Understanding Obstacles to Peace: Actors, Interest and Strategies in Africa's Great Lakes Region

382 Pages·2011·2.2 MB·English

by  Mwesiga Baregu (Editor)

Understanding Obstacles
to Peace

Actors, Interests, and Strategies
in Africa’s Great Lakes Region
Editor
Mwesiga Baregu
fountain publishers
Kampala
International Development Research Centre
Ottawa • Cairo • Dakar • Montevideo • Nairobi • New Delhi • Singapore
Fountain Publishers
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Kampala
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A copublication with the
International Development Research Centre
P.O. Box 8500
Ottawa, ON K1G 3H9
Canada
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.idrc.ca
ISBN (e-book) 978-1-55250-516-8
© International Development Research Centre 2011
First published 2011
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the
publisher.
ISBN: 978-9970-25-036-3
Contents
Abbreviations .........................................................................................vi
Foreword ..............................................................................................xiii
Preface.................................................................................................xxii
Notes on Contributors ........................................................................xxv
1 Actors, Interests and Strategies in the Great Lakes Confl ict
Formation ............................................................................................1
Introduction ..........................................................................................1
Lessons Learned or Neglected in the Great Lakes Region ...........2
Justifi cation of the Study and some new Hypotheses ....................5
Actors’ Interests and their Strategies ..............................................14
Identities, Profi les and Interests of Actors ....................................15
Major Confl icts in the Region ..........................................................25
2 Understanding Obstacles to Peace in Burundi: Actors, Interests
and Strategies .....................................................................................29
Introduction ........................................................................................29
3 Obstacles to Post-Election Peace in Eastern Democratic
Republic of Congo: Actors, Interests and Strategies ..................61
Introduction ........................................................................................61
Study Focus ........................................................................................65
Nature of the Confl ict........................................................................68
Actors and their Interests .................................................................85
Government Responses to the Natural Resource Curse ............109
4 Confl ict and Constraints to Peace among Pastoralists in
Northern Kenya ................................................................................146
Introduction .....................................................................................146
The Confl ict Environment in Northern Kenya ............................148
iii
A Note on Methodology .................................................................149
The Study Area: The People, Economy and Political
Developments ..................................................................................150
Weak State on the Frontier .............................................................153
The Ajuran/Degodia Confl ict and the Wagalla Massacre ..........156
The Boran/Gabra Confl ict of 2005 .................................................158
Misuse and Abuse of Power – the Provincial Administration and
Manipulative Behaviour .................................................................159
Biases of NGOs ...............................................................................161
Protraction ........................................................................................162
Weak States in the Neighbourhood ..............................................163
The Somali Ambitions and State Collapse ...................................164
Protraction ........................................................................................165
Conclusion ........................................................................................166
5 Beyond the North-South Dichotomy in Sudan: Issues,
Actors, and Interests ........................................................................170
Statement of the Problem ...............................................................170
Research Objectives .........................................................................172
Research Design ...............................................................................173
Research Methodology ...................................................................174
The Issues ..........................................................................................175
Threat of Balkanisation ...................................................................176
Quest for Democracy and Challenges to Regimes......................177
Arab vs. African Nationalism ........................................................178
Competition over Political Dominance ........................................179
Competition over Natural Economic Resources .........................179
The Search for State Power ............................................................179
Actors and their Interests in Sudan ...............................................180
Internal Actors ..................................................................................180
iv
6 Understanding Obstacles to Political Reconciliation in
Zanzibar: Actors, Interests and Strategies ..................................222
Introduction and Background ......................................................222
A Theoretical Perspective to the Ongoing Political Confl ict in
Zanzibar ...........................................................................................225
The Socio-Economic and Political Context .................................226
Delineation of Actors and Patt erns of Interaction ......................230
Underlying Issues, Interests and Strategies .................................232
Revolutionary Legacy and the Politics of Exclusion .................232
The Union Issue and its Complexity.............................................235
The Zanzibari Government vs the Union Government ............238
Democratic Governance .................................................................239
Other Actors and their Roles .........................................................240
CCM–Zanzibar and the Union Government Strategies .............245
Conclusion and Recommendations .............................................264
7 Understanding Obstacles to Peace in Northern Uganda:
Actors, their Interests and Strategies ...........................................271
Introduction ......................................................................................271
A Note on Methodology .................................................................274
8 Conclusion: Removing Obstacles to Peace .................................307
Bibliography .......................................................................................330
Index ...................................................................................................348
v
Abbreviations
ABC Abyei Boundary Commission
ADB African Development Bank
ADF/NALU Allied Democratic Forces/National Army for the
Liberation of Uganda
AFDL Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of
Congo
ALiR Armée de Libération du Rwanda
AM Anvil Mining
AMIB African Mission in Burundi
ARLPI Acholi Religious Leaders Peace Initiative
ASP Afro-Shiraz Party
AU African Union
BM Boss Mining
CAEP Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning
CAF Conflict Analysis Framework
CAMI Cadastre Minier
CAR Central African Republic
CCM Chama Cha Mapinduzi
CDF Constituency Development Fund
CECORE Centre for Conflict Resolution
CEEC Centre d’Evaluation, d’Expertise et de Certification
des Substances
CEPGL Communauté Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs
(Great Lakes countries economic community)
CIA Central Intelligence Agency
CIAT International Committee for Accompanying the
Transition
CMSK Compagnie Minière du Sud Katanga
CNDD National Council for the Defence of Democracy
vi
Abbreviations vii
CNDD-FDD Conseil National pour la Défense de la Démocratie
(National Council for the Defence of Democracy)
CNDP Congrès National pour la Défense du Peuple
(National Congress for the Defence of the People)
COMESA Common Market of Eastern and Southern Africa
COMIDE Metorex, Société des Mines et de Développement
COSPNU Civil Society Organisation for Peace in Northern
Uganda
CPA Comprehensive Peace Agreement
CSRP Comité de Suivi de la Réforme de la Police
CUF Civic United Front
DC District Commissioner
DCP DRC Copper Project
DDR Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration
DO District Officer
DP Democratic Party
DPRC District Peace and Reconciliation Committee
DRC Democratic Republic of Congo
EAC East African Community
EDF Equatoria Defence Force
EITI Extractive Industry Transparency Initiatives
EPA External Payment Arrears
EPU European University Centre for Peace Studies
EU European Union
FAP Force d’Autodéfence Populaire
FAPL Forces Armées Populaires pour la Libération
FAR Forces Armées Rwandais
FARDC Forces Armées de la Republique Démocratique du
Congo
FDD Forces pour la Défense de la Démocratie
FDLR Forces Démocratiques de Libération du Rwanda
viii Understanding Obstacles to Peace
FDLR Forces Démocratiques de Libération du Rwanda
FEC Fédération des Entreprises du Congo
FEDEMO Federal Democratic Movement
FNL Forces Nationales de Libération (Forces for National
Liberation)
FOBA Force Obote Back Again, Ninth October Movement
(NOM)
ForDIA Concern for Development Initiatives in Africa
FQ First Quantum
FRODEBU Front for Democracy in Burundi
FR Force Républicaines Fédéraliste
FUNA Former Uganda National Army (West Nile armed
groups)
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GECAMINES Général des Carrières des Mines
GEI Global Environmental Institute
GMB Groupe Minier Bangandula
GONU Government of National Unity
GOS Government of Sudan
GOSS Government of Southern Sudan
GTL Groupement pour le Traitement de Terril de
Lubumbashi
HAMAKI Harakati za Mabadiliko ya Kidemokrasia Zanzibar
HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndrome
HSMF Holy Spirit Mobile Force
ICC International Criminal Court
ICGLR International Conference on the Great Lakes Region
IDRC International Development Research Centre
IDPs Internally Displaced Peoples
IEMF Interim Emergency Multinational Force
IGAD Intergovernmental Authority on Development
Abbreviations ix
IIAG Ibrahim Index on African Governance
IMF International Monetary Fund
JKU Jeshi la Kujenga Uchumi
JVMM Joint Verification and Monitoring Mechanism
KANU Kenya African National Union
KCC Kamoto Copper Company
KMKM Kikosi Maalum cha Kuzuia Magendo (Zanzibar
Marine Forces)
LRA Lord’s Resistance Army
MIBA Mines de Bakwanga
MLC Mouvement de Libération du Congo
MONUC Mission des Nations Unies en République
Démocratique du Congo (United Nations Mission
for Congo)
MP Member of Parliament
MPC Mining Processing Congo
MPRI Military Professional Resources Incorporated
MRC Congolese Revolutionary Movement
NCP National Congress Party
NDA National Democratic Alliance
NEC National Executive Committee
NFD Northern Frontier District
NGOs Non-Governmental Organisations
NIF National Islamic Front
NOM Ninth October Movement, Force Obote Back Again
(FOBA)
NRA National Resistance Army
NRRDO Nuba Relief, Rehabilitation and Development
Organisation
OAG Other Armed Groups
OAU Organisation of African Unity
OCHA Office for the Co-ordination of Humanitarian Affairs