Unit 8

96 Pages·2010·38.27 MB·English

8
UNIT
400–1650
Renewal
in Europe
Chapter 17 The Early Middle Ages
Chapter 18 The Later Middle Ages
Chapter 19 The Renaissance and
Reformation
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What You Will Learn…
When the Roman Empire collapsed, Europe
lost its center of power, and a new period
called the Middle Ages began. During the
Middle Ages, Europe was divided into small
kingdoms. At the same time, though, the
strong infl uence of the Christian church tied
most Europeans together.
Later, during the Renaissance and Ref-
ormation, people changed the way they
looked at the world. They developed new
ideas about art, politics, and religion, ideas
that changed Europe forever.
In the next three chapters, you will learn
about life during the Middle Ages, the
Renaissance, and the Reformation.
Explore the Art
In this scene, French teenager Joan of Arc
carries a religious fl ag as she leads an army
into battle during the Middle Ages. What
does the scene suggest about the struggles
of that period?
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17
CHAPTER 400–1200
The Early
Middle Ages
Essential Question How did life in Europe change after
the fall of Rome?
What You Will Learn...
In this chapter you will learn about the social and
economic systems in Europe during a time called
the Middle Ages.
SECTION 1: Geography of Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
The Big Idea Because Europe has many types of landforms and climates,
different ways of life have developed there.
SECTION 2: Europe after the Fall of Rome . . . . . . . . 500
The Big Idea Despite the efforts of Christians to maintain order, Europe
was a dangerous place after the fall of Rome.
SECTION 3: Feudalism and Manor Life . . . . . . . . . . . 506
The Big Idea A complex web of duties and obligations governed
relationships between people in the Middle Ages.
SECTION 4: Feudal Societies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
The Big Idea Although the feudal systems of Europe and Japan were
similar, their cultures were very different.
c. 430
Saint
Patrick
brings
FOCUS ON WRITING CHAPTER Christianity
EVENTS to Ireland.
400
A Job Advertisement In the 900s nobles needed knights, or warriors, to
help protect their property. As you read this chapter, imagine what it would WORLD 476
be like to be one of those nobles. Then you will write a job ad seeking EVENTS Rome falls.
knights to help you defend your land.
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This photo shows Caernarfon Castle in
Wales. Built in the late 1200s, the castle
showed the king’s power and provided
defense from invasions.
800
700s–800s Charlemagne 1066
The Vikings is crowned Feudalism is
raid emperor of introduced
Europe. much of Europe. into Britain.
600 800 1000 1200
613 794 1000s 1076
Muhammad Heian The Chinese Ghana falls
begins becomes invent to Muslim
teaching the capital gunpowder. invaders.
people of Japan.
about Islam.
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Reading Social Studies
Science and
Economics Geography Politics Society and
Religion Technology
Culture
Focus on Themes In this chapter you will read will learn about the invaders who tried to conquer
about Europe during the early Middle Ages. You will the land and see how the feudal system developed.
learn how the geography of the land affected growth As you read, you will understand how this feudal
and trade and see how the Christian religion spread system shaped the entire society and culture of
throughout northern Europe during this time. You the people.
Evaluating Sources
Focus on Reading As you have already learned, historians study
both primary and secondary sources to learn about the past. By studying
both types, they can get a better picture of what life was like.
Assessing Primary and Secondary Sources However, not all sources
are accurate or reliable. You need to be careful when you read historical
sources. Checklists like the ones below can help you judge which sources are
reliable and worth using in your research.
Checklist for Primary Sources
Historians in the past were
not always careful about
✔ Who is the author? Does he or she seem what they put in their
trustworthy? books. Some included
rumors, gossip, or hearsay.
✔ Was the author actually present for the
event described in the source?
The more time that passed
✔ How soon after the event occurred was the between the event and the
source written? writing, the greater the
chance of errors or distor-
✔ Can the information in the source be veri- tion in the description.
fi ed in other primary or secondary sources?
Checklist for Secondary Sources
Not everyone who writes
about history is a good his-
torian. Try to use sources ✔ Who is the author? What are his or her
by qualifi ed writers. credentials, or qualifi cations for writing?
✔ Where did the author get his or her infor-
Good historians will always mation?
tell you where they got
their information. If infor- ✔ Is the information in the source properly
mation isn’t documented, documented?
you can’t always trust that
it is true or accurate. ✔ Has the author drawn valid conclusions
from his or her sources?
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Key Terms
and People
You Try It! Chapter 17
Section 1
The following passage of a primary source can be found in the chap- Eurasia (p. 496)
ter you are about to read. As you read this passage, ask yourself what topography (p. 496)
you could learn from this source.
Section 2
Middle Ages (p. 500)
The Benedictine Rule
medieval (p. 500)
For bedding, a mattress, a blanket, a From Patrick (p. 501)
coverlet and a pillow are enough. The beds Chapter monks (p. 502)
17, page monasteries (p. 502)
should be frequently inspected by the Abbot
502
Benedict (p. 502)
as a precaution against private possessions. If
Charlemagne (p. 503)
anyone is found to have anything which was
not given him by the Abbot, he is to undergo Section 3
the severest punishment; and that this vice knights (p. 506)
of personal ownership may be totally elimi- vassal (p. 507)
nated, everything necessary should be given feudalism (p. 507)
by the Abbot; namely a cowl, a tunic, stock- William the Conqueror (p. 508)
ings, shoes, a belt, a knife, a pen, a needle, a manor (p. 509)
handkerchief and writing tablets, so that all serfs (p. 509)
excuses about necessity are removed. Eleanor of Aquitaine (p. 510)
Section 4
chivalry (p. 513)
After you read the passage, answer the following questions. haiku (p. 514)
1. The passage you have just read is from a code of rules that monks
Academic Vocabulary
lived by in the early 500s. If a historian wanted to study how
Success in school is related to
monks lived at that time, would this be a good source to use?
knowing academic vocabulary—
Why or why not? the words that are frequently used
in school assignments and discus-
2. Where else might a historian look to verify the information found sions. In this chapter, you will learn
the following academic words:
in this source?
role (p. 510)
3. Would this be a good source to study to learn how monks live elements (p. 514)
today? Why or why not?
As you read Chapter 17, look at the pri-
mary sources included in the chapter.
Why do you think these sources were
chosen to be included?
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1
Geography
SECTION
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of Europe
ARCTIC
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OCEAN U L A RA ASIA
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Europe vary widely from get to the sea and to trade with villages farther inland. You love BBrritish N Ka
region to region. Isles ea A
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people’s lives. U
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Use the graphic organizer online The Physical Features of Europe Sicily SSeeaa
Crete
to take notes on the geography of
Europe is a small continent, but it is very diverse. Many different
three regions of Europe. Mediterranean SSeeaa
landforms, water features, and climates can be found there.
Although we call Europe a continent, it is actually part of
Eurasia , the large landmass that includes both Europe and Asia.
Geographers consider the Ural Mountains to be the boundary
between the two continents.
Landforms and Waterways
Look at the map of Europe. You can see that different parts of
Europe have very different features. In other words, Europe’s HRW World History
wh06ms_c09map003aa
topography (tuh-PAH-gruh-fee) varies widely from place to
Europe: Physical
place. Topography refers to the shape and elevation of land in
APPROVED(2) 11/10/04
a region.
Mountain ranges cover much of southern Europe. Some
peaks in the Alps reach higher than 15,000 feet. The highest
mountains have large snowfi elds and glaciers.
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Europe: Physical
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AARRCTIC
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OOCCEAN U L A RA ASIA
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BBrritish N Ka
Isles ea A
PENNIN NSoerath Baltic S E U R O P E River Ural River
5500°°NN SE N D
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U ELEVATION
Balearic LA Feet Meters
Islands Tyrrhenian AA
Strait of Gibraltar Sea eegg 13,120 4,000
eeaa 6,560 2,000
nn SS 1,640 500
Sicily eeaa 656 200
Crete
(Sea level) 0 0 (Sea level)
GEOGRAPHY
SKILLS INTERPRETING MAPS Below Below
Mediterranean SSeeaa sea level sea level
1. Region What four peninsulas do you see labeled? Ice cap
2. Movement How might the Alps have affected the 0 250 500 Miles
movement of peoples?
0 250 500 Kilometers
North of the Alps, the land is much fl at- The Northern European Plain is also
ter than in southern Europe. In fact, most of the location of most of Europe’s major riv-
northern Europe is part of the vast North- ers. Many of these rivers begin with melt-
ern European Plain. As you can see on the ing snow in the southern mountains and HRW World History HRW World History
wh06ms_c09map003aa
map, this plain stretches all the way from fl ow out across the plain on their way wh06ms_c09map003aa
Europe: Physical
Europe: Physical
the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Ural northward to the sea.
APPROVED(2) 11/10/04
Legend
Mountains in the east. In the past, this huge If you travel even farther north from the
APPROVED(2) 11/10/04
expanse of land was covered with thick for- Northern European Plain, the land starts to
ests. Many types of trees grew well in the rise again. Far northern Europe has many
plain’s rich, fertile soils. rugged hills and low mountains.
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Geography and Living
Europe’s geography has influenced
the development of different ways
of life. It has influenced, for example,
what crops people have grown and
where cities have developed.
3 Norway
2 Germany
1 Farmers have long grown olives and other
1 Italy hardy crops in the drier, warmer areas along
the Mediterranean in southern Europe.
You can see these hills and mountains Geography Shapes Life
in the northern part of the British Isles and
As in other parts of the world, geography
in Scandinavia, Europe’s largest peninsula.
has affected history in Europe. It infl u-
Scandinavia is only one of Europe’s many
enced where and how people lived.
peninsulas. Smaller peninsulas extend into
the sea from many parts of Europe. These Southern Europe
peninsulas give Europe a very long, jagged In southern Europe, most people lived on
coastline. coastal plains or in river valleys where the
land was fl at enough to farm. People grew
Climate and Vegetation
crops like grapes and olives that could
Like its landforms, Europe’s climates and survive the region’s dry summers. In the
vegetation vary widely from region to mountains where the land was steep or
region. For example, southern Europe is rocky, people raised sheep and goats.
largely warm and sunny. As a result, shrubs Because southern Europe has many
and trees that don’t need a lot of water are peninsulas, people there don’t live far from
common there. the sea. As a result, many became traders
Most of northwestern Europe, in con- and seafarers.
trast, has a mild and cooler, wetter climate.
Northern Europe
Cold winds from the north and northeast
can bring freezing weather in winter. Most people in northern Europe lived far-
Freezing weather is much more com- ther from the sea. They still had access
mon in Scandinavia, though. That region to the sea, however, through northern
is very cold throughout the year. Snow falls Europe’s rivers. Because rivers were an easy
for much of the year, and few plants can method of transportation, towns grew up
survive the region’s cold climates. along them. Rivers also provided protec-
tion. The city of Paris, France, for example,
READING CHECK Summarizing How do was built on an island in a river to make
Europe’s landforms and climates vary by region? the city hard for raiders to reach.
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2 Cities have grown along rivers such as 3 Many people in cold, snowy Scandinavia have
the Rhine in Germany. Rivers have been settled on the coasts, looking to the sea and
routes for moving people and goods. lands beyond for the resources they need.
In the fi elds around cities, farmers
grew all sorts of crops. These fi elds were S U MMARY AND PREVIEW You have just
excellent farmlands, but the fl at land also read about the role Europe’s geography
made an easy route for invaders to follow. played in its history. Because Europe has
No mountains blocked people’s access to so many types of landforms and climates,
northern Europe, and as a result, the region many different ways of life developed
was frequently invaded. there. Also, northern Europe had few nat-
ural barriers to prevent invasions. In the
READING CHECK Contrasting How did geog- next section, you will learn how Europe
raphy influence where people lived in Europe? changed when invasions did occur.
Section 1 Assessment
ONLINE QUIZ
Reviewing Ideas, Terms, and People climates, and vegetation of northern Europe,
southern Europe, and Scandinavia.
1. a. Defi ne What is topography?
b. Compare and Contrast How is southern
Landforms Climates Vegetation
Europe’s climate like or unlike your climate?
Northern Europe
2. a. Describe Where do most people in southern
Southern Europe
Europe live?
Scandinavia
b. Draw Conclusions Do you think Europe’s
major farming regions are in the north or the FOCUS ON WRITING
south? Why?
c. Elaborate How might the region’s climate 4. Thinking about Geography If you were a noble
affect how people live in Scandinavia? living in northern Europe, what might your life be
like? How would the landforms and climate affect
Critical Thinking
people in your area? Why might you need the
3. Categorizing Draw a chart like the one to protection of knights? Write some ideas down in
the right. Using your notes, list the landforms, your notebook.
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