UNIFIED S-BAND TELECOMMUNICATIONS TECHNIQUES FOR APOLLO George

88 Pages·2002·1.81 MB·English

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UNIFISE-DB ANTDE LECOMMUNOINCSA TI
TECHNIQFUOERSA POLLO
VOLUME 1 - FUNCTIONALD ESCRIPTION
bJyo hHn.P ainatnGeder o Hrogned ros
MannSeadc ecCreanftt er
p
HousTteoxna,s
NATIONAALE RONAUTIACNSD S PACEA DMINISTRATI• ONW ASHINGTODN.,C . • MARCH1 965
TECHL IBRARKAYF B, NM
11111II1I1II11IIII1I1I/III1I1I/II 1I1IIII1I I
0069093
UNIFIED S-BAND TELECOMMUNICATIONS TECHNIQUES FOR APOLLO
VOLUME I
FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION
By JohnH . Painter aGnedo rgeH ondros
MannedS pacecrafCte nter
HoustonT, exas
NATIONAALE RONAUTIACNSD S PACEA DMINISTRATION
- --
Fors aleb yt heO fficoefT echnicSaelr vicDeesp, artmeonfCt o mmerce,
WashingtDo.nC,.2 023-0- Pric$e3 .00
Ill
FOREWORD
TheR evieCwo pyo ft hisp ublicatiwoanse ntitle"dT,h eA pollo
UnifieSd- BanTde lecomm:unicat;i.Soynsst e-mVolume and
1",
identifiaesdF ile NumbSe-r58 byN ASA MannSepda cecraCfetn ter.
Thep resenptu blicatiunodne,r a newt itlei,s nearliyd entictaol
theR evieCwo pyw itho nlya fewm inocrh anges.
Thea uthorwsi sht o acknowledtgheea ida ndc ooperatiroenc eived
in thep reparatiaonndr evieowf t hisd ocument.
Victor
w.
M. Easterling
B. Martin JetP ropulsiLoanb oratory
L. Randolph PasadenCaa,l ifornia
P. Goodwin
M. Brockman
D.H olcomb MotorolIan,c .
Scottdsale,A rizona
TABOLFEC ONTENTS
Section Page
1.0 INTDRUCOTI.O N . 2
.
1.1O bjectoiftv heRese port 2
1.1.V1o luIm e. 2
1.1.V2o lumIeI . 2
1.1.V3o luImIeI 3
1.2H istoofrt yh eS ystem 3
2.0 THEB ASSIYCS T.EM . 6
2.1S ystCeomn cept 6
2.1.T1h Baes iScp acecSryasftte m 6
2.1.T2h Bae siGcr ounSdy stem 7
2.2E xtseinoonft hBaes iScy tseRme �uitroe d
SupptohreCt o mmSaenrdv Miocdeu alneLd un ar
ExcurMsoidou.nl .e 8
2.3T hGe rouNnedt work 8
DETAISLEYDS TDEMEC SRIPTION 10
3.1T heC ommunicaStiigonnasl s 10
Up-liGnrko untdoS pacec.r aft 10
( )
Down-liSnkp acectroGa rfotu nd 10
( )
3.2S ignTarla nsmiMsosdiuolnaT teicohnn i�ues 12
32.1. Up-li.nk .. . 12
32.2. Dowlni-nk 12
32.3. SignDaels ign 14
3.3S pacecSruabfsty Csotnegfmui ration 16
3.3.P1r emodulation Processor 16
33.2. Transp.o.nd er 19
3.4G rounSdu btseyms.s 22
3.4.G1e neCroanlf iguration 22
3.4.A2n tennas 23
. . . . . . •
3.4.M3i crowCaivrec uitry 23
3.4.R4e ferCehnacneRn eecle iver 24
i
Section Page
3.4.An5g leC hanRneecle iver 25
3.4.6 Transmitter 25
. • . . .
3.4.R7a ngCiinrgc uitry 26
3.4.De8m odulaCtiirocnu itry 28
3.4.P9r emoduCliartciuoint ry 31
3.4.A1c0q uisaintPdir oong ramCiinurgic try 31
3.4.11 SGyrsotuPenemdr iphEeqruailp ment 31
4.0 SYSTOEMP ERATITOENCAHNLI QUES 34
4.1R angainnSdgp acecArcaqfuti sition 34
4.1.A1P hysiEcxapll anoaftt ihoRena inngPgr ocess 34
4.1.A2nE xplanoaftA icoqnu isition 36
4.2L unaMri ssCioomunmn icatRieoqnusi rements 37
4.2.P1r e-cLahun 37
.
42. 2. Launc.h . . 38
4.2.E3a rOtrhb it 38
4.2.T4r anslIunnajre ction 38
4.2.S5p acecTrraafnts poasniLdtEM iC ohne ckout 38
4.2.E6a rth-CLounaa.sr t 38
4.2.L7un aOrr bi.t. .. 38
4.2.L8u nLaanrd ing 39
4.2.M9oo n-EaIrntjhe catniCdo ona st 39
42.1. 0 R een.t r.y . . . . . 39
43. SystOepme raftoiaroN nom inLaunla Mri ssion 39
4.3.P1r lea-un.c h. . .. . 39
4.3.La2u nc.h . . . . . . . 39
4.3.E3a rth-IOnrsbeirtt ion 40
4.3.E4a rth-Orbit 40
4.3.T5r ans-TLruanjaerc Itnojreyc tion 40
4.3.T6r anspositiCohne cakn-do ut 40
LEM
4.3.T7r anslOunrabr.i t . . . . 41
. . •
4.3.L8un aOrr bit 41
. . . . . . . . • .
4.3.L9u nLaanrd inSgur,f aOcpee ratainodn s
Rendez.v. o u.s . . . 41
4.3.E1a0r Ttrha jecItnojreyc atnidCo ona st 42
4.3.A1t1m ospRheeernitcr y 42
5.0 REFREENCES 43
6.0 TABL.E S 44
FIGUSR E 51
ii
IEDS -B TELECOCATITOENCSQ UEFSO R LLO
UNIF AND MMUNI HNI APO
VOL I
UME
CTIODNEASLCR IPTION
FUN
ByJ ohHn. PaianntGdeo err gHeo ndros
Mannde SpacecCreanrft te
S Y
UMMAR
Thidso cumeinsat functdieosncarli opftt ihoienn ntdede configuration
anodp eraotfit ohenA polUlnoi df Si-ebaTnedl eciocatiaonnds Tracking
mmun
Systme.I np artictuhliadsrse ,c ripatpipolnti oet sh lei nkb tewetehne
co nd-sermvoildcueae n dt hger outnrda cksitnagt iTohnle.u neaxrc ursion
mma
moldue-troo-uglnidn ikss imilaanrad,n e u�ivaldeenstc riapptpiloine s.
Thdeo cnutmb egeinwsi tahs horretsm ueo ft hsey stedme'vse lnotpamle
histoTrhye.n btahsesi pca ccreaafntgd r ousnyds tceomn caerpet simply
epxlainFeodl.l oawridneteg a idld esecriptoifto hnceso nicatisoingsn als,
mmu
molduatitoenc hensia,� nud subcsoynsftiegmu raTthideoo ncsu.mc eonntc ludes
witehpx lanatoifso ynsst oepemr atitoencahlen si.� u
10.
INTRODUCTION
11.
Objectiveso f the Report
The UnifiedS -Band Telecommunicationsa nd TrackingS ystemu nder develop­
ment for the Apollol unarm issionsi s not now well documented.A lthoughs ome
documentatioonn the individual subsystems extihsetrse,i s no completes ystem
documentation whipcrho videsa readerw ith the basic systemd esign,c apabilities,
operation,a nd limitations.T his reporti s intendedt o provides uch system
documentatiofno r the systemi n its currents tate of developmenta nd is divided
into threev olumesb ecauseo f the systemc omplexity.
Detailedd escriptioonf othere lementst hat may feed into the present
systemb ut are not directlyd evelopedb y MSC is plannedt o appeari n later
volumeso f this reporto r in appropriater eferencem aterialsa s they are
developed.
l.l.l Volume I
Volume I providesa simplifiedf unctionald escriptiono f the configuration
and operationo f the communication and trackings ystemt o be used in the lunar
Apollom issions. The spacecraftS -bands ubsystemsf or the command-service
module CSM and lunar excursionm odule LEM are very similari n a system
( ) ( )
sense. Both vehiclesw ill, in fact, be supported btyh e same type of ground
stationc ommunication e�uipment.T herefore,t he basic spacecraftd escription,
given here, is for the CSM, with the minor differenceso f the LEM subsystem
pointedo ut. The basics ystemm odulationt echni�uesa nd operationalc oncepts
are described.
At the time VolumeI was prepared,t he CSM spacecraftS -bands ubsystem
was being redesignedt o accommodate additionalc ommunication re�uirements,
insuree �uipmentr eliabilitya,n d insurec ompatibilitwyi th the grounds ub­
system. The spacecrafts ubsystemc onfiguratiocnh osent o be describedi n this
volumei s one which resultedf rom detailedt echnical discussionsb etweenMa nned
SpacecraftC enter,J et PropulsionL aboratory,NA SA Head�uartersG,o ddardS pace
FlightC enter,a nd associatedc ontractors.A lthought he authorsf eel that this
configuratiobne st meets the presentlyd efinedc ommunication re�uiremenatnsd
providesm ore fl�ibility than otherp resentlyp roposedc onfigurationsi,t is
possiblet hat the final spacecraftS -bande �uipmentm ay differs lightly at
(
the modulel evel from the oned escribed. It is not expectedt hat the basic
)
designp hilosophyo r operationo f the spacecraftS- band subsystemw ill depart
appreciablyf rom that described.
At the time of preparationo f VolumeI , the grounds ubsystemd emodulators
were functionallsyp ecified,b ut not designed. The authorsh ave treatedt he
set of demodulatorwsh ich,i n their judgment,b est satisfyt he re�uirement• s
1.2. 1 .
Volume II
Volume IiIs a detailedma thematicala nalysiso f the communication and
trackingc hannelso f the system. E�uationsi n generalizedpa rameters are
derivedw hich may be used eithert o designt he communication channelso r to
2
analyzee xistingd esigns. The equationsa re sufficientlgye neralt hat changes
1.1 .. 1
of the type referredt o in section may be easilyt reated. Basic assump­
tions made in the derivationsa re plainlys tateds o that the validityo f the
channel modemlasy be easilyi nferred.
1.1.3
VolumeI II
VolumeI II is a tabulationo f performance datoar circuitm arginsf or
each channelo f the system. The calculatioon f thesec ircuitm arginsi s based
on the theoreticala nalysisp resentedi n Volume II. The circuitm arginsi n
VolumeI II allow inferenceo f the qualityo f the variouss ystemc hannels during
nominal as well as non-nominalm odeso f transmissioonf the spacecrafta nd
grounds ystems.
1.2
Historyo f the System
The presentc onfiguratioonf the UnifiedS -Bandh as evolvedf rom earlier
equipment. It is thereforei mportantt o acquaintt he readerw ith the history
of the system. The Mercurys pacecraftw as providedw ith many electro-magnetic
transmittinagn d receivings ystems. These systemso perateda t seven discrete
frequenciesw ithinf ive widelys eparatedf requencyb ands. The systemsu sed
on the Mercurys pacecraftw ere:
l. voice transmittera nd receiver
HF
2.UHF
voice transmittera nd receiver
3.VHF
telemetryt ransmittern o. l
4.VHF 2
telemetryt ransmittern o.
5- C-bandt ransponder
6.
command receiver
UHF
7· S-bandt ransponderpu lse
( )
To complementt he spacecrafts ystems,a numbero f grounds tations,s trate­
gicallyl ocateda boutt he globe,w ere providedw ith systemsc ompatiblet o those
in the spacecraftt o fulfillt he communications and trackingr equirementfso r
the Mercurym issions. The spacecrafta nd grounds ystemsu sed in the Mercury
Project performseadt isfcatorily. As a result,i t was plannedt hat the great
majority of theses ystemss houldb e used in the GeminiP roject,w ith,p erhaps,
some systems modificatimoandse to provideb etterp erformanceo r power and
weights avingsi n the Geminis pacecraft.
When the ApolloP rojectw as initiated,i t was stipulatedt hat as much as
possibleo f the existing Mercuryg roundn etworka nd spacecrafts ystemsb e used.
In additiont o these systems,i t was conceivedt hat a transponders houldb e
includedi n the spacecraft to performt he ranging operationa t lunar distances.
The transponderw as also to be used for transmissioonf voice and telemetrya t
lunard istances. Since the transponderd esignc hosenw as compatiblew ith the
3
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DeeSppa ceIn srtumteanitonF aciltyi( SDIF)e,ts balsihebdy t he PJreotp suoiln
Laborato(rPJyL )t,h eJ PLt ecnhi�ue (pesudroa-ndcoomd rea nngg)iw asc hoesn by
NASAt op errmf oranign.g uTshf,o rt hed epe sapcpeha soef c ommunicatifoonrs
thel unamris soin,t heJ PLt ranspownadste opr e rofrmt hec ommunicatonia nd
tracnkgf iuncotnisu singt hered eespp acseat toins,c loelsyr eesbmlnigt heJ PL
deisgn. Fort hen eaera-rtphhs a,e wheov,e trhe UHF, andC -baGnedm ini­
VHF,
typee�u ipmteswn erteo b eu sde top efrormt hec ommuniciaotnsan dt rakcing
1
funtcoins. sAut dyconudctd beyJ PLh,o weerv,i nidcatde tha"tu ndweorsr t
cnoditsi"otn hed epe psaces taiotnmsi ghnto ta cu�iret he escparafcta ta lt-i
2
tudelswo ert ha1n0 0,00n auticamlil es• Iand diiotnc,mo puattiomnadse b y
thec ontraacntdMo SrCi nidcattehda t thaen dUHF systmesr angceaa pbility
VHF
woulbdel estshan 100,00n auticmaille .s
, Duirngt hee arlpyha seosfs apccerafstbu ysstmesd eigsn,p efrormbeydt he
contcrtaorit,w asr ealitzheadat p roblweitmht hes apceacfrtw egiht would
aries,s nicteh e neeaarrtp-hhs aeosf tmhisesi onr eu�ireda numbero fd ifefrent
sapcercafttr anisttmerasn dr ecveerisa,s w elals t heibra c-kup.s Becuaseof
thirse aliozna,tt hiec ontrascutggoesrtd e toNA SAt haatd diiotnaclo nisdera­
toins huoldb eg vient ot hes paccerafwetgi htp roebml,a nd tphearth aspmose
othecro mmunicatiaonndts r akcinsgy smt ecobuleud s de diunrgt hev airosu near­
eartphha seosft heA pollluon amri sisons.
As rae lstuo f tfhoree gnogic onidseriaotsn,a meetnigw ash eladt t he
Ofifceo fT racnkga indD atAac u�iistioSnys etms( TOD)A inW asnhgitoDn.,C i.n
Deecbmer 1962. Att himse eitngO TDpAr eesnetdp lasn fora gronuentdw oursinkg
au nified S-ibearsn ysdt mec taorr errpensteaivteso fv arioNAuSsAc netesr,
inclnugdJ iPLa ndMS C. Theg ruondp oritono f tshyesm t weast oc nossito f
theres attoinsha vi8n5g-f ooCtas sgerianf ede antenfnoards e espp aec commun­i
caitonasn dt rakcin(ge sparaftreot mho seo fJ PL)a,n da nubmero fs taiotns
with3 0f-ooCtas esgrna fieed anttoep nenrafsoc rmmomu nicaitonasn dt racikng
durnig tnheea era-rtphha seso ft heA pollluoan rm issions. Thipsr ospdeo
gruondn etwornko to nly woulidnc raesteh er angcepa aiblitise fnoera erra-th
communicaotnisan dt rakcin,gb utw ouladls oa llotwr anssimoinfs rmo the es­pac
crafdtu rnigb otnhe aera-rtahn dd eesp-apcpeh asest ob ep efrormbeydo ne
trantstmeirt,hu esl miiniantga llt he C-baannddUHF sytsmesa ndt hier
VHF,
bakc-pusa,n dc nosueen�tlrye duncgt ihes paccreafwteg ih.t
Thep hliopshyo ofu singt heu nfiiedS -abnds ysmt efcoro icaitosn and
mmun
trakcinagt n eaera-rtahn di nd eespp achaesb ene accetpe.d Asa result,
theg ruondn etworreuk�ri de fort hes uppoorflt u namris sioniss p reesntly
benigi mpelmenteudn dear c ontrfarcottm h eG oddaSrpadc Fel ightC etnre.
1
EPD-29 E-smtaited19 631-907,C apialibtyo ft heD eeSpp acIens turmenitoant
Faclitiyf or ApPorljolecot ,JP LPa,s adenCaa,l ifor2-n-li26a,.
2
Thea lttiudoef 1 00,00n autimcilaelws a sc aclualtde ont heb aiss of the
threJeP LD SFI sattoinsl ocataetGd o lsdotneC,a lfioran,iJ ohnanesbuUrnigo,n
ofS outAhf ricaan,dW oomeArusart,al ia.
4
TheA polulnoi efdi8 -basnyds theasmn oty et beeenv aluaitne dt he
laboratsonircyet, h eh aradrwed esgina ndf abriicoanht asn otb eecno mptlede.
Planhsa vbee epnr epda,rh eowveerb,y t heM andn SepaccerafCte ntfeorre ary l
andc onntuiinlga borattesotrniyga sw ella sf lgihtq ualciaftoinio ft he
syst.e m
5