Understanding Nuclear Physics: An Experimental Approach

164 Pages·2023·4.413 MB·English

by  Nikit Deshmukh, Nirav Joshi

Nikit Deshmukh
Nirav Joshi   Editors
Understanding
Nuclear Physics
An Experimental Approach
Understanding Nuclear Physics
·
Nikit Deshmukh Nirav Joshi
Editors
Understanding Nuclear
Physics
An Experimental Approach
Editors
NikitDeshmukh NiravJoshi
SchoolofSciences UniversityofBarcelona
PPSAVANIUniversity,Kosamba Barcelona,Spain
Surat,India
ISBN 978-981-19-8436-5 ISBN 978-981-19-8437-2 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8437-2
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Preface I
ThisbookprovidesauniqueapproachtounderstandthenuclearPhysicsespecially
fromtheexperimentalendwhichisnotcommoninmostofthebooksthatareavailable
inmarket.ManybooksavailableonthesubjectNuclearPhysicshavetheconventional
approachoftheoryknow-howandthenthetraditionaldescriptionoftheexperiments.
Butthisbookonthecontrarywillprovidetheotherapproachcoveringexperimental
competence.Themainhighlightofthisbookisthataspecialcarehasbeentakento
provide more experimental information in the sense considering real experimental
data,realexperimentalstructureshowcasedfrominternational/nationallaboratories.
ThisbookcoverskeyareasinExperimentalNuclearPhysics,namelyofflinegamma
counting and online particle detection approach, overview, and developments in
accelerators, detectors, and their associated electronics, data acquisition systems,
and computers for data analysis. This book “Understanding Nuclear Physics: An
Experimental approach” will provide an extra interest to the readers and open the
doors for new opportunities in the youth to pursue research in the experimental
nuclearphysicsfield.
Kosamba,India NikitDeshmukh
October2022
v
Preface II
Theatomicnucleushasproventobeanexceedinglyinterestingmany-bodysystem
to study as it has brought up surprises over and over again. Nuclear physics prior
importanceliesinthestudyofatomicnucleithathashistoricallygivenusmanyofthe
firstinsightsintomodernphysics.Thefutureprospectsremainsverypromising.The
propertiesofnucleiatlowexcitationandlowangularmomentumhavebeenexten-
sivelystudiedandpossibleunderstandinghasbeenachieved.Thuscurrentresearch
isonnucleiathighinteractionenergies,highangularmomentum,andfarfromthe
valley of stability. Further, nuclear physics is closely allied with numerous other
activebranchesofphysicswhereversatileresearchispursued.Tohighlightthefew:
particlephysics,intermsofthelargeoverlapofinterestsinfundamentalinteractions
and symmetries, and condensed matter physics, through the many-body nature of
the problems involved. The book is aimed for students who want to pursue their
careerinthefieldofNuclearPhysics.Itmainlyfocusesonexperimentalapproach
to study nuclear physics. The book provides information about the recent devel-
opmentsinaccelerators,detectorsandtheirassociatedelectronics,dataacquisition
systems,andcomputersfordataanalysis.Itwillshowcasetherealexperimentaldata
whichwillgivethereaderactualunderstandingofthepresentproblemsinthefields
andencouragetopursuethefurtherresearchinthefield.Thetopicscoveredinthe
book are of vital importance in a wide range of modern and emerging interdisci-
plinaryresearchattheintersectionsofnuclearphysicswithrelateddisciplines,such
asparticlephysics,astrophysics,atomicphysics,andcondensedmatterphysicsand
consequentlyhavegreatimpactonoursociety.
Kosamba,India NikitDeshmukh
Barcelona,Spain NiravJoshi
October2022
vii
Acknowledgements
Theforemostacknowledgementgoestotheauthoritiesof P.P.SavaniUniversity,
Kosamba,Surat,Gujarat,forgivingmethespacetoaccomplishmygoalinbringing
outthisedition.
I am grateful to my co-author Dr. P. K. Rath who continuously motivated and
gaveencouragement;alongwithmyco-editorDr.NiravJ.Joshiwhostoodbehind
inexecutingthistask.
Itismygreatpleasuretothankandappreciatemyco-authorsDr.BalaramDeyand
Dr.SushilKumarSharmafortheirvaluablesuggestionandconstructivecriticism.
Mysincerethankstoallotherco-authorsofthisbook Dr.SrijitBhattacharya,
Dr. Pankaj K. Giri, Dr. Rudra Narayan Sahoo, Dr. Andrés Arazi, Dr. Daniel
Abriola,and Dr.B.Kamysforprovidingallthematerialsrelatedtochaptersina
requisitetime.
A special Hug and thanks to my dear co-author Dr. U. Singh who helped in
formattingallthechapters.
FinallyIcan’tforgettheinspirationandnurturingprovidedbymydearwifeAmi
and love by my parents. I thank all my collaborators in the field without whom it
wouldn’tbepossibleformetodoaconstructiveresearch.AtlastwanttothankGod
withoutwhomIwouldn’tbeabletodoanyofthis.
My sincere thanks are incomplete without acknowledging Springer Nature
SingaporePteLtdandtheir editorialteamfortheirthoroughsupportthroughout
thisjourneyandbringingoutthiseditionintime.
ix
Contents
Introduction ...................................................... 1
BalaramDey,SrijitBhattacharya,andNikitDeshmukh
BasicPropertiesoftheNucleus ..................................... 5
TanviBhavsarandNikitDeshmukh
ExperimentalDetailsforaTypicalNuclearPhysicsExperiment ....... 25
BalaramDeyandSrijitBhattacharya
OfflineMeasurementsandExtractionofFusionCrossSection ......... 59
PankajK.Giri,RudraN.Sahoo,andP.K.Rath
Measurements of the Angular Distribution of Elastically
andInelasticallyScatteredProducts ................................. 99
AndrésAraziandDanielAbriola
ProtonInducedSpallationReactions ................................ 131
S.Sharma,U.Singh,andB.Kamys
xi
Contributors
DanielAbriola Laboratorio TANDAR, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica,
SanMartín,Argentina
AndrésArazi Laboratorio TANDAR, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica,
BKNA1650 San Martín, Argentina and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones
CientíficasyTécnicas,BuenosAires,Argentina
SrijitBhattacharya BarasatGovernmentCollege,Barasat,WestBengal,India
TanviBhavsar SchoolofEngineering,PPSavaniUniversity,Dhamdod,Kosamba,
Surat,GJ,India
NikitDeshmukh SchoolofSciences,PPSavaniUniversity,Dhamdod,Dhamdod,
Kosamba,Surat,Gujarat,India
BalaramDey BankuraUniversity,Bankura,Purandarpur,WestBengal,India
PankajK.Giri DepartmentofPhysics,CentralUniversityofJharkhand,Ranchi,
India;
IndiaandUGC-DAEConsortiumforScientificResearch,KolkataCentre,Kolkata,
India
B.Kamys TheMarianSmoluchowskiInstituteofPhysics,JagiellonianUniversity,
Łojasiewicza11,Kraków,Poland
P.K.Rath CenturionUniversityofTechnologyandManagement,Odisha,India
RudraN.Sahoo Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem,
Jerusalem,Israel
S.Sharma TheMarianSmoluchowskiInstituteofPhysics,JagiellonianUniversity,
Łojasiewicza11,Kraków,Poland
U.Singh TheMarianSmoluchowski InstituteofPhysics,JagiellonianUniversity,
Łojasiewicza11,Kraków,Poland
xiii
Introduction
BalaramDey,SrijitBhattacharya,andNikitDeshmukh
Nuclearphysicsdealswithnucleons(neutronsandprotons)withintheatomicnucleus
and the nature of the interaction between those nucleons that glue them together
within the minuscule nuclear dimension of a few femtometer or 10−15 m. Piggy-
backedonsomeimportantexperimentaldiscoveries,nuclearphysicsemergedasa
newandseparatebranchaltogetherdifferentfromatomicphysics.In1896,thedis-
coveryofradioactivitybyHenryBecquerel,albeitanaccidentalone,isconsideredas
initialbreakthroughfortheseparateexistenceofthenuclearphysicsfield[1],where
the keen observation was made for the well-wrapped photographic plates which
were blackened when placed near the uranium ores. In the subsequent years, the
phenomenonwaswidelyinvestigatedbyPierreCurie,MarieCurie,ErnestRuther-
fordandhiscollaborators[1, 2]andaconclusionwasattainedfortheatomsbeing
madeupofsmallerparticles,andthesecanberearranged.In1899,Rutherfordand
Villard identified the radiation consisting of three distinct types—alpha, beta, and
gammarays[3, 4].In1907,RutherfordandRoydsstudiedthenatureofα-particles
and identify α-ray as helium ion [5], which has a positive electric charge and has
aboutfourtimesthemassofahydrogenatom.ErnestRutherford,whowasloosely
called “Earnest” in his childhood, actually had tremendous contributions in order
toclearuptheobscurephysicsofatomicnucleuswithhis“earnest”endeavor.The
seriesofexperiments[6,7]performedbyGeiger,Mersdan,andRutherfordofα-ray
scatteringbythingoldfoilaretheexamplesofclassicnuclearphysicsexperiment
thathelpednuclearphysicstoleapforward.Thomson’splumpuddingmodel,pre-
B
B.Dey( )
BankuraUniversity,Bankura,Purandarpur722155,WestBengal,India
e-mail:[email protected];[email protected]
S.Bhattacharya
BarasatGovernmentCollege,Barasat700124,WestBengal,India
N.Deshmukh
SchoolofSciences,PPSavaniUniversity,Dhamdod,Kosamba,Surat394125,Gujarat,India
©TheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2023 1
N.DeshmukhandN.Joshi(eds.),UnderstandingNuclearPhysics,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8437-2_1