Universe: The Definitive Visual Guide, Revised Edition

530 Pages·2012·158.08 MB·English

by  Martin Rees

Martin Rees
General Editor

Martin Rees
General Editor
LONDON, NEW YORK, MELBOURNE, S ABOUT THIS BOOK 6
MUNICH, AND DELHI
A SHORT TOUR OF THE UNIVERSE 8
SENIOR EDITOR SENIOR ART EDITORS BY MARTIN REES
T
Peter Frances Mabel Chan,
Spencer Holbrook,
PROJECT EDITORS Peter Laws
Georgina Garner, Rob Houston, INTRODUCTION
N
Gill Pitts, Martyn Page, PROJECT ART EDITORS
David Summers, Miezan van Zyl Dave Ball, Sunita Gahir, WHAT IS THE UNIVERSE? 20
Alison Gardner, Mark Lloyd,
THE SCALE OF THE UNIVERSE 22
EDITORS Duncan Turner
Joanna Chisholm, Ben Hoare, E CELESTIAL OBJECTS 24
Giles Sparrow DESIGNERS MATTER 28
Kenny Grant, Jerry Udall RADIATION 34
PROOF READERS
GRAVITY, MOTION, AND ORBITS 38
Steve Setford, Jane Simmonds, DESIGN ASSISTANT T
Nikky Twyman Marilou Prokopiou SPACE AND TIME 40
EXPANDING SPACE 44
INDEXERS PICTURE RESEARCHER
N
Hilary Bird, Jane Parker Louise Thomas
THE BEGINNING AND
ILLUSTRATORS Anbits, Combustion Design and Advertising, Fanatic Design, JP Map END OF THE UNIVERSE 46
Graphics, Moonrunner Design, Pikaia Imaging, Planetary Visions, Precision Illustration THE BIG BANG 48
O OUT OF THE DARKNESS 54
PRODUCTION CONTROLLERS Heather Hughes, Mary Slater
LIFE IN THE UNIVERSE 56
PRODUCTION EDITORS John Goldsmid, Adam Stoneham
THE FATE OF THE UNIVERSE 58
MANAGING EDITOR Camilla Hallinan
C
MANAGING ART EDITOR Michelle Baxter THE VIEW FROM EARTH 60
PUBLISHER Sarah Larter THE CELESTIAL SPHERE 62
ART DIRECTORS Philip Ormerod, Bryn Walls CELESTIAL CYCLES 64
ASSOCIATE PUBLISHING DIRECTOR Liz Wheeler PLANETARY MOTION 68
PUBLISHING DIRECTOR Jonathan Metcalf STAR MOTION AND PATTERNS 70
LIGHTS IN THE SKY 74
CONSULTANT FOR REVISED EDITION NAKED-EYE ASTRONOMY 76
Andrew K. Johnston, Center for Earth and Planetary Studies,
BINOCULAR ASTRONOMY 80
National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution, USA.
WARNING
Looking at the Sun with the naked eye, binoculars, or a telescope can cause eye
damage. Advice on safe viewing of the Sun is provided on page 85 of this book
(see Solar Telescopes). The authors and publishers cannot accept any liability to
readers failing to follow this advice.
First published in Great Britain in 2005
Published as Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Universe in 2009
This revised edition published in 2012 by
Dorling Kindersley Limited, 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL
A Penguin Company
2 4 6 10 9 7 5 3 1
001 – 184784 – Oct/2012
Copyright © 2005, 2012 Dorling Kindersley Limited
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording,
or otherwise, without prior written permission of the copyright owner.
A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1- 4093-7650-7
Colour reproduction by GRB Editrice, s.r.l., Italy
Printed by Leo Paper Products, China
Discover more at www.dk.com
Jacket Saturn; Endpapers the Orion Nebula; Half-title page the Helix Nebula;
Title page Jupiter’s moon Europa; Contents page the Eagle Nebula
TELESCOPE ASTRONOMY 82 THE MILKY WAY 224 MONTHLY SKY GUIDE 426
SETTING UP A TELESCOPE 86 THE MILKY WAY 226 USING THE SKY GUIDES 428
ASTROPHOTOGRAPHY 88 STARS 232 JANUARY 430
ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORIES 90 THE LIFE CYCLES OF STARS 234 FEBRUARY 436
OBSERVING FROM SPACE 94 STAR FORMATION 238 MARCH 442
MAIN-SEQUENCE STARS 250 APRIL 448
GUIDE TO THE OLD STARS 254 MAY 454
UNIVERSE STELLAR END POINTS 266 JUNE 460
MULTIPLE STARS 274 JULY 466
THE SOLAR SYSTEM 98 VARIABLE STARS 282 AUGUST 472
THE HISTORY OF THE STAR CLUSTERS 288 SEPTEMBER 478
SOLAR SYSTEM 100 EXTRA-SOLAR PLANETS 296 OCTOBER 484
THE FAMILY OF THE SUN 102 NOVEMBER 490
THE SUN 104 BEYOND THE MIKY WAY 300 DECEMBER 496
TYPES OF GALAXY 302
MERCURY 110
GALAXY EVOLUTION 306 GLOSSARY 502
VENUS 114
ACTIVE GALAXIES 320
EARTH 124 INDEX 510
GALAXY CLUSTERS 326
THE MOON 136
GALAXY SUPERCLUSTERS 336 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 526
MARS 150
ASTEROIDS 170
JUPITER 178 THE NIGHT
SATURN 188 SKY
URANUS 200
NEPTUNE 204 THE CONSTELLATIONS 344
THE KUIPER BELT AND THE THE HISTORY
OORT CLOUD 208 OF CONSTELLATIONS 346
COMETS 212 MAPPING THE SKY 348
METEORS AND METEORITES 220 Guide to the Constellations 354
6 ABOUT THIS BOOK
ABOUT THIS BOOK
GUIDE TO THE UNIVERSE
This part of the book focuses on specific regions
of space, starting from the Sun and then moving
Universe is divided into three main sections. The
outwards to progressively more distant reaches
INTRODUCTION is an overview of the basic concepts of of the Universe. It is divided into three sections,
astronomy. GUIDE TO THE UNIVERSE looks, in turn, at covering the Solar System, the Milky Way, and features beyond the
Milky Way. In each section, introductory pages describe features in a
the Solar System, the Milky Way (our home galaxy), and
general way and explain the processes behind their formation. These
the regions of space that lie beyond. Finally, THE NIGHT pages are often followed by detailed profiles of actual features (such as
SKY is a guide to the sky for the amateur skywatcher. individual stars), usually arranged in order of their distance from Earth.
150 MARS MARS 151
INTRODUCTION MARS MARS PROFILE
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,AdrHl ds e t ignteitoR tu(sieSl seRtO n s0 rnhIdaOha,.aaghbe rTe l gPmt(.S dsarF fweeyr cG6 aHIahns evHt eoInw naso iY ne ettgaTiMas=mst mrcaEmt lnE rteptlI sa b,heen cAiR1hn ocO iai oottni nald)nGdglaR.aarhmItesrh NsubMdonmC ai t)liudensi0pcnrdlis pedte .wAoea )a.o hyseusra 3f w dlnRral s aeinfdnrE8coogar S cocaanre estNwuoimsebwr mscactsna corn o yi e.o.neRcoircnes s ta)m aTuaTcfstd a oOh .c ttih nanh.fasa ulhrer loetrdea gbl irSsbas s s ceir oe nt oe e nd s r TO STHE SOLAR SYSTEMTAR
remote regions on the margins FORMATION
△Tomhfo itWtshi oesHne UA coTntfii ovIoSneb rjbTseeHecg.tE isI nt U isgnN ob sIeyVp slaE oocR48INTRODUCTIONoenSksup234e,1Tr844 fTo0r–––Hch-e3344e3175i E E tttIIsbttdpeaeaPpwsITowBtgfp“itDmtaeibSTSf nNehannMREoMhhapeeeaf xphrhhm En.EiNrefe wtmafexiahappn3BcrtpyFhnuaeffa leePaeCaangrpgeticsdalcoasalleeLe sr pevtsopve0 cAda afOoroheaaiBit eiEroupmnrAoaease tplneeUcnf s natiiBR)ttueuGFgNid wu as- trHdToirirkandntgB oteG.iinittneUossn iaArhmo tery yfnlID ehooi ocarf ?Tng tafenrgi jOeMitenBdTse. ios dsnfcrunt I nu Sneotgtiannd godiiohd agmIN bn eN,Usps B, oenrd v,O eb pge ig mwnsenip ,ns e fotosaoH nids o oneelep rdtBNwe gNayU.pp,bairii nam”. lonosf fpalvagm irraf ihvIiEti nf 1rkeyT“tesrw vctaneylptOIish stdsyehittg–iif0a orhhaate eNnfgevtfn eEnlpuohhr sirp Fiil-a infebttrett roinaeei3aabere fec rgcnohoTDcfr i6riteh aenlGaf zFycdcna s ttu ioeo osattaeeo hd–HadeS ihu,svsiw O ceea d5 hhnen o nmhclluw smrl nm eer8 aUEEe rapceieRdloan e eiioth fUA B–i3 ihtns.pdn nCte n ,aslukefuf BmCem eGhna35 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odyl0dencalIg ni iO siaonn aa tnd(flnddtrNsst rei e lloolk aatoliyeOm homnwft e nhFtrp t/iseye ehq6.°T t3n qeuC2wmueH0eua 0r/lqe)e1Ernrae .Pgkurme ,Bir cnAe8Fy EkaQttOT,rgi 0–LRrrl aoUloa ak0UEiHTtsomnn m AoCe NIntdttC rERTair htiq DamlLhgRKleu i, Eeon OyiBSIaltNnSnee rhW ak tsB ITeo°Bir G)cFOEepE nYe ) aCA,f n l HioGetOrBKohrcELwc MetFAAeUr O oIVf eNNOaowRxInrEGNpCcGedRee SEa rstkih11 e oef0 nomf – cwr6ncei caseedreta o.ucksro ee4nc do9snd opsaTTTtncspahuohflrhearHa eeernoebrtHEnf t htw uaaMfie asecoMlclntuaisu reiEnsS blmoelI, hksaLo j f,y.eeep ierK l na c arcdPraWtYNcenocotr.aytl o dfnupugoaWSditl trleodoefyepyIeae suAe ssslitGssoana hrdtcY -ostnsenocoir.h ufs idmeof▷r rbeH c f etdsimert.ehsnf eehs ea FrdohdceetaeTorthioto ec sluvrepisanwt n oriv ttaimdtesocnaha nSu sien oron eti asss ssstl,l t eK Y THE MILKY WAY 2522245233– 824 ––T2 T733hSAnThgcwtrgtib 37he het oCael reu FWalbcbtshpfeshSTo hm eoeenihotibO trrirrgnhtnclTwdaes eieocba eaiwic egvRtutterncdsa bsreosetto he uahsoesMstl 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△ THE BEGINNING AND detailed
62INTRODUCTION THEEAshoorToaOFEpidoTTmimoiafrtadPeacctgihattataiTnsmtihhpooUonaaanhhhnsnbn eeqaBvionlobruaoxt, nhr V srry rooiheetts lllcvoddde tuSttet.s Hiljrr gaaaeeFeeaaaa 6hn idhs o veuIaheeearvE vTM t idgsa oxgctth essrp’Etti0sizphepusaoslnR rr hhHsieee tt tee ,tiC orai t,botoemtoeof htvnF e°iioWl Vrhneswlts e Ehap etsha aaarsooeyna setSeu.eEcosnnEh sapsrlscla elhuh nltllenaere ienTeo doeofire )Rg easd tibs oe)ntEasdotzarsae,cdi ceknFsvh eltd ecr. linwt b g i o,rlphrer sEvAiayibp enco caatbtwTcea oma op ne trRo S syasateswtETeuh.igsrinlionhhlnphsinnpr Cy.tetn ro orasnsltytTe uchgtrie,sht eOdes Eve i eoavmirh iy’oshb iy ttl tsi tsdobaeseatufsmsEQri ’lvehihehKcarreosoia lh iestoihepMecaketiols lenp eee riUiee t Tlnirceoaao ys hnnna ohaetnh tereiot tEso fnse g ssqrur Asrroeelivh oi t e bl i, rt o p mto 34nYss e odn eto TqaE esuss auEeoietshni462Sstaer rrfahtwthsrn uptOeanrsth848 iax la Cnk actoospnA hf he ela alasth––– lta’1totRe an ce isoeosaylteElo h ss rhrh52t62 er oekE ytcaeriRo qnflr o atmf 34E79thts etrebghdriearAl ’ e ehun Eod. e rcoe o ehbhsarc d ,oqOlTsgaEolrswae(seh,aaye . siepfra okth r aet asterEN ualtrsttTn Hthtotact eih oimllrayhsErebtSl Eoeda uhohhnneraffridaaaselvathl tcba o qeeiF f ,itt u,rrtinigl criaic eh eothoew.oaegeeirrutssptFhisTtO tmasl htrs rhkht t h neh’hoor hyoahn .avur, B s ouhhsoeFtEti– A trunlaa.le-s a tieeatTLp , sif tSstd (hhnLth rp libn p ot q OoetIehflhwt th c cohaiEaeasef bt hhswfsogewnrueoaetfi,ckeh Rlehno as it rcss e lRtrAio eelt hntae ytaV ,e y nvco hdust teS ahserotacmccssEc rs rr.rt EE paipahaeh th e e ks b realhv ocerthtTsnnosn RevsTseottic,naSh leruelsaCale ,e laoyescuuit iev ee. a ge errPlsalranhvdo S Aelernsblekadf’ odtetn w srrigtvE tsepos t sluHebTcI hv eue hsei eofetinsaersaut ehtaist snhebqelo ptaaNd SidhTspeersorNtccswH elt tsrfn oioraiur,rdh oo ycntnteoheia,a, pieis o tiexm n rri afO ireaui,waen laeTchtlti cafphta ve oitem u eea ltsczehnhURv dlElolwoce bhntro edroseoi vsc o i dEteeinns tihUTrsednr eE aser tl nipsnfeohae esu rion oci ptHri p oidndaraei. fTlte r etn aubor nsltvcehstrtRenrclDoh say ttR,nii tliyo Paevoeh s c l ,eka rtoes hoctht e be htehnrchnOr qoio’ nIthyhseee th fbutn’e.epec uerps EsLa e Etlol od eEo efar a a FeE IoilyeldcranSnbq ettf,ln.sfef oos h inf tus siu, ltnr riAh ope w aartitsd fioscgal–stit ha ffae kopor a t of n leahiurho OFcvaoorelat .eu s bwh itoeihlsntfrnsB nsgItstph he prlsdmtei enep, eSLoeeh beh et h nhsi EtrhEhn lerbrtn t enchaefiRp i,avc eese,t saaertr aeVid et ratearnlcme ol rhr rEetne retlsbtd’ cepeusesRshsp ,ssf ca e is h otc ieireofSArnanteolieoshrotatreiabtTtv trtetcoa i a reels osrashaadM olst t r evd i,is vtnainpdEPk nod sitprIav aeeooiona hnDarielvPal wyvelrrlhic eyneep -tteelbeec. hh,Lws aeae rrrtwlfr’pk gAisril soreca iy nvts Ttehrel s tyaN ing oaaIs ls as tes eTsobHfift io bono srUriosrtamtltteh vdhmeDoiw uaaeee ,l El la da mehwttne i iEoaEsdsts p,uyoaf eiEasr EsndKmtsxpta h Ehieiar’snosteYr R he ot ot’Sms hfth t fuioe i’mnsvsvssvpoohsmt6r’i oiiitttsboobosssaaas0e mssrsniiiEe.rrrbbbi .eieEt°zssste;illloirrl eeeaNot tanvvner inleemet wdh Errvo ’e’aessaafsy r rt a t s 2hx 3ivse(osf.ep fq5iir rsru°sAniSSS ntirna gipelo osoxi) rnnc eto lrethsleoai tnrcf ioa elEilup appntrieodcthrl epSp’WWWsENEEEelu aanoonnrdrr)cstetbhEeipehc i’qa(thls ucep Pru elistlaroaarhctreltni’ eusaotem lor paorleasbaNNNroe ulotwhITisAdidtomtMAocoaPMArswocMAoataaMh hheet sihscekibvnobtpnnehEstttaarefsae theeOOOyAle jtljpddecsi enarpcetmt gseeenie lporlue TTTcehhGrdrceoretseibc,chtsierot ineirna. lseeIIIn ahbt hc bttI edee ofcdesOOOcoilbttarNss S ’eselaiaet-ssaltsiacih pectiemna uNNNortt lwpltnocqhppt Alkssndlaeyioqiel,logtS icapen o moue wetpphee ,ep.e t luRspfm kr AAA io o n ecinesi teeerraaosvwoetTaaeontowtiYeisuiieTTTtossilocsarmeh ulnlrlnshtsp tlayia alei te ,l e eri(aovsLredt eut, sG eehdoNMEpplscr s’v s, cr ahe s lri teetp s rs a eiefolrbQeta, aoLe woevtoiOd l Pm ri eeo, sIhoteonl sstasroftOncbssre f lDU i(io a,eac beRe eefscmtiui efdcraou ctvt djrextt BlEiit)iesr-Aej rmsaarsriteerTre hi eltcm,se exmonreLeo fpoiss atcitccErrtT aeleeHrccapodaoioc.tAsssnhevt derterptauhilOlaqec i ottnl c nsss e nceetlislcTsNsopreyhtssPaaer ulryt lte. a Rv oeiti ilee s’loIe eialt i in nnsofizypstOiua neTyns ssnha ecqaii.thdoe td gdornut cr s t U Lnosetichultue,ft.)f ba un itr h pE dxt ohoe aD mo eturti o i onter wshnnltEo fynn . or a l CUoaaasaptvao1JDAoaeotaYAotbmfcSfmhfmwEhw(hrro2hhofnqptUe rrnshetoeE5eaaefrfio e i1is scnec updmnsei reEmemrm NCrosgpoca °y/tdtiaomssne imt Eiac2s ahn pEEEebinineoE,ls ittntoctssiseilrd 2s-cne gnpersMo aaeri ttnaipablgp gam a ni l Abqtheeohegeer ssrrDstshmlnatehAhirlg Buet ers ’Loios Nl qssgshosmhsel n etevttoeeiauett .loeesohEc ehltrifseo hDchburistoethta.eessnataAqe Rnetrdtaot e rruthEr Rt .Tuie n eia tl eil’svfaorc bumscuvpt v ivohdSoS rsr nrrh essdt aiediecadeoenefhos satsi,obciKpu ert ls, iaerrtn xeiS fe l(et nhb beL metnDIco uhfnaa osenh6E hsoerctoel i lo eic)n2s bgneeSf cter 0qvtleae Yxt oe– hoTibs4l hdt jutst icuyn ehSn t srepae pletitateaicdhtuambr rh aaIobhmot ttqEct sionlorotei AlS ntcai miuootetaplbaun tnsrte aaohm Srapnt aoertulittpetvict LKeu nr hse irshfottod(aact ita,s ,sunhee seu,m.rltretvn, aet lsrit,wehtaiidYl eehsna.deee naea ntCiesdeole Os ld e hmks d c .frp tfdoa i ec eor=t iipo nR.nMisoeagehb ts6OrlMtan tahSoeagl mlh je5oi1r e raec oue grp ttw) h sarcee f fhn.tdOatoc ani asvotepoOiAhr t thkesnlasyisru tss he.ocgsl yn y,eate l isra eeia Rslrs gTwbeas s Veptnt cenapoa ismailoic soteesdtheontshrbc ,eir uiDn/ i Esengdeiodoejlfnoia rd1eserqonn rentncritrece°aoseooucri f MlIo.t ) t f i e toofm inio’ pinaNoDhme sam.vcnfttn, noxel neh aiahrAo eentdo ail En emiehcenaErArmgmtu vrrt snlthnletih ealeits oh eiyNo np etekcrT rdtone o s at s blaaiyot dnqdeh odggbnt,ojo rE,lieui T.ipai ji e o fratemctiriEfsp u snnnvceetoSoS Soa diat.src guu tdfr’tesiTlesonh RToT(al estitns nat hnhstt hCSodcodsehrEeDAtichstsrepmsdhnophorehimcnihhe idhtoooeferuxtCIrvem’rs itlgoe eeot aRsope n ssrcehaefpts o o eOhfmseu eml –i nrsh e h scwoflreEhs(Cro speaneuttn e ose2 ooA eviRewtrsmftrttuesieni eiahhut UagEtmbn dmldsnasi1sih omihteyczauDefarm iermbrmoa ot tstn tni rc MEeeit eaadeohsrmabtoietaeitleb sJ i maunI ghhowise lmeeialan hess cgsN In asuoEourr(s ty roe rpPinlchef rsrph ppo,lehanqioahrfetpeln kftrfEta pe tLsGisrehpeen wOerdt o eneutoe shiuhft, htsSedrJaewe o trhrh, e lg nrpn atr r’ monsad oaic uaLnte eea)osarAgto shia.rsafprsui Yeiiaimro– tsdtstrArloso erdetewng Eabn’ra r tTeinot toiloa soiteshlo sg ttendot or Sico e sahholoRhllntnlrtt l ltosirttdv’t shae noegeatsa eithaereuethubhuirTsht at, rpobiueadi t t , nr x,o Sscr r celhpnniespAt ieio .e nhlhtgotde naic a isi lgptael tts dThp crsarbT sniS1epRefey openhn+nn oiea-rnspdedA eo rlle ore aecho’e4 a s rgtaathbahe, oSrldfiaR - l p .lrieg 5 oeviftaonn et sy soinoeiSo mK i ° rPhluoteorseseotnMsset i) e af ef r nO r,thrnqss(,Ssrt a p eatrp ies isvSsd’httaohoenuneasYourt re hehsUEAEUssSPrEmb(cwmpdUG(eoIrfl diisliie ea3bpeoT a p loneewton yuahnrXre e 1toauaaa aacavI rotai8nonanhstRdeol u’tt n,5Onbbcrry nPn ae nst onresa pesi enmpt4ttiizmesctt°lcos oim rtcsse soaowtMeNt i ,Lhsvvirisee hhrtidMhyo .hnlt.ehI–ribeueeio8ftleoabbg kab liaai,ee6acntiOmeee oeodSir , sodte od3na sseseh5l elltnmnatrvi rraa spso rsn6cw Rtnne vscehnr4tsc2ip a(cteertss–lsa ytch ltusdi o 4Teu it rta a ogI) ees5eneet.s2ngr.rres 2 h ke1 br vusa5j iOrroo .’tt atha°tugloo ’esh,msNo u4 epnaeeys eOMo iy° iip6rTtd tnudnl1 p dt boldf )da tres:vsolGsvhan ,,w5torscr 0s’eo 7spltt si ese lhinlichos ti noeeeaiieTotope )pcv si0f an Vt,ehspn habh.vtwa tfodfsr teo)nohaSle ae ibl y e itbAeo eophL rtiStibeceda eupe rl mt.nh sP hcacryv j omeeeswqeurqhcne lrerEehcenSosecEh Ae eelleucnnupeieue nwin eeiaeceudond, slCa an sen siterrt’ttlnrtrt tstt csvo, kde Etv eoMhgd rotSo sesthaeuitPtheAacrusoees,ye nrhr tt ehl perleErtniotmtl a,bld ru oedoa zsari ler hoe baembyiasennySyu taoiotpnna ere teealesioln oEntnp ntc eau ftdtentsdhatd lititsPao v ibroetrlhmic’osodhanristtheha sdeartsnenpotn hcr et bt tec,Nd tHfalhyf ata htigh,edh ssnee ei spedh trba rs ecdte c ei deeoipd ilE chEeeteetracg da riTh u rslve n aoer ehb.R.iot eane ersenniy)itr tsdtdlmd tS.i Ehe 1dts 0aso –et. s,F8l a6 hat arSfer Sp:ioii:hi 0grqe0oltnsotyhure0la 0toe ftii w nr- pnaAStM acssaohottnskReg ei xaahichrnI rrs y Soepssctetos,at , Tn o.l hato v tbaOseiTaernhfnzdeeil Tr seorteAt ao Eha)e sfsnhn wSrifpL irxr riiisiueIhmtoreonstvxA hnsedti hu,uee ehN rs ma(etVa eervd4go ntseM(s e T 5 o hosntudairah°pOEFwcournnHrrt e iloerastQDgaoitouh toco iu,mnoolEimh EhU emnomfnsMntu S Lelnbid leeAh0 etee fu teoboegse neOCtoi ° TsE i nremdberbahd t romocFhta nOrss’s usfsesristEu ifraa-oegtTpnceatRhro rn llhrotegliyhehHu LrblsIenhNwsa,m er vqelntAr cvyEp o gea Eethetrou asa h a oeeLaewn i hfdtUrerruaiosc eto.hrS afodr’rtcnm po sNNint rtcay etuhnWir hfdembooo n rbtt ioe rTl esIvoS iI ehses“sdilaa(bemrP asVeEoStnGst1i, tetfca-rporsnfeisIsnc onhreEdehes aug n i tuaH skAchmgxcwttus MhliuRsia ertnrleisseiph—rolgeeueiottltrTnoaruwomesS ee,o n,haLeeonnhn sdrrw gh uln s E er e oa,ss notss ”uo ot rrs ssi . epnrto sJt,phi osns f Sfooes oppght.sa uT oet owrtt hfotfntruhhhtl tapahres Pa o ri ethana gneelri et sheir iw t)1sreert nlhdsrre Hrsd eiy 5ees oet r e s – , ° . n a ,E,) RE INTRODUCTION63 EThksBhbanehaoesNaoc evw nhDttew ghio U ot eOnowihnnn rFewi a i vdi g dstTeUaei e Hnrmytsntsha cEaiiieevttgri e ielU hibi BdsrsatNes i ngtinseeInhd Vo nB toc wadEhlauaon.eR,mgn o SahgeBkesEt.vsi g etTtwao onht eti sll (smsiiansnltuekclocuthomcyrooosnet t mnhrgt rwdhcadeuait hr ornegilpyiydndguca ehsroioptdtt) ofn rae e(io tes,stlt htf hshclria eoeloaef e i mninthrsmr soiti otooagTaItpom wtitnfhanon nhl nteailoasisishitsirnldsg )t lhs- dp gi oh sbiottialde sfthhvyyan r sciaeiet -t v tdhs iii.gcsnoed eTouod nenuthin hdititiesTEinhgsheletalH ueth e efcaEosstilh trnkt rlos Cransc k ays Otto mkttyi enNhow .yds oS.entI ewiT s tstl t8Eil,h ct aL8hla toLa i troAoasdnhrrf nTtee fcatei. eIsn hgpanOTa ctariiemtNrognruoihrttbfSeree,sinoee elxs dtess▷ ttwss tios 368 THETObibaMATnticiAsScrnsshterrrHA oonqos aiim1hlCgegnlrmnNEtpnnurr1yreisahg ctuh D0sssOaAm.rpt atadh tt mo, rhRdaBtreeNc ereeuNwey OkeeeerellntD(r t lltnedlsMhho lαioaanoShohtnReetdiu tthefwslE n)inbOiiaTeg me.sc ooDe Ps bArt hkMn CaMEMr eAfann ey ibleuCtntpEde ..Lg3o e3l eaaDeQaADdTls 1L 2a rdLi brb erA de snitldhooue iomyxuspAss cgen ent Get ma hssaoeoT opa ,egreAtg sfncehn nhie Ineih etLonrcM nOiea sdnsis AaaAMOSBGAHF9Aotrtetga t C aU3strs0IeREBIfsXwnNlcniaidZGoz eip Le m°1NIgBulrEtdntYutGaLeHN hil,dao IhRc YhS htraa(pHTasoRE ro–e AcbhoE–he 4osISgtATpVer brVVhefwm 3t i ieEToaINeel sra EsIohw or7oSS pA (tte d m –IKrpfs°IiβzNTphlTenSu B dIhtNS iiha r NI)a tterh(rSLeOaeiiS ruαehoahGEm2il rTsoNeKii lc ivalA.r )g r aneYpt1s 1. feahdRaA2h, h 9g rAmtS.ht jnw1ezTit ahibdn, e s 1c)eehw r0c etrP o–ehnoaMs setf s TSWtaiictnbtSOpiwApsAgohsTfesttWMtmmgsmeshhoieatpksHNolaPipoo afil alhlnoih lvbhawugta iyaeenlaEm3sa.nnerOhtsEreteargeget3ndos hbi shs s hao1ssta xnWdecBnbeoct i aCn1recg o t mlu rb e tonshnlsyo , keLapindoss2iu adbthgiBua npc lIvfU a bhelmmnsaetie hefp–seiFtele–sillAstk eeeuautEcae areots por ,hte1 Ic tilnLeuaodce t t 2anculiahAwo ow l,aCNhto3ihhlvL dddat,tuora.us ohtns eslk ieeuG)l5 irh;i Muae orn5a ttogf ps “,nesdsn die raF e Cm idsmwces o nhtEonh tattmG eytie es .aoEo4hd ne hPught 7g fe esenap tsi lIhlhr aogaiet6Ahietodeov eiy rr owosi l s htlMau6 ss antgelrtte-oa aT ohemui hht 2,at sgnirvania xook nztes tntoroUa.at3s een ahorg y h n hs ssulnCucrr1nea pa o l mar ResscsCesedidn.n(p,ttilnwe pet,t sai nD hh e it u d’f.geE tiwlAasl h3aa ngaeerlTroi ehm esrS0eraiSrn s rh s stht˚n.lsgnat i aa - ehe hrebaa vo ytrre kleieeeefaa4ssc erl athtx0 ”siad rt˚y t i.rse –.t ‘, em r s iym astaer wre 5k 0oPe˚ d EN RGSCflMtaiIm 6isEiht8lg6e 5 s9arUa3co0hl o1gdG co2 t d5Sun oa.γn ao8oTgsiam 1mst funh Aiuh AstTpbvd mdthellaasilmm RN ere e Mnasoso wG Iam ami2Asu(fcoaC1t .γ hgaakτ3ana Na1)7 lrhln n ,l205l A oG a o2hda,catn orn n ef oaU d rυtAdsdlrmcoωaem eLr onla5s oimUp cc tdang1mf oaolie ataiMlnfrsβpn i cef atngξiiehcde eP ocsti. eta lauaenIei(nseSnnrsl sit, tMelgc tgCϕ rby keoata isl oE r ncluttpsapaηeao eoSeeνxc.sμr el2w h. e ti o 1ne ho7 e ζhuns ef7 ,ε r M π)s ,. 1 M1δM03 A 32l1 pTsfbnokoiadu p hinffeMHAAosahThGpdkwmhsθnel reaetmololiY9tneoeencnhNo cro oihl
△ THE VIEW FROM EARTH for each month, detailed star locator maps, and one or DThAcaohnApre
Tclohhoaiskn ignseignc gati toa tnph pepe rsaekrsaye nnwcteist hao fts htiheme pn slaekk yem.d oI ted ayelels ,fo ot ecr lomensatcakoiinpnseg s ps, reaanncstdei c boaifln aothdceuv ilcaers o. n cthhea rptso, saitnido ncsh oarf ttsh seh opwlainnegt s. mdcaeontra ebil eep dhf oogutuonigddre ao tpnoh psthp. e.A3 s 4me8co–tr4ieo9 n. THE NIGHT SKY HAcrpeoenEpnldAvrsreiDtosse m e(lTβlneaO)tdt, i tTaoah OnniessEd .p o h2rIntienser c bloeerfsif gstt hh’sfteo eh oosettra i(sgdγti )an.(αrasl) , Ghreere k
ABOUT THIS BOOK 7
THEMED PANELS EXPLORING SPACE ◁ EXPLORING SPACE
ARISTOTLE’S SPHERES This type of feature is used to
Three types of colour-coded describe the study of space,
panels are used to present a Ucenletsilt itahl es p1h7etrhe cseunrrtuoruyn daidng, t hEea ritdhe a of a s“pfihxeedre” osft ars either from the Earth’s surface CONTRIBUTORS
more detailed focus on was not just a convenient fiction – or from spacecraft. Individual
selected subjects. These many people believed it had a panels describe particular Martin Rees General editor
panels appear both on pdhatyes ibcaacl kre taoli tay . mSuocdhe l boefl itehfse discoveries or investigations.
explanatory pages and Universe developed by the Robert Dinwiddie
in feature profiles. MAYSTHTSR AONDL G(O3Sr8TeG4Oe–kRY3 I2p E2h AS ibloNcso)D pahn edTr eHAlarEbisot ro aEttleeCd LIPTIC JOHANNES KEPLER What is the Universe?
by the astronomer Ptolemy The Beginning and End
(ad 85–165). Aristotle placed The German astronomer Johannes
Astrology is tEhaer tsht usdtayti oonf atrhye apt otshieti ons and movements Kepler (1571–1630) discovered the of the Universe, The View
MSATsY OwTRHeIlSEl S aA s▷N bDe ing otaahssftt arrttooh tnnehoo eSmmsueyyn i, nwaMnfUssSalepduusovnh eneoaaien,vrps nrtaceaepr,ln erso las t idletnerhoo a’ddsMugn wmcysmpope hlawnoaaainritnnceenr h eeranlwet, yf tstf s, e h aiuticrnioenerrot r s esnoda.t trhtAcauetterevwantsn c i,ds siothknpiernnedyileacdegd n bi. ,ntc eyiba tm stul,he etne , t dwhbaeerhilseri, e nf llitaanhww aets l sltoithpafett eip ccsla altlon hpseaeattrat hrpaysl .a p Tmnlaehontetse i onto nercbx.o iHtmt stiteshas et feit roSss u t n ◁Pro BfiIlOesG oRfA nPoHtaYble FSyrostmem E, aTrhthe, TMhielk Syo Wlaary
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sky have featured in these pctoisointiso nosf othf et heec lSiputnic atnhda tp tlhaenye tcs ailnl bedtiwstaenence a f rpolamn etth’se as well as a brief David Hughes The Solar System
myths, superstitions, “Aries” and “Taurus”, for example. Sun and its summary of their
and folklore, which However, these sections no longer orbital period. achievements, appear Iain Nicolson Glossary
ftohrism t ythpee souf bpjaencte lo.f mAatrcihe st, hTea ucrounss, taenlldat isoon os no.f NKeweptloenr’ su lsaewd s in this type of panel. Ian Ridpath The View From
to formulate
STARGAZER histheory Earth, The Night Sky
name or astronomical catalogue Robin Scagell
number of feature (features EMISSION NEBULA
without a popular name are The View from Earth
Carina Nebula
identified by number)
Giles Sparrow The Solar
246 STAR-FORMING NEBULAE 247 CATALOGUE NUMBER
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OoidtwntotShuhomddpmarDdoptpTtpsoMCRnhhhhhuaErwAperiiallappafffaehotiaaess ao MoeeeeangvtrCisvbitRt ictttsennlkatitu nt l tohgisetueaehhtkusIsaIi rxzsfi c toeeiaNSn nm e W l pineagtoife eynelaaoadbnorttrt laoSsoarAdcclh fie r--flhe cr3gtirapiWe trfr’I M ree ffe sffsndsvttO hsRa0 wanao e soomt c lnt ieedtnsa prhN yte0aotne4hptaroirrhtoeatsahCarh yela e semt ru mmlf tervvkrydlaeNwbwt-yaenc nao 9anom l d eWe a y ( fttesty E raemiiasbrtbooosstlh rybh ehrnn’ Betc..e enwtseesWo yesauibrriaeoT aai or ggomOUneelondvebvd vm4tavatresllu lrss Lag dhvye ne egalsrdf9aosdsautpnviAyyttf teitoatycr r i rs er,h ai,l nhehppi es fu ps vlta oussk3l(oinob en2teRdors.gau cptsssansripa52taeysden y u vre,ouo ss titoRCD1rtubo2ofqe09Cas m hmdioe e iste4tAard ICotareolattrS0 f fu 6 o f ,i Tanleseth 0u Wo o WbvTplrorsean.pAln0tv-si elfimdm0A y ecaTe ecLcredfni rgraa e9s 0i.v NOgp rs u e t4rc sintocmsr n hb t sech9ebCIhGsliup 9hdto4 ssrbiawv a vutiEeooo tgUra,)hteeteelrg nat tu 9rt -ieiea.y hGEilrFrehbma. isaote neiet,kg yaR g screstn eei gtUNirslHn- swise O norerseeoshes ndeyx s pUeahMporte.tMo ita as ea ndnneheM ra gpooioaegtoSfaorr a ntfaavo s gS s2c eBhnewrersofhsitruigfdtlt aU9ae e.Eo eeers acd t hs tuetNna rRtiedy )a rdIhtnhesu e Ss n oavtesd, .c a , s e r edd f s tia rs . l , CTswsnignetherOa aSLSloptadtAiaotpEepibtanhhhSvsrnbehwrpreXraaursse oseoaaPMnbesdtrugf il Ptloaattn aas,t tSbeir e n coLzIec.ttilIalhu npChl iseesl.aeuccbTihOT nnsgteam n ieatIrth h tCdisttReg-tstsvtm wseieZhzece re O atne Idee oserrt rhaeidttinNozehufe ,N vnlErh gtl iaron ledsved trhnaeSdGe aiesuetso reetRs tn oe sTiyrt robvihctnvhbbae as doR eeelti,toSArleetu rde smaeUealsnoe teesepe rPTs ekn lunoudtaCsi snr,tsteendAan. gbgcagsce v TEgnor rAmeheC fertooeluIeiia -esveleOot n,isEoessoL psf ns dae ruscs ooN rst ni oecltsaoreiftuon udfEeurtni oyr 2 nmltliestrtdfmestafarh ht0preITh(aciheeeSfl pe3nmi Nrs oeoleeshanar 0nee aiu 4soaaso hSesdrft mnoensCtRl sni3nsrfneleh c nrohmIena ragf SteuCDen ,3rd)cpwd ha a nmtni mpdb eObt tE0Wstt tereot r u cpihed nehh u8 e0 egteilsoeSrasllnwzet td5 le n sofeeedoatPifea d4Phpn focfntc s s is rr, u9sfiupImeeiStec n au arTot.upEc oeswioldephiu rpZutrt siarpeme a.onspEsbiirn erndr fn kReo -t .g i. a rn nr THE MILKY WAY C31A2RINA lcfatoehoncaendat s uctiottroesern l lpmscaotataeisnopli lDM8Nnta b,iIs0GA oStei0ihGTnCno 0ANo f n N3owIlwwTi3CguU7EhhisDn2t Ftih Ec-dR yihO1 neM a rSsUN tibnaefbotlwerm eoeaft nsioPCK usnmeaaeS c(ymrvvmtoaisioar ntlnirSeeey ssmT p) Siel, tdnBosctelteey oyT T nh sadfTdheeeroea ehlu ett SubdhceMrletoe eeesM- ld pcpiaM ralrfirkogbei lfeeayiSkilt dle uykyW srinse yWt sa eW ymayGDgAcMaolanAo3mrdwL2krpA oi(danCumyungpTsie poIgtdCe naalr sasN ,nG l aeEteahnfIstlGeda) a xHadsryntBew ad aOasr nsMirUld fhi R 1neoiSt1 lustl0hie p tit(wsttbie coovdait ectla owlgogma sao)lei.afn xstihte es 313
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NIN.Ir3 a rsStL otSLOu0rO–aS,ii Sealttf gpcrr)–d m.aGEsuihtfdGEhtn3TaTufbeN 8KhNDooKn lpizwer e eO iAnAin e -fn YedndtaYe1e 6cao 7ym seeomfzcRrreaLRogtTca.lu 8 h8 g theuA. c A ea at rneiiuT tursrNeo(tisTa oneToe uriceremlrdse hs o ig dso begmfn 1m1itdfienll i 0ea0enhs ii enaltbetaPPk. ssre shgstleM teM el, t o r a ee tvcctdwBohlaaiLaer alrsleb tiAessaL ce desbt oTTmita helnB halhcRyfBe aocr i LtI olk spgooALuhtsue oaedittbN Leg mlascweuLhasjG arsupaeej xa,ca U ne gc lcttih riejethLthe odaessilcia eUoesgr o tsbs o stMh bfp swjon1e t gbfelhjtoha n 4eohiaicAgnfevtcuetdopt Nhaeh er tge tEistsi Dnt-nh a s ac ooMmag fr o scMferai r rotatPlhe tTani soActrhir “mvge ssysioRna.ebcn,ata p anSke Bdapliieanrgstm at-s2euz .ssuuosos o tcaltdescacuhnrafti erlmne asu,te-q ”gnto tsil ua. hiet otnklraa seee sos a. eer rt lelsaxhttioo203w˚0n ˚4 T0˚H E LsI3Z0A˚AR DN P35Dh0E ˚RR 0OShREM UEMTsifSnTDahh c 3oetRAe3hw -c Ieγ δo5 Al uo nL pu6No 4t d coiLsGna 12 t lAo hC53UGfβeCCh 9rafb pLDP1 o AEE 1iα12uUT na5E0iRNh pA6krm iH GtMi. Ths aDRαrIyh.EgAtAg I4 RN7 eiβgE 2Ss 2 sGCaOt 4 S pU1sCo3MTrOC M f eiH uS nB3tswENE2 h3ELe tcP2 i hTnsSDhetR HPse TAIaprdAIEriSE NrmoaUaCLlGsloemS LEgLCooa EfASsY ltManT Gxr 3yIN3O dUkNsSS etoeTHE NIGHT SKYp36fl9il catteiodn △Tmad43hne2THE NIGHT SKYo idsMnsc tsrsOhstarnebulaclusterclusternebulaio40°N20°N40°N60°N20°N60°NEclipticGalaxyHorizonsZeniths-1 0 1 2 3 4 5Variable Planetary Open Globular Diffuse eb NSTAR MAGNITUDESDEEP-SKY OBJECTSPOINTS OF REFERENCEuocetfTtd | JANUARYNORTHERN LATITUDESh i15 February8pm9pmtHo 1 February9pm10pmehi15 January10pm11pmnnGN NIOKRLOrTHOLe1 January11pmMidnightnY 15 DecemberMidnight1am im TRHO Nytimesaving timen DateStandard Daylight-lSeacOBSERVATION TIMESoaKtlr75MuierHERCULES YtM13,dageVBu O M92ARREYC LAOfdLRe IOSNdGTN oAOSEResTWeHrHUET tA R9ARCDO sSB2 MOSOtaTUoONNT IGEYw.SC Dib belnTeD osEoheM1 01ncer93MMM51iz ahvrS U EMHP3EpCseMINOaR URSA ep rrATTMHREEs5V PPolarisctC3.ELAON25LUCMA4GAsT HNItCEMISB i6 4Ei 2RnCEofONMMM81I830CALAISoD1 RAAPMJAUEOIALnOEERSPDMRnSAEO E AIC– SrMA4TS88 OACSSG9oCN6R 8 CiDTE1G2 N3MNeSWM s8AUr7S9Ata GM ELhYSPI.LNNUcEXEO O SMReR UEhPLAG IRLUUA 4SEr3GMEO aNll3Ce np3aACSMIIRPT CasPtool lSrcsnsuU83MEx SRSEPG63MMEECRhLIhoPELM3T7Ioe4ISCRMEg4EIDuOAAl NuIIE a MsAouG3LIARUr5CPAtNr 1MwStSCMEEh6Et7CXhRS T IAnPaS raEb ,eDdSNlTAAPsYErUHo SoRS cAU NyOIACROooETSnwA WnBNHetTelIgeYuvseSM DnaRxOriMrtalileIBA MN NiOiOCt REe tROSfh h SwURMa4T8OEiCT M5P24sM0cLvU ClegiR iSMl4i6npMo4Sieriu7sA SNUCNTAANgILDaS IowIMM R9XAEA3J OAR NM41Rg OkFPYp XSUI PELS eitnaAdharao XIggNE OHPe PU PPTIS SSEO M ABUMCUOLLVEWA CUEMLUTAH IGHOTLEOUROAOHSCaSnopusT STAR MOTIONP IOCTORD AROD MCUALURICNITAE RNorth lrfdLMCioenifrf HSTOUefe eosrHLTUOOOS KIGNr beeoJANUARY NORTHERN LATITUDES| snnnect re cSouthlvSTAR MAGNITUDESDEEP-SKY OBJECTSPOINTS OF REFERENCEah Open Globular Diffuse Planetary Variable ep-1 0 1 2 3 4 5HorizonsZenithsGalaxy40°N20°N40°N60°N20°N60°NEclipticclusterclusternebulanebulastartairotrsutin dTHE NIGHT SKYas4t3e3ths s o w TAnltsehoαβγδεζηθικλμastH emm tt ierroEeriedztbemkliag naos hnebapeetla ogmtpueaotrapGsltmafa thirtam ipsbgaealtamoRoahhd emanaeatrsEn ssec eiE ughsssnstaK.ea reT rtd asshA ictiennooLs e nwtPsνξοπρστυϕχψϖ hvtla ehe iH r stnis tcpotnpxoprsuc bAetahhiihasmhmupiirgoouocii isBsmoGeinc icalkog Eorarpf.aoreonpdTenreik na gr oton
THE PACIFIC OCEAN
This view of the Earth, taken from the
Space Shuttle, is dominated by the
Pacific Ocean. Above the water are
clouds of water vapour and a volcanic
ash plume, a reminder of the continuing
geological activity of the planet’s interior.