Table Of Content(cid:129)
The Dark Age when
the big bang had
Imagine the history of the universe cooled and before
as a time line down the middle of an stars began to shine
American football field. The story
begins on one goal line as the big
Formation of the
bang fills the universe with energy
first galaxies
and a fantastically hot gas of well under way
hydrogen and helium. Follow the
The Age of Quasars: Galaxies,
history from the first inch of the including our home galaxy, actively
time line as the expansion of forming, colliding, and merging
the universe cools the gas
and it begins to form galaxies
and stars.
The expansion of the
universe stops slowing
and begins accelerating.
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Recombination: A few hundred
thousand years after the big
bang, the gas becomes
transparent to light.
Anglo-Australian Observatory/David Malin Images
The First In c h
A typical galaxy contains 100 billion stars.
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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The sun is just a star. T h e Last In
c
h
Nuclear reactions First hominids
make energy.
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Ten thousand years ago, on
the 0.0026 inch line, humans
begin building cities and
modern civilization begins.
Formation of the sun and
planets from a cloud of
interstellar gas and dust
Life begins in
Earth’s oceans.
Cambrian explosion 540 million
years ago: Life in Earth’s oceans
becomes complex.
Life first emerges
onto the land.
Over billions of years, generation
Age of Dinosaurs
after generation of stars have lived
and died, cooking the hydrogen
and helium of the big bang into the
atoms of which you are made.
Study the last inch of the time line
to see the rise of human ancestors
and the origin of civilization. Only in
the last flicker of a moment on the
time line have humans begun to
understand the story.
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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OO BB AA FF GG KK MM
106 100R 1000R
10R Alnilam Rigel A Betelgeuse
Adara Deneb Antares
Spica A Polaris
104 –5
1R Spica B Supergiants
Canopus
Arcturus
Rigel B Capella A
Mai Mira
102 nseq VegaCapella B Aldebaran A 0
0.1R uence Sirius A Gia nts
Pollux
Altair
L Procyon A M
L/ v
Sun
1 5
0.01R α Centauri B
Aldebaran B
10–2 Sirius B 40 Eridani B 10
Wolf 1346
0.001R
White Barnard’s Star
dwarfs Procyon VBan Maanen’s Star Rdwedarfs
10–4
Wolf 486
Note: Star sizes are not to scale.
3300,,000000 2200,,000000 1100,,000000 55000000 33000000 22000000
Temperature (K)
The H–R diagram is the key to understanding stars, their birth, their long lives, and their
eventual deaths. Luminosity (L/L ) refers to the total amount of energy that a star emits
(
in terms of the sun’s luminosity, and the temperature refers to the temperature of its
surface. Together, the temperature and luminosity of a star locate it on the H–R diagram
and tell astronomers its radius, its family relationships with other stars, and a great
deal about its history and fate.
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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The terrestrial or Earthlike planets lie very close The outer worlds of our solar system orbit This book is designed to use arrows to alert
to the sun, and their orbits are hardly visible in a far from the sun. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and you to important concepts in diagrams and
diagram that includes the outer planets. Neptune are Jovian or Jupiter-like planets graphs. Some arrows point things out, but
much bigger than Earth. They contain large others represent motion, force, or even the
Mercury, Venus, Earth and its moon, and Mars are amounts of low-density gases. flow of light. Look at arrows in the book
small worlds made of rock and metal with little carefully and use this Flash Reference card
or no atmospheric gases. Pluto is one of a number of small, icy worlds to catch all of the arrow clues.
orbiting beyond Neptune. Astronomers have
concluded that Pluto is not really a planet
and now refer to it as a dwarf planet.
Point at things: Force:
Planet Earth, the basis for the comparative planetology of
the terrestrial planets, is a water world. It is widely covered You are here
Mdiearmceutreyr i so fa E bairtt ho,v ehra sa nthoird the batym lioqsupidh ewrea treicr,h h ians w paotlearr vcaapposr oafn sdo lwida twear-tderro, panledt chlaosu dasn.
atmosphere, and is heavily cratered.
(cid:129)
s
d
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r Earth’s moon is only
o one-fourth Earth’s
W daniadm heetearv. ilIyt icsr aaitreleresds.
Process flow: Measurement:
l Volcanoes
a
i
r
t
s
e
r
r
e
T Vdeianmues,t e9r5 o pf eEracrethn,t hthaes a
thick cloudy atmosphere
e that hides its surface from
h view. Seen through an
Earth-based telescope, it is
T a featureless white ball.
Mars, a bit over Direction: Radio waves,
Radio-wavelength radiation can hhaalsf Ea athrtihn’s diameter, Polar cap of solid infrared, photons:
pmreeavnepeastl r oaimft etph taehc est uccrlrfoaautceders so,, fav Vnoedlcn rauansdoaers, armotamcrkokyes, pdch rbaeytree vr eoadlnc dac nrauosets carbon dioxide
and solidified lava flows. and old lava flows.
s
t Venus Sun
i
b
r Motion:
O
ary 1 AU Area of Figure 1-6 Mars Rotation 2-D Rotation 3-D Linear
Mercury
t Jupiter
e
Saturn
n Enlarged to show
a relative size Uranus
l
P Earth Neptune
Earth
Sun
Jupiter, more than 11 times Earth’s diameter,
is the largest planet in our solar system.
The cloud belts and zones on Light flow:
Saturn are less distinct than
s those on Jupiter. Uranus and Neptune Updated arrow style
d are both both about four
l times Earth's diameter.
r
o
W
r
e
t
u Shadow of one Focal length
O of Jupiter’s
many moons
e
h Earth is the largest of
T the Terrestrial worlds, Uranus and Neptune are green-
but it is small compared and blue-colored because of
with the Jovian planets. small amounts of methane in
their hydrogen-rich atmospheres.
• See pages 3 and 4 for the two orbital diagrams. Horizons readers: See page 361 for the Terrestrial planets and page 404 for
the Jovian planets. Universe readers: See page 167 for the Terrestrial planets and page 210 for the Jovian planets.
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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7
S E V E N T H E D I T I O N
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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About the Authors
Mike Seeds has been a Professor of Physics and Astronomy at Franklin and
Marshall College in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, since 1970. In 1989 he received
F&M College’s Lindback Award for Distinguished Teaching. Mike’s love for the
history of astronomy led him to create upper-level courses on archaeoastronomy
and changing concepts of the universe. His research interests focus on variable
stars and the automation of astronomical telescopes. Mike is coauthor with
Dana Backman of Foundations of Astronomy, Eleventh Edition (2010); Stars
and Galaxies, Seventh Edition (2010); The Solar System, Seventh Edition (2010);
and ASTRO (2010), all published by Cengage Learning. He was Senior Consultant
for creation of the 20-episode telecourse accompanying the book
Horizons: Exploring the Universe.
Dana Backman taught in the physics and astronomy department at Franklin and
Marshall College in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, from 1991 until 2003. He invented
and taught a course titled “Life in the Universe” in F&M’s interdisciplinary
Foundations program. Dana now teaches introductory astronomy, astrobiology,
and cosmology courses in Stanford University’s Continuing Studies Program. His
research interests focus on infrared observations of planet formation, models of
debris disks around nearby stars, and the evolution of the solar system’s Kuiper
belt. Dana is employed by the SETI Institute in Mountain View, California, as the
manager of Outreach (education, public outreach, and media relations) for
NASA’s Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) at NASA’s Ames
Research Center. Dana is coauthor with Mike Seeds of Foundations of Astronomy,
Eleventh Edition (2010); Stars and Galaxies, Seventh Edition (2010); The Solar
System, Seventh Edition (2010); and ASTRO (2010), all published by Cengage
Learning.
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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7
S E V E N T H E D I T I O N
Michael Seeds
Joseph R. Grundy Observatory
Franklin and Marshall College
Dana Backman
SOFIA (Stratospheric Observatory
for Infrared Astronomy)
SETI Institute & NASA Ames
Research Center
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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Universe: Solar Systems, Stars, and Galaxies, © 2012, 2010, 2008 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning
Seventh Edition
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein
Michael Seeds and Dana Backman
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