Understanding Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agricultural Management

513 Pages·2011·26.66 MB·English

by  Lei Guo

Understanding Greenhouse Gas
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In Understanding Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agricultural Management; Guo, L., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2011.
1072
ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES
Understanding Greenhouse Gas
Emissions from Agricultural
Management
1
0
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w Lei Guo, Editor
12 | http://pubs.acs.org 0.1021/bk-2011-1072.f CalifAormnCiaraliDitfhoSerapnScairra.atmmGAeeinunrttnoRoa,feCssFoeaoukliorfacoderrsnaaina,BdoEAadrgdirtiocurlture
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In Understanding Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agricultural Management; Guo, L., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2011.
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In Understanding Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agricultural Management; Guo, L., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2011.
Foreword
The ACS Symposium Series was first published in 1974 to provide a
mechanism for publishing symposia quickly in book form. The purpose of
the series is to publish timely, comprehensive books developed from the ACS
sponsoredsymposiabasedoncurrentscientificresearch. Occasionally,booksare
01 developed from symposia sponsored by other organizations when the topic is of
0
w keeninteresttothechemistryaudience.
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63.35.42 on June 19, 20October 11, 2011 | doi: 1 aiannrecdlunmAdoaetsndaauciscncreurptilhtpeeet,dsv.oaonrleluymproeerspi.gariVnedaelribnraectsiamemarercerhap-rrpoeadapudecyrtsifoonarnsmdoafto.prirgeivniaolusrepvuiebwlishpeadpepraspaerres
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In Understanding Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agricultural Management; Guo, L., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2011.
Preface
Global warming, caused predominantly by the accumulation of greenhouse
gases (GHGs), such as carbon dioxide (CO ), methane (CH ) and nitrous oxide
2 4
(N O), in the atmosphere, is one of the greatest challenges facing humanity in
2
the 21st century. There is compelling evidence that the earth is warming at an
1 unprecedentedrate. Thepastcenturyhaswitnessedsignificantglobaltemperature
0
0
org 72.pr wriseea,thgelraceivaelnrtestrseuacth, saesaflloeovdeilnrgi,sed,rooucgehatnaancdidwifiilcdafitiroen. and increases in extreme
s.acs.11-10 Since the birth of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
ub20 Change (UNFCCC) in 1992, and the subsequent adoption of its Kyoto Protocol
9, 2012 | http://pdoi: 10.1021/bk- i“tUnothnc1eito9eCm9da7bSl,aitftoaotvgrenelsoirabh1aaG9lvl0ewobcaraeormlaulWniizntraegirde.mstIihnanengCduSarngoliaelfutnoitcroinoyninsaos,,fAafcoscurtwreboexiflnal2gma0Gps0l6Hem,,”GaanoneyrmAAsitsBsassteie3om2neb,snlwtyiintaiBseaisenllnienatifctflttoeehrddet
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3.3cto strategies and modeling efforts of GHGs from managed agriculture systems at
6O
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ubli on baseline and mitigation potentials of GHG emissions from agricultural
P
fields. The chapters cover a wide range of technical issues on emission
measurement methodologies, inventory development, effects of environmental
variables on emissions, and potential mitigation strategies and control
technologies. Climate impacts of aerosols from agricultural burning are also
discussed. Section2,ModelingofGreenhouseGasEmissionsandMitigationin
AgriculturalCroppingSystems,introducesthetwoleadinggeochemicalmodels,
DeNitrification-DeComposition (DNDC) and DayCent, used for assessing GHG
emissionsinagriculturallanduses. Thechaptersillustratethestructureandbasic
componentsofthemodels, anddemonstratethepowerandroleofthemodeling
approach as a cost-effective tool in assessing GHG emissions from complicated
agroecosystems. The last Section, Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Mitigation
in Animal Systems, reviews GHG emissions from the livestock industry and
discusses effects of various animal operations on GHG emissions, including
xi
In Understanding Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agricultural Management; Guo, L., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2011.
animalbreeding,animalhousingandfeedingoptions,wastetreatmentandstorage
methods,andlandapplicationofanimalwastes. Emissionestimatesareprovided
for major types of livestock animals. With its broad perspectives, the book is
intended for a wide audience in both scientific communities and the general
public. Itisourhopethatthisbookcannotonlyprovideacomprehensivereview
on the issues related to agricultural GHGs for the researchers, but also raise the
awarenessofthegeneralpublicaboutglobalwarming,oneofthemostimportant
andpressingconcernsofourtimes.
We are extremely grateful to the authors of this book who have dedicated
tremendous time and efforts amid their already tight teaching and research
schedule to make this book possible. Our gratitude is also extended to the
reviewers whose scientific insights and feedbacks were crucial in ensuring
the high quality of this book. We appreciate the American Chemical Society
1
0
0 for providing such a venue for bringing together scientists and stakeholders
org 72.pr worldwide to discuss environmental concerns and explore potential solutions.
s.acs.11-10 AFiinraRlleys,owuercwesouBlodalridk,eCtoaliefxoprnreiassDoeuprasritnmceenretothfaFnokosdtoanthdeAaggreincuciletusroefaCndalUifonritneida
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Beltsville, Maryland
xii
In Understanding Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agricultural Management; Guo, L., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2011.
Chapter 1
Quantifying Nitrous Oxide Emissions from
Agricultural Soils and Management Impacts
S. J. Del Grosso*,1,2 and W. J. Parton2
1
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ded by 89.1ate (Web): iNonf2cOrNe2aflOsuexsee,msesiestsismtiiomantaemtsebdoadbseyeldsdooifnffedvriaefrnfyetirmnegnettchmooomddspelsleihnxogiwtyas.ntdhCmaotemaaspsuasrrciiannlgge
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Downlocation ampopdroelaschtheasttseinmdultaotectohnevperlgane.t-soAilsssycsatelemduescuraelalsyesa,grceoemmpolerxe
bli closelywithmeasurementsthansimplemodelsthatarebasedon
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added to soils is typically lost from the plant-soil system,
there is potential to reduce N O emissions with improved
2
management. PromisingtechnologiesincludeNfertilizerswith
urease and nitrification inhibitors and time released fertilizers.
Atthefarmlevel,complexmodelsappeartobethebestmethod
to quantify the management impacts on emissions because
extensive measuring is too expensive and simple models are
not reliable at this scale. But the ability of the models to
represent how available land management options interact
with environmental conditions to control soil greenhouse gas
emissions is incomplete and further model development and
testing are required. In particular, model outputs need to
©2011AmericanChemicalSociety
In Understanding Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agricultural Management; Guo, L., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2011.
be compared with observations of N O emissions and other
2
nitrogen and carbon fluxes at various spatial and temporal
scales.
Introduction
Nitrousoxide(N O)isanimportantgreenhousegaswithaGlobalWarming
2
Potential (GWP) approximately 300 times that of carbon dioxide (CO ). With
2
thedeclineofchlorofluorocarbonemissionsresultingfromtheMontrealProtocol,
N O is now thought to be the dominant stratospheric ozone depleting substance
2
(1). Agriculture is responsible for the majority of anthropogenic N O emissions
2
intheUS(2)andglobally(3). Burningofcropresiduesandmanuremanagement
1
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0 systemscontributetoN Oemissionsbutthebiggestsourceiscroppedandgrazed
h 2
org 72.c soils. Themicrobialprocessesofnitrificationanddenitrificationareresponsible
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63.Oct andtechnologiestoreduceemissionsandincreaseNuseefficiency.
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Downlocation MethodstoquantifyN2Oemissionscanbeplacedintotwobroadcategories,
bli those based on measurements and those based on models. Measuring methods
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involve placing air tight chambers on ‘anchors’ driven into the soil (Figure 1).
Changesingasconcentrationmeasuredimmediatelyuponchamberplacementand
atsuccessivetimeintervals(e.g.,0,15,and30minutesafterchamberplacement)
are used to infer instantaneous gas flux. Chamber methodology was developed
decades ago and is responsible for the majority of soil N O flux observations.
2
Chambersprovidesnapshotsofemissionsatfinetemporalandspatialresolution
andareappropriateforplotlevelstudies. However,disturbanceofvegetationand
soil are required and because spatial and temporal variability of N O fluxes are
2
high,sufficientsamplingfrequencyandspatialcoverageofanchorsarerequired.
Studies comparing measurements from automated chambers (several measuring
periods per day) with manual measurements of different frequencies suggest
that measuring frequency should be at least once per week to ensure reasonable
agreementwithresultsfrommoreintensivesampling(4,5).
4
In Understanding Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agricultural Management; Guo, L., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2011.