Understanding Aquatic Science

240 Pages·2016·35.76 MB·English

Understanding
Aquatic Science
Jeremy Harper
Understanding Aquatic Science

Understanding Aquatic Science
Edited by Jeremy Harper
Published by White Word Publications,
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New York, NY 10001, USA
Understanding Aquatic Science
Edited by Jeremy Harper
© 2017 White Word Publications
International Standard Book Number: 978-1-9789-2965-4
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Cataloging-in-publication Data
Understanding aquatic science / edited by Jeremy Harper.
p.cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-9789-2965-4
1.Aquatic sciences. 2. Marine sciences. 3. Aquatic biology. 4. Aquatic ecology. I. Harper, Jeremy.
QH90 .U53 2017
551.46--dc23
table of Contents
Preface .... ............................................................................................................................................................... VII
Chapter 1 Response of Rocky Reef Top Predators (Serranidae: Epinephelinae) in and
Around Marine Protected Areas in the Western Mediterranean Sea........................................................... 1
Carlos Werner Hackradt, José Antonio García-Charton, Mireille Harmelin-Vivien,
Ángel Pérez- Ruzafa, Laurence Le Diréach, Just Bayle-Sempere, Eric Charbonnel,
Denis Ody, Olga Reñones, Pablo Sanchez-Jerez, Carlos Valle
Chapter 2 Towards a Network of Locally Managed Marine Areas (LMMAs) in the Western
Indian Ocean.......................................................................................................................................................... 15
Steve Rocliffe, Shawn Peabody, Melita Samoilys, Julie P. Hawkins
Chapter 3 Assessing the Impact of Human Activities on British Columbia’s Estuaries........................................... 29
Carolyn K. Robb
Chapter 4 Spatial Distribution and Conservation of Speckled Hind and Warsaw Grouper in
the Atlantic Ocean off the Southeastern U.S................................................................................................... 40
Nicholas A. Farmer, Mandy Karnauskas
Chapter 5 Redefining Thermal Regimes to Design Reserves for Coral Reefs in the Face of
Climate Change.....................................................................................................................................................56
Iliana Chollett, Susana Enríquez, Peter J. Mumby
Chapter 6 Satellite Tracking of Sympatric Marine Megafauna can inform the Biological
basis for Species Co-Management.....................................................................................................................64
Christian Gredzens, Helene Marsh, Mariana M. P. B. Fuentes, Colin J. Limpus,
Takahiro Shimada, Mark Hamann
Chapter 7 Protection Enhances Community and Habitat Stability: Evidence from a
Mediterranean Marine Protected Area .............................................................................................................76
Simonetta Fraschetti, Giuseppe Guarnieri, Stanislao Bevilacqua, Antonio Terlizzi,
Ferdinando Boero
Chapter 8 Does a No-Take Marine Protected Area Benefit Seahorses? ........................................................................89
David Harasti, Keith Martin-Smith, William Gladstone
Chapter 9 The Crowded Sea: Incorporating Multiple Marine Activities in Conservation
Plans can Significantly Alter Spatial Priorities...............................................................................................98
Tessa Mazor, Hugh P. Possingham, Dori Edelist, Eran Brokovich, Salit Kark
Chapter 10 Conus: First Comprehensive Conservation Red List Assessment of a Marine
Gastropod Mollusc Genus ................................................................................................................................114
Howard Peters, Bethan C. O’Leary, Julie P. Hawkins, Kent E. Carpenter,
Callum M. Roberts
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VI Contents
Chapter 11 Quantitative and Functional Characterization of the Hyper-Conserved Protein
of Prochlorococcus and Marine Synechococcus............................................................................................. 126
Caroline E. Whidden, Katrina G. DeZeeuw, Jackie K. Zorz, Andrew P. Joy,
David A. Barnett, Milo S. Johnson, Olga Zhaxybayeva, Amanda M. Cockshutt
Chapter 12 A Hierarchical Classification of Benthic Biodiversity and Assessment of
Protected Areas in the Southern Ocean.......................................................................................................... 135
Lucinda L. Douglass, Joel Turner, Hedley S. Grantham, Stefanie Kaiser,
Andrew Constable, Rob Nicoll, Ben Raymond, Alexandra Post, Angelika Brandt,
Daniel Beaver
Chapter 13 A Connectivity-Based Eco-Regionalization Method of the Mediterranean Sea. ................................... 151
Léo Berline, Anna-Maria Rammou, Andrea Doglioli, Anne Molcard,
Anne Petrenko
Chapter 14 Identification and Expression Profiling of MicroRNAs in the Brain, Liver and
Gonads of Marine Medaka (Oryzias melastigma) and in Response to Hypoxia................................... 160
Karen Lau, Keng Po Lai, Jessie Yun Juan Bao, Na Zhang, Anna Tse, Amy Tong,
Jing Woei Li, Si Lok, Richard Yuen Chong Kong, Wing Yee Lui, Alice Wong,
Rudolf Shiu Sun Wu
Chapter 15 How can we Identify and Communicate the Ecological Value of Deep-Sea
Ecosystem Services?............................................................................................................................................171
Niels Jobstvogt, Michael Townsend, Ursula Witte, Nick Hanley
Chapter 16 Projected Range Contractions of European Protected Oceanic Montane Plant
Communities: Focus on Climate Change Impacts is Essential for their Future
Conservation........................................................................................................................................................182
Rory L. Hodd, David Bourke, Micheline Sheehy Skeffington
Chapter 17 Marine Protected Area Networks: Assessing Whether the whole is Greater than
the Sum of its Parts............................................................................................................................................. 196
Kirsten Grorud-Colvert, Joachim Claudet, Brian N. Tissot, Jennifer E. Caselle,
Mark H. Carr, Jon C. Day, Alan M. Friedlander, Sarah E. Lester,
Thierry Lison de Loma, Daniel Malone, William J. Walsh
Chapter 18 Incorporating Conservation Zone Effectiveness for Protecting Biodiversity in
Marine Planning .................................................................................................................................................203
Azusa Makino, Carissa J. Klein, Maria Beger, Stacy D. Jupiter, Hugh P. Possingham
Chapter 19 The use of a Predictive Habitat Model and a Fuzzy Logic Approach for Marine
Management and Planning............................................................................................................................... 212
Tarek Hattab, Frida Ben Rais Lasram, Camille Albouy, Chérif Sammari,
Mohamed Salah Romdhane, Philippe Cury, Fabien Leprieur, François Le Loc’h
Permissions
List of Contributors
Index
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PREFACE
Aquatic science is an emerging field of study which is multidisciplinary in nature. It is the study of aquatic
systems. It closely studies both freshwater and marine systems. This book explores the various factors causing
degeneration to the aquatic life and ecosystem. Aquatic science is a discipline that integrates several fields such
as biogeochemistry, oceanography, marine biology, hydrology etc. The topics including in this book are of
utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It includes some of the vital pieces of
work being conducted across the world, on various aspects related to aquatic science. Coherent flow of topics,
student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.
The information shared in this book is based on empirical researches made by veterans in this field of study.
The elaborative information provided in this book will help the readers further their scope of knowledge
leading to advancements in this field.
Finally, I would like to thank my fellow researchers who gave constructive feedback and my family members
who supported me at every step of my research.
Editor
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1
Response of Rocky Reef Top Predators (Serranidae:
Epinephelinae) in and Around Marine Protected Areas in
the Western Mediterranean Sea
Carlos Werner Hackradt1*, Jose´ Antonio Garcı´a-Charton1, Mireille Harmelin-Vivien2, A´ngel Pe´rez-
Ruzafa1, Laurence Le Dire´ach3, Just Bayle-Sempere4, Eric Charbonnel5, Denis Ody6, Olga Ren˜ones7,
Pablo Sanchez-Jerez4, Carlos Valle4
1Departamento de Ecolog´ıa e Hidrolog´ıa, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain, 2Aix-Marseille Universite´, Universite´ du Sud Toulon-Var, CNRS/INSU/IRD, Institut
Me´diterrane´end’Oce´anologie(MIO),Marseille,France,3GISPosidonie,InstitutMe´diterrane´end’Oce´anologie(MIO),Marseille,France,4DepartamentodeCienciasdelMar
y Biolog´ıa Aplicada, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain, 5Parc Marin de la Coˆte Bleue, Observatoire, Carry-le-Rouet, France, 6WWF-France, Marseille, France,
7InstitutoEspan˜oldeOceanograf´ıa,CentroOceanogra´ficodeBaleares,PalmadeMallorca,Spain
Abstract
Groupersspeciesareextremelyvulnerabletooverfishingandmanyspeciesarethreatenedworldwide.Inrecentdecades,
Mediterraneangroupersexperienceddramaticpopulationdeclines.Marineprotectedareas(MPAs)canprotectpopulations
insidetheirboundariesandprovideindividualstoadjacentfishingareasthroughtheprocessofspilloverandlarvalexport.
This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of six marine reserves in the Western Mediterranean Sea to protect the
populations of three species of grouper, Epinephelus marginatus, Epinephelus costae and Mycteroperca rubra, and to
understandinwhichcircumstancesMPAsareabletoexportbiomasstoneighbouringareas.AllthestudiedMPAs,except
onewherenogrouperwasobserved,wereabletomaintainhighabundance,biomassandmeanweightofgroupers.Size
classes were more evenly distributed inside than outside MPAs. In two reserves, biomass gradients could be detected
through the boundaries of the reserve as an indication of spillover. In some cases, habitat structure appeared to exert a
great influence on grouper abundance, biomass and mean individual weight, influencing the gradient shape. Because
groupers are generally sedentary animals with a small home range, we suggest that biomass gradients could only occur
wheregroupers attainsufficient abundance insideMPA limits,indicatinga strongly density-dependentprocess.
´
Editor:AthanassiosC.Tsikliras,AristotleUniversityofThessaloniki,Greece
Funding:ThisworkwasdevelopedintheframeworkoftheECProjectBIOMEX(QLRT-2001-0891).TheauthorsexpressthankstotheNationalCouncilfor
TechnologyandScienceDevelopment(CNPq-MCT,Brazil,forBrazilianacronym)fromtheMinistryofScienceofBrazilforgivingpersonalfinancialsupporttoCWH
(Proc:200630/2008-3),andtotheFundacio´nBBVA(FoundationofBilbao-ViscayaBank,Spain)foradditionalsupport.Thefundershadnoroleinstudydesign,
datacollectionandanalysis,decisiontopublish,orpreparationofthemanuscript.
*E-mail:[email protected]
Introduction protected area, so that greater abundance and size theoretically
imply an increase in reproductive potential [3–5,7–8]. Eggs and
Several marine species are seriously threatened by an array of larvae from restored spawning stocks inside MPAs could then be
anthropogenic actions [1], from which fishing is likely the main
exportedbycurrentstoadjacentfishingareas([11],butsee[12]).
human activity seriously affecting fish population abundance and
Ontheotherhand,becauseofincreaseddensityinsidetheMPA,
size structure, and causing marine biodiversity loss. Worm et al.
adults andjuvenilesfishesfromtargetspecies mayemigratefrom
[2] stated that although increasing efforts to restore marine
insidetheprotectedlocationstooutsidewherethedensityislower
ecosystems and rebuild fisheries are under way, most fish stocks
(‘‘spillover’’, [13]).Anindirectmethodto estimatethemagnitude
worldwide still require rebuilding. Lower exploitation rates are
andimportanceofsuchexportoflarvae,juvenilesandadultsfishes
needed to reverse the collapseof vulnerable species, suchas high
fromMPAtoneighbouringareasistolookforthelikelyexistence
trophic level species, which are likely to cause upheavals in the
ofgradientsofbiomassoftargetspeciesacrossMPAlimits,under
globalecosystemthroughthelossofparticularfunctionsplayedby
the rationale that, if spillover occurs, there would be more fishes
these key species (e.g. reductionof natural predation) [2].
near than faraway fromtheMPA[6,14].
Recent studies,basedonmeta-analyses andreviews, showthat
This research strategy has been used in several studies in the
MPAs can reverse most deleterious effects of fisheries on the
Mediterranean(e.g.,[15–18])andworldwide(e.g.,[19–20]).Ithas
marine environment [3–8] provided that they are properly
beenhypothesized that theshape ofbiomass gradientforagiven
managed [9,10]. The notable effects of marine reserves are an
fishpopulationrespondstothedistributionofthefishingpressure
increase inabundance andan enlargementof theaveragesize of
outsidethereserve,andtothefluxofindividualsoverthereserve
individuals of the target species inside the boundaries of the
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