Understanding English Grammar

433 Pages·2015·4.937 MB·English

by  Martha Kolln, Loretta Gray, Joseph Salvatore

Understanding
English Grammar
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Understanding
English Grammar
TENTH EDITION
Martha Kolln
The Pennsylvania State University
Loretta Gray
Central Washington University
Joseph Salvatore
The New School
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Kolln, Martha.
Understanding English grammar / Martha Kolln, The Pennsylvania State University; Loretta
Gray, Central Washington University; Joe Salvatore, The New School.—10th Edition.
pages cm
Previous ed.: 2011.
ISBN 978-0-13-401418-0 (alk. paper)—ISBN 0-205-20952-1 (alk. paper) 1. English
language–Grammar. I. Gray, Loretta S., author. II. Salvatore, Joseph, author. III. Title.
PE1112.K64 2014
428.2—dc23
2014044464
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Contents
Preface xiii
PART I
Introduction 1
Chapter 1
The Study of Grammar: An Overview 3
English: A World Language 3
Three Definitions Of Grammar 4
Traditional School Grammar 5
Studying Grammar Today 6
Language Variety and the Issue of Correctness 8
Language Change 10
Language in the Classroom 11
Key Terms 12
For Further Reading 13
PART II
The Grammar of Basic Sentences 15
Chapter 2
Words and Phrases 16
Chapter Preview 16
The Open Classes 16
Nouns and Verbs 17
The Noun Phrase 18
v
vi Contents
The Verb Phrase 19
NP + VP = S 20
Adjectives and Adverbs 22
Prepositional Phrases 24
The Closed Classes 26
Classroom Applications 27
Key Terms 28
Chapter 3
Sentence Patterns 29
Chapter Preview 29
Subjects and Predicates 30
Diagramming Sentences 31
The Sentence Slots 32
The Be Patterns 33
Pattern I: NP be ADV/TP 34
Pattern II: NP be ADJ 34
Pattern III: NP be NP 36
1 1
The Linking Verb Patterns 37
Pattern IV: NP V-lnk ADJ 37
Pattern V: NP V-lnk NP 38
1 1
The Optional Slots 39
The Intransitive Verb Pattern 40
Pattern VI: NP V-int 40
The Transitive Verb Patterns 44
Pattern VII: NP V-tr NP 44
1 2
Pattern VIII: NP V-tr NP NP 47
1 2 3
Pattern IX: NP V-tr NP ADJ 50
1 2
Pattern X: NP V-tr NP NP 50
1 2 2
Compound Structures 51
Exceptions to the Ten Sentence Patterns 53
Sentence Types 53
Interrogative Sentences (Questions) 54
Imperative Sentences (Commands) 55
Exclamative Sentences 56
Punctuation and the Sentence Patterns 56
Diagramming the Sentence Patterns 57
Contents vii
Notes on the Diagrams 58
Key Terms 61
Sentences for Practice 61
Questions for Discussion 62
Classroom Applications 64
Chapter 4
Expanding the Main Verb 65
Chapter Preview 65
The Five Verb Forms 65
Auxiliary–Verb Combinations 68
The Modal Auxiliaries 72
The Future Tense 74
Tense and Aspect 75
Using the Verb Forms 75
Exceptions to the Verb-Expansion Rule 77
The Stand-in Auxiliary Do 78
The Subjunctive Mood 81
Key Terms 82
Sentences for Practice 83
Questions for Discussion 83
Classroom Application 85
Chapter 5
Changing Sentence Focus 86
Chapter Preview 86
The Passive Voice 86
The Passive Voice in Prose 93
The There Transformation 95
Cleft Sentences 98
Key Terms 100
Sentences for Practice 100
Questions for Discussion 101
Classroom Applications 102
viii Contents
PART III
Expanding the Sentence 105
Form and Function 105
Chapter 6
Modifiers of the Verb: Adverbials 108
Chapter Preview 108
The Movable Adverbials 109
Adverbs 109
Prepositional Phrases 112
nouns and noun Phrases 114
Verb Phrases 117
Clauses 121
Punctuation of Adverbials 123
Key Terms 125
Sentences for Practice 126
Questions for discussion 126
Classroom Application 127
Chapter 7
Modifiers of the Noun: Adjectivals 128
Chapter Preview 128
The determiner 130
Adjectives and nouns 131
Prepositional Phrases 135
Relative Clauses 137
Participial Phrases 143
Punctuation of Clauses and Participles 151
Multiple Modifiers 155
other Postnoun Modifiers 156
Key Terms 159
Sentences for Practice 159
Questions for discussion 160
Classroom Applications 161
Contents ix
Chapter 8
The Noun Phrase Functions: Nominals 163
Chapter Preview 163
The nominal Slots 164
Appositives 164
noun Phrase Substitutes 166
Gerunds 166
infinitives 173
nominal Clauses 177
nominals as delayed Subjects 184
Key Terms 185
Sentences for Practice 185
Questions for discussion 186
Classroom Applications 187
Chapter 9
Sentence Modifiers 189
Chapter Preview 189
nouns of direct Address: The Vocatives 193
interjections 194
dependent Clauses as Sentence Modifiers 196
Absolute Phrases 200
Appositives 203
Relative Clauses 204
Key Terms 205
Sentences for Practice 205
Questions for discussion 206
Classroom Applications 207
Chapter 10
Coordination 209
Chapter Preview 209
Coordination within the Sentence 209