittfeas s duS2rscsRhdnntssowfsovhit rtt2agbio grts so9Ur.yMs, So.oees ita dehhNit ec s nto lur eltaNo eief s) r It i n mohwreeoi sk onkh aeavatnss . e(ee, tse np dBV s 5ueuEedeTCAEstsTo(2pftSecddMAApPT2psteaitr. a eie g av.rs 4 ok ou, te ss soohhhepmpIIgdwarboStoepMtMsensvT,s e ssxuaxB 5er4 uaa3aar noIn8tAn asnohatCTswsnignhte nauclnfreshrhanether Orftae aSLSloplhwnoatnAfEuesroeNr hha tnpieiech°eibLtiairocOStrv srJTKtfSstwrsie etth0preaXraeboaaLasrouurrs ne ei t.lro rPMnbrenpos ehasvrucgifsils t HscPtiem sseel lodfoaheaat as ,ti ohineb eh eitoeseieec nmRcsrLzei Inodeec.ttlichetIahparh5nrss oCnli ricesEpee)R0so hnte.nDraaegeEecKarae uTaeeOTcl nsnhnrvateo gtste v n al tIurohtrhbtc hCdi sertRco g-theteeltemtiOe l u i , Zhi ecehsT reslcheeeOmsh Ees neeuaet y Isew datlre,oscttael oshs -ri hardthmw eo ue ereENofaseelusfl°r,yN dti El’ sudolhrrge Seeecni pniarnotnl r lstifodsntsirnxoSMlspd eGe rtsyraeiierhid-stYruhstet.eei bEu aa R nn e ee4h sTcsneyrtT lfi usnbbvri oiptnLah,lFhbdcee eo s lomode pnRe tufem.lhr plthr edt t ,SAosvrwetou.e dnhe nase cereUe0avm lfllo atttdpe pcePrbeiaTr sE ltekm orpn uonhlunfEu p HgnCsiuoFsohsat,ettteLEeoboerilfndAaatseu5e egT oeyst agseuc Thonr ts t meEagnihsOeitme alrfom etbthieeh C ,Gasr°enneleuIieiptaar estEpisvi leleeOol oeiHc dEseoterssLecrlsgrtns enwcdteibebarsWlusewoohha, f olNk( erhnts cnE,p, etp ca 2.ao oreoftauttmorar e ldhflrE r c°sFwctdvraabti eic oly r2a httalrwtisnrst sryft etlpasmnse fE hsn eset e r shtt0 hbpoIThcacihcsfslhSfshte go ’eoienmANth s eTuo.mten eshanaeadp 0 ise uahtSuirssarpssi etheursb orAnai hSesdro oteengned )Cto1oRa se 3ynhegnecddtleh scttTr rp oEasIeh h nec d etM tnatlteStdps uC(eDsw enf,3,e d Ccrerpsiwuhtesd tht e ehtiemp d tuaoO ebtWg rfkE30a tsn lrlttlrer os Steuah t esehriatnp teAu hul4“ yyv0ehugutihmahben sf1HuhtS saaapepnrltszet ra ssh-bhml rno shae orsaecPih ro4ti eme oia lifPpcesnpi efrhafsineNwstnomNtoltzycl sodio,s lrmrs9 o tu spIecntsn i na eaSuv packeeceTuaacze . (epeoEsc ’ul onteaiwatu rltds8 ppnpaeropoaRcZyrtnoherSlErctaeoee s5i inehaes yei5n ea sron soepEbidaraa Yiipwae. nsrde-reftnasnetk Raecesfrl orr o f- o ttv .s eaa2egisit..yhe tthcapu drxi tn iapd e e Sce pn fn e etersree en hi esl7g,a rs usnlftti Udlannr ythrTrrgNneu aesiaEdosi iaflpu.dhr ict e5d’t. xlrstcees nanet tlga nn ntsue 1dcsi iahoNi elnfVoryche▷n ,notlisxU)hnWaihei edsx,phtbhr lre1efnsoI mo neyv sh , t s ahe cr lte–rs ao sk I vt Erds“ S i nnhTHE MILKY WAYlse8tidaa(ia erTwfPeores itaulVAlyei i,tAESoe3ircanwslatOtf at an1iae1epa2Set1febsa rhse assnses ssy tnn os4tneerehtsEaiiheipi 0ehsalul nid 7r fr tsohts v tS texlynk ec o hhlswgn63oarsas —ph MlfeptuRaireN a acsrhnngtrspn t eaichyouioieseoc0elprpatitte( ldeIn “myorlnoetl3sssrwiSp efe eta teu e irot,h hfaardroinonstnssmn rrtsotngrsSean eh f uo-ahloh ccRmaper E agsAwx0bnkhit oarl,e,tt” ppoisa . sKosmorupt , o rrrtpToca5cin al yi o ai eciebsoeltnyrl fee Jvle,r eih o )rlt nohevtol hsf ddodn’opoo nM SBaub nlso rcnhot.moceues rv 0 e bhorraos b oelwa1tt oara nfn e1ps hoalEmnroeuteihsedet I peaapmtt ccaiueSel tggndSi e rrioaeeLaen earpaecpnbn t.aijt9g sinrtieimeet ssa9 i Nnyspoye imeos tnaerooteylOnty arT1—earh eyrtronncuioekeecc.hPdvtstheA svbmir’ozd,at ltldv nlwis r5 te s K7 osh bcceteuiu lta t rrrr r lat aaimltil n,aggoe ne nooh ,aifc coetmls t a°cii shieo oacCo iANbhyiiuzek(falwWWbvoCsekNowCd(sstiet2 plnlvyeatLmicdmusnetrienu)rwnen mhoMt tpgJoeonfhbsrfna tyoi.reslo,est’f3edso lroE tnvodePod e corxmer aoosf1hioANe ,uinernena)aiioppfboiNr o eewsd eaeo2,”,ad gen ateslBEYOND THE MILKY WAYiSatEcL nnla tsa iiaanoo ocotes c.i agMcieevi.etemrtnaaphorissnsrb,sdu oa,elileoerays rtrtttN oRourc oospmaesiesv nr.sc o ttutdl rrb igte i.ct seah gOelroimabb ynu,rsbb nwrhnl phha M emuaiicree oo casiToRfes httAetlca ienn eu eIk sa nIa aswwirdf ntdtic.sHanid t tohf senEpofh triwMh Dso Nttx .Sntstseuu otoeoerdns,cda’puhrvtht,ci l uvn t t t iusa ”be–ATtWLthoc(fairoADTscscThfei,s to hcud af deanohwseB .fchotehiSothho,hllTnattNO koteneiahnneiol hi avonn mratieluehhaprvib(fnnath rohsreaaad serl iSdaeU hcD t i diowcteueihJ y tMe tsncoteesnnrtn Aha ll eccsef SiaapebaeoecBHaRal ltdsd seoT srre peroeeiaA snsleoenaProlRiHla teseseO L ui s o lb nSp3 n”)o.aeehmtsenodcet ttaayeIgnaaa,iGtaeiEls 4reb ewssn n a irtwn aRMst1def stosaett, rla Israhb nbdk ir 2tbyny hhaod◁Tdefpdre iwdc eAti uCas ’ r Ao9 te.fldalsEl yrh elate, tyn1wostaiaeellasnrLO prniinn hsosctt DSyhrtes.md Odfotrc,h.xb,. ra ) tfuebrdi uuithv se dR nhPnpc.Gdittai r A rIre ga2auNt uclc mmyehirysdcnrrsmlpiosieni a dEmnaoape Aht t seo n.otirtnsd oheiaieesedc t e ere gy iyirccohse moLean1aF(swn tlaaseokis aotipes osonomeSaogefhasAsjhuueedphoptaHl cfsao ii esiwtRaoNdeSh faer-tatsranca., radsaXedtrtINTRODUCTIONl siai u ed oadst3go unkrnossa rsn o ηggfY t,p wpa at tyu v wruaoser a ldlGmfcisneus“a s h tog.4 dlcfat elo ashs reaucrm ituelspW nvmnEenu nla trhsdaandeaeuntsctesrs olea wr aoaoslGea d txtlrto ptesteg uedhema MCDDM22tnycahlea2rlirblnboltfeeigs 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eicku8aeiINTRODUCTIONw t ss Nne.ufer2rdoh, t ,k UTx U. fsn . p hAceStehiiSansrcecr otew lte2eshda0 tCTdESAnwoapKiec t s0nheauOpullreb etao4a imrwtnlndw Posstasphs n,ftehV c o E eneiiamle wot crlerne Re as ihttuvfsn2asnd ritnoNaittreaaftu1p re,ldh rrris (It ryst1 eany aCCstymihd tt7d toe ahhAeVeai.a mmoelnsee iesfNdlnec tp y nsea ozdpoet o 2ue Moh dtgoratvab0shrde eiencAfey 1enoti aC cher2rPGAinlc yoe,iclep n ,t p p uas ltbdooaettlltsryaieenrefp’elsnr eleda spetiJitorcm hos.ssobea c ehCevscnGpo iiyaeo trlatponlacaehllcnluiawl)neiticd nrtlo.ei t.seigurhI soyi sto t a n h o ft ea f r y INTRODUCTION
DISTANCE FROM SUN
7,600 light-years EXPLORING SPACE
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particularly conspicuous in composed of exactly what is
W E
the upper part, where dust required in a planet-forming system.
Y particles disperse light. These are the farthest and faintest M
K potential planet-forming disks ever I
L HEART OF THE TRIFID observed. This discovery supports LK
MI The main image, spanning about 20 light- the theory that planet-forming disks Y
E yceluasrtse, rr eavneda tlhse d feitlaamilse notfs t hoef dNuGsCt w65e1a4v instga r US_006-007_316672.indd 7 aItr ea las on asutugrgael s0pts3a /rt0ht4 ao/2tf 0 sa o l3sat:ra0 r6s’s yP seMtveomlus tliiokne. W
H through the Trifid Nebula. A wider view our own are probably not rare in the A
T (above) shows the full breadth of the nebula. Milky Way (see pp.296–299). Y
THE PACIFIC OCEAN
This view of Earth, taken from the Space
Shuttle, is dominated by the Pacific
Ocean. Above the water are clouds of
water vapor and a volcanic ash plume,
a reminder of the continuing geological
activity of the planet’s interior.
US_008-009_316672.indd 8 25/03/20 1:34 PM
A SHORT TOUR OF THE UNIVERSE
the night sky has always evoked mystery
KENNEDY SPACE CENTER and wonder. Since antiquity, astronomers
Many of humankind’s have tried to understand the patterns of
first ventures into space
the “fixed stars” and the motions of the
were set in motion on the
Moon and planets. The motive was partly
launchpads of Kennedy
Space Center. This remains a practical one, but there has always been
the busiest launch and a more “poetic” motivation, too—a
landing site of the US quest to understand our place in nature.
space program, and it
Modern science reveals a cosmos far
was also the main base
for the Space Shuttle. vaster and more varied than our ancestors
could have envisioned.
No continents on Earth remain to be
discovered. The exploratory challenge has
THE FLORIDA COAST
now broadened to the cosmos. Humans
The islands and reefs of
have walked on the Moon; uncrewed
the Florida Keys are seen
here from Earth orbit. The spacecraft have beamed back views of all
reefs are partly made of the planets; and some people now living
living organisms in the may one day walk on Mars.
form of corals. To date,
The stars, fixed in the “vault of
life has not been found
anywhere other than on heaven,” were a mystery to the ancients.
Earth, but the search for They are still unattainably remote, but we
alien life will be perhaps know that many of them are shining even
the most fascinating
more brightly than the Sun. Within the
quest of the 21st century.
last decade, we have learned something
remarkable that was long suspected: many stars are, like our Sun, encircled by
orbiting planets. The number of known planetary systems already runs into
hundreds—there could, all together, be a billion in our galaxy. Could some of
these planets resemble the Earth and harbor life? Even intelligent life?
All the stars visible to the unaided eye are part of our home galaxy—a structure
so vast that light takes a hundred thousand years to cross it. But this galaxy, the
Milky Way, is just one of billions visible through large telescopes. These galaxies are
hurtling away from each other, as though they had all originated in a “big bang”
13 or 14 billion years ago. But we don’t know what banged, nor why it banged.
The beauty of the night sky is a common experience of people from all cultures;
indeed, it is something that we share with all generations since prehistoric times.
Our modern perception of the “cosmic environment” is even grander. Astronomers
are now setting Earth in a cosmic context. They seek to understand how the cosmos
developed its intricate complexity—how the first galaxies, stars, and planets formed
and how, on at least one planet, atoms assembled into creatures able to ponder their
origins. This book sets humanity’s concept of the cosmos in its historic context
and presents the latest discoveries and theories. It is a beautiful “field guide” to our
cosmic habitat: it should enlighten and delight anyone who has looked up at the
stars with wonder and wished to understand them better. Martin Rees
THE MOON
1.3 light-seconds
from Earth
The Earth is seen here
rising above the horizon
of its satellite, the
Moon. Our home planet’s
delicate biosphere
contrasts with the sterile
moonscape on which
the Apollo astronauts
left their footprints.
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The Sun
OUR LOCAL STAR
The Sun dominates the
solar system. Our chief
source of heat and
light, it also holds Earth
and the rest of the
planets in their orbits.
This ultraviolet image
reveals the dynamic
activity in the ultra-hot
corona above the Sun’s
visible surface.
A SOLAR FLARE
The Sun usually appears
to the unaided eye as
a bright but featureless
disk. However, during a
total solar eclipse, when
light from the disk is
blocked out by the Moon,
violent flares in the outer
layers of the atmosphere
can be seen more clearly.
ULTRA-HOT CORONA
The gas in the Sun’s
corona is heated to
several million degrees,
causing it to emit X-rays,
which show up in this
image taken by the
Japanese YOHKOH
satellite. The dark areas
are regions of low-density
gas that emit a stream of
particles, known as the
solar wind, into space.
PROMINENCES
In the corona, electrified
gas called plasma forms
into huge clouds known
as prominences, flowing
through the Sun’s
magnetic field. As the
prominence in this image
erupts, it hurls plasma out
of the Sun’s atmosphere
and into space.
SUNSPOTS ON THE SOLAR SURFACE
8 light-minutes from Earth
These regions, cooler and darker than the rest
of the Sun’s surface, are sustained by strong
magnetic fields. Some sunspots are large enough
to engulf the Earth. Sunspot numbers vary in
cycles that take about 11 years to complete, and
peaks in the cycle coincide with disturbances,
such as aurorae, in our own atmosphere.
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