Ultrastructural Pathology of the Cell and Matrix. A Text and Atlas of Physiological and Pathological Alterations in the Fine Structure of Cellular and Extracellular Components

745 Pages·1988·65.01 MB·English

by  Feroze N. Ghadially (Auth.)

By the same author:
Fine Structure of Synovial Joints
Diagnostic Ultrastructural Pathology
Diagnostic Electron Microscopy of Tumours, 2nd edn
To Edna
My wife and grand companion
With unabated lov.e and esteem
Ultrastructural Pathology
of the Cell and Matrix
A Text and Atlas of Physiological and
Pathological Alterations in the Fine Structure of
Cellular and Extracellular Components
Third Edition
Volume II
Feroze N. Ghadially
MB BS (Bom.), MB BS (Lond.), MD, PhD, DSc (Lond.), Hon. DSc (Guelph), FRCPath., FRCP(C), FRSA
Isaak Walton Killam Laureate of the Canada Council, W.S. Lindsay Professor of the College of
Medicine and Professor of Pathology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
Formerly Reader in Neoplastic Diseases and Senior Lecturer in Experimental Pathology,
University of Sheffield, England
Butterworths
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First published 1975
Reprinted 1977, 1978
Second edition 1982
Third edition, in two volumes, 1988
©F. N. Ghadially, 1988
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Ghadially, FerozeN. (Feroze Novroji), 1920-
Ultrastructural pathology of the cell and
matrix.—3rd ed.
1. Animals. Cells. Ultrastructure.
Pathology
I. Title II. Killam, Isaac Walton
III. Lindsay, W.S.
591.87'65
ISBN0-407-01571-X Vol. 1
ISBN 0-407-01572-8 Vol. 2
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Ghadially, FerozeN. (Feroze Novroji), 1920-
Ultrastructural pathology of the cell and matrix : a text and
atlas of physiological and pathological alterations in the fine
structure of cellular and extracellular components / Feroze N.
Ghadially. — 3rd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographies and index.
ISBN 0-407-01570-1 (set) :
ISBN 0-407-01571-X (v. 1). ISBN 0-407-01572-8 (v. 2)
1. Pathology, Cellular. 2. Ultrastructure (Biology)—Atlases.
3. Diagnosis, Electron microscopic—Atlases. I. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Cells—pathology. 2. Cells—pathology—atlases.
3. Cells—ultrastructure. 4. Cells—ultrastructure—atlases. QZ 4
G411u]
RB25.G4 1988
616.07'582—dcl9
DNLM/DLC
for Library of Congress 88-22192
CIP
Typeset by Scribe Design, Gillingham, Kent
Printed and bound in Great Britain by Butler and Tanner, Frome, Somerset
Preface to the third edition
The laudatory reviews and warm reception accorded to the second edition of this book have
encouraged me to produce a larger third edition which deals with many more ultrastructural
changes and lesions. The task of cataloguing and classifying them is endless as David Lagunoff
surmises in his review (Journal of the American Medical Association 1982, 248, 1246). He states:
'For his inhospitality to Perseus, Atlas was forced to bear the burden of the heavens through
eternity. Sisyphus, for his greater transgression, became responsible for repeatedly pushing a
large stone up a hill and on nearing the summit having it escape his grasp and roll down. I don't
know if Ghadially's task in producing his book was freely assumed or thrust upon him, but his
labors seem closer to those of Sisyphus than Atlas. He has (in his own words) directed his
efforts to "cataloguing, classifying, describing and illustrating virtually every intracellular
lesion." Each time he must think he is about to roll the last abnormality up his mountainous
catalog, a new group of changes comes rolling out of the journals.'
The task of producing this work was self-imposed in the mistaken belief that it would be
quick and easy: by the time I discovered otherwise it was too late to turn back. I have, however,
learnt that there is no better way of learning a subject than writing a book about it!
A substantial number of new ultrastructural changes and lesions have come 'rolling out of the
journals'. Incorporation of this new knowledge has been accomplished by adding 43 new
sections and enlarging and rewriting several old ones. The remaining sections have been revised
and updated. The number of: (1) pages has increased from about 950 to over 1300; (2) sections
from 186 to 229; (3) electron micrographs from 885 to 1227; (4) line drawings from one to 26;
and (5) references from about 3500 to a little over 5800. I trust these additions and changes will
enhance the value of this book to those who examine pathological tissues with the electron
microscope.
F. N. Ghadially
v
Preface to the second edition
Ultrastructural Pathology of the Cell and Matrix is a revised and expanded second edition of
Ultrastructural Pathology of the Cell. The change in title is necessitated by the addition of a chapter
on the extracellular matrix (extracellular components). This was done on the advice of
colleagues who felt that the usefulness of the book was marred by the omission of such
common structures as collagen and elastic fibres.
I wrote the first edition of this book with the aim of cataloguing, classifying, describing and
illustrating virtually every intracellular lesion within the covers of a modest-sized volume. It
seemed to me that although this goal was clearly impossible to attain, striving to attain it might
produce a useful book. The net result was that the first edition was never 'finished', it had to go
to press when it had grown to a size and price apparently incompatible with economic viability.
The unexpected demand for the book, leading to two reprintings of the first edition have
allayed our (publisher's and author's) fears, and encouraged the production of a larger work that
comes closer to the original goal or, to be more accurate, the expanded goal which now
includes various extracellular components.
Altogether 56 completely new sections have been added. Many old sections have been
enlarged and others rewritten or revised, and the book has grown from 560 pages to nearly 1000
pages. The number of illustrations has increased from 520 to 885 and the references from about
1800 to a little over 3500. I trust that this has enhanced the value and utility of this book to those
who use the electron microscope to examine pathological tissues.
F. N. Ghadially
vi
Preface to the first edition
There can hardly be a disease or pathological process where electron microscopy has not added
new details and dimensions to existing knowledge. The innumerable published papers and
books on the ultrastructure of tissues altered by disease or experimental procedures bear
eloquent testimony to the many major contributions made by this technique.
Although the student interested in the pathology of certain systems, organs and tissues such
as liver (David, 1964), muscle (Mair and Tome, 1972), synovial joints (Ghadially and Roy,
1969), kidney (Dalton and Haguenau, 1967) and peripheral nervous system (Babel et al., 1970)
is now catered for and excellent books dealing with the ultrastructure of normal cells and tissues
are available (e.g. Fawcett, 1966; Porter and Bonneville, 1973); Lentz, 1971; Rhodin, 1974),
there is as yet no book from which one may learn in a systematic fashion about the numerous
changes that occur in cellular organelles and inclusions as a result of disease or experimental
procedures. On confronting an unfamiliar or unknown morphological alteration in some
particular cellular structure the questions that arise are: (1) has this been seen before? (2) if so, in
what situations has such a change been seen? (3) what is the significance of the change? and (4)
how can one retrieve information on this point from the formidable, scattered literature on the
ultrastructure of normal and pathological tissues?
It is my hope that this book will help to answer such questions and serve as a brief textbook
and atlas of cellular pathology at the ultrastructural level. Within its covers I have collected,
classified, described and illustrated various alterations that are known to occur in cellular
organelles and inclusions as a result of changing physiological states, diseases and experimental
situations.
In keeping with the traditional practice adopted in many past pathology texts, each chapter
commences with a discourse on normal structure and function. This is followed by essays
devoted to various morphological alterations that have hitherto been witnessed. The
introduction and preliminary essays on well known normal structures (e.g. nucleus and
mitochondria) are, of necessity, brief. They do little more than set the scene and outline the
classification and nomenclature employed. The advanced electron microscopist may find that
some of the passages in these essays are of a rather elementary nature, but this material is
included on th'e assumption that some readers may not be too familiar with current electron
microscopic concepts and topics. Less well known normal structures (e.g. rod-shaped tubular
bodies and nuclear bodies) are dealt with more fully, for information on such structures is often
vii
not easy to find and unfamiliarity with such structures is likely to lead to errors of
interpretation.
The sections dealing with morphological alterations and lesions follow a fairly standard
pattern in most instances. A brief introduction dealing with matters such as definition,
nomenclature, correlations with light microscopy, and historical aspects of the subject is
followed by a morphological description supported by accompanying illustrations. After this
comes a section where I have listed the sites and situations in which the particular
morphological alteration has been seen and the authors who have reported its occurrence. This
section often contains numerous references. (Some readers may find these lists irksome, but
they are essential for the research worker and student seeking further information.) Then
follows a discussion and interpretation of the morphological change under survey. The
principle I have followed here is to present as many known theories and ideas as possible even
though I may not be in sympathy with some of them. I have also often indicated what I have
come to think about the matter as a result of my own studies and reading of the literature.
However, I do not feel that an author should judge every issue, and I have, at times, done little
more than report as faithfully as I can the views propounded by others. Not all essays follow the
above-mentioned pattern for there are instances where the story is told more profitably within a
different format. For example, instead of devoting a section to every change in mitochondrial
morphology which has been suspected as representing an involuting or degenerating
mitochondrion, I have collected these changes into a section entitled 'mitochondrial involution
and elimination'.
One of the functions I would like this book to serve is as a gateway to the relevant literature.
Since this is not a book primarily devoted to normal structure and function (even though a
substantial number of pages are devoted to such matters), the references in sections dealing with
well known normal structures are somewhat sparse. When dealing with little known normal
structures or with alterations and lesions, I have tried to include virtually every reference on the
subject that I am aware of. When such citations are few they are all presented in the text; when
too many, I have included review articles and also tried to include the earliest and latest paper on
the topic.
Although the format is designed primarily for those who examine pathological tissues with
the electron microscope, I hope that this book will also be of interest to the teacher of pathology
and the practising pathologist. This book is not for the individual who has no knowledge of cell
fine structure at all (there can be few who fall into this category today!) nor is it for the expert
ultrastructural pathologist. It is addressed to the much larger intermediate group of workers
who may wish to acquire a basic knowledge of general ultrastructural pathology on which they
may pursue their own special interests with greater confidence and a wider understanding.
The teacher of pathology attempting to relate classic pathology with the now familiar
concepts of cell ultrastructure has had to search through a wide variety of books and journals
and at best may only find patchy information. The hospital pathologist, similarly, has up to
now had little reason to embark on the exhausting pursuit through the published literature,
often in journals which are not on his usual reading list, in search of clues which might lead to a
better understanding, or an earlier or more precise diagnosis of human disease. However, in
some fields such as the interpretation of the liver, renal and muscle biopsy and the diagnosis of
viral and storage diseases and certain tumours the electron microscope is already proving its
worth. The scope of electron microscopy will undoubtedly extend into wider areas of
diagnostic histopathology. Further, more and more papers in journals of pathology now
incorporate the results of ultrastructural studies, and the reader unfamiliar with the range and
limitations of electron microscope technology may well be at a loss in attempting to interpret
published work.
Today it is not possible to present to the student an up-to-date account of many pathological
processes and disease states without discussing ultrastructural changes. Cell injury, cloudy
viii
swelling, necrosis, fatty degeneration of the liver, the detoxification of many drugs by the liver,
brown atrophy of the heart and lipofuscin, pigmentary disorders of the skin and melanomas,
haemorrhage, haemosiderin, erythrophagocytosis and siderosomes, glycogen storage diseases,
lipoidoses, Wilson's disease, silicosis, rheumatoid arthritis and melanosis coli are all better
understood by virtue of a knowledge of the underlying fine structural changes.
Correlations between light and electron microscopic findings are singularly interesting and
satisfying and I have lost no opportunity of dwelling upon such matters. However, the function
of electron microscopy is not simply the resolving of old controversies bequeathed by light
microscopists. Electron microscopy is a science in its own right with its practitioners, problems
and preoccupations. Many structures such as the endoplasmic reticulum and polyribosomes
were unheard of in the light microscopic era, while the structural details of others such as the
nucleolus, centrioles and cilia were but poorly resolved. The presence of the nuclear envelope
and the cell membrane were suspected and the existence of the Golgi complex doubted.
Clearly, alterations in such structures belong to the realms of ultrastructual pathology, and
correlations with light microscopy are often tenuous and at times non-existent. Such findings
may not have a direct appeal to the light microscopist but such matters cannot be ignored for
they have materially altered our thinking about cellular physiology and pathology. Indeed, the
main preoccupation of this book is with such matters, but I hope that I have presented this
material in a manner which will make interesting reading for both light and electron
microscopists.
F.N.G.
References
Babel, J., Bischoff, A. and Spoendlin, H. (1970). Ultrastructure of the Peripheral Nervous System and Sense
Organs. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme
Dalton, A.J. and Haguenau, F. (1967). Ultrastructure of the Kidney. New York and London: Academic Press
David, H. (1964). Submicroscopic Ortho- and Patho-Morphology of the Liver. Oxford: Pergamon Press
Fawcett, D.W. (1966). The Cell: Its Organelles and Inclusions. Philadelphia and London: Saunders
Ghadially, F.N. and Roy, S. (1969). Ultrastructure of Synovial Joints in Health and Disease. London:
Butterworths
Lentz, T.L. (1971). Cell Fine Structure. Philadelphia and London: Saunders
Mair, W.G.P. and Tome, F.M.S. (1972). Atlas of the Ultrastructure of Diseased Human Muscle. Edinburgh
and London: Churchill Livingstone
Porter, K.R. and Bonneville, M.A. (1973). Fine Structure of Cells and Tissues, 4th Edn. Philadelphia: Lea
and Febiger
Rhodin, J.A.G. (1974). Histology. New York and London: Oxford University Press
IX
Acknowledgements
It is my pleasant duty to acknowledge the help given by my friends and colleagues and also the
skill and dedication of my co-workers and technicians.
Dr O.G. Dodge, Dr T.E. Larsen and Dr J.D. Newstead read through the typescript and
offered many useful criticisms and suggestions. Most of their suggestions have been
incorporated; any errors are my responsibility entirely.
My thanks are due to Mrs M. Boyle, Mrs C.E. Dick, Mr J-M.A. Lalonde and Mr N.K.
Yong for collecting and processing tissues, cutting ultrathin sections and preparing
innumerable prints from which a few were selected for publication in this book. In the latter
task, Mr J. Junor and Mr R. Van den Beuken also assisted, particularly when special techniques
were required to obtain prints from a less than perfect negative. The line drawings in this book
were also executed by Mr J. Junor and Mr R. Van den Beuken.
Several colleagues have been most helpful in supplying me with specimens or blocks of
tissues from which some of the illustrations in this book were derived. They include: Dr R.J.
Adams, Dr R. Baumal, Dr D. Beju, Dr S. Bhuta, Dr A.H. Cameron, Dr S. Cmti, Dr I.
Dardick, Dr W.E. DeCoteau, Dr H.P. Dienes, Dr M. Djaldetti, Dr G. Finkel, Dr R.
Ghadially, Dr V.E. Gould, Dr E.I. Grodums, Dr G. A. Herrera, Dr K.O. Hewan-Lowe, Dr S.
Holt, Dr E. Horvath, Dr M. Imamura, Dr J.V. Johannessen, Dr K. Kovacs, Dr B. Lane, Dr
Y.S. Lee, Dr A. Levene, Dr E. Liepa, Dr B. Mackay, Dr P.B. Marcus, Dr G. Mariuzzi, Dr
J.H. Martin, Dr G. Mierau, Dr K.W. Mm, Dr T.M. Mukherjee, Dr L.W. Oliphant, Dr E.W.
Parry, Dr B.E.F. Reimann, Dr B. Rozdilsky, Dr T.A. Seemayer, Dr T. Stanley, Dr T.K.
Shnitka, Dr J.G. Swift, Dr M. Takeya, Dr J.H. Wedge and Dr I. Wilkie. Their contributions
are also acknowledged in the legends.
The task of searching the massive literature on the ultrastructure of normal and pathological
tissues, classifying and filing reprints and xeroxed copies of papers (in well over a thousand
files), preparing reference lists and correcting and organizing the text into publishable format
was executed by my wife, Mrs E.M. Ghadially. The expert assistance of our library staff, Dr
Wilma P. Sweaney and Mrs Eva Wong in running Medline and Medlar searches on
innumerable subjects is gratefully acknowledged. The text was typed by Mrs E.M. Ghadially.
Her skill at promptly converting an almost illegible manuscript into well-laid out error-free
sheets was a major factor in accelerating the production of this work.
The task of producing this work has been greatly facilitated by the skill and knowledge of the
editorial staff of Butterworths.
XI
The electron micrographs published in this work spring mainly from work carried out with
various colleagues and co-workers. These include Dr R.L. Ailsby, Mr R. Bhatnager, Dr T.
Cunningham, Mrs C.E. Dick, DrJ.A. Fuller, MrJ-M.A. Lalonde, Dr T.E. Larsen, Dr Emma
Lew, Dr P.N. Mehta, Dr A.F. Oryschak, Dr E.W. Parry, Dr S. Roy, Dr L.F. Skinnider, Dr
S-E. Yang-Steppuhn and Mr N.K. Yong. In the text and/or legends to the illustrations their
contributions are duly identified.
Of the 1227 electron micrographs (on 546 plates) published in this work, 187 come from
external sources. For these illustrations I am indebted to the following authors and journals.
Afzelius, B.A. (unpublished): Plate 509, Fig. 1
Barland, P., Novikoff, A.B. and Hamerman, D. (1964) Am. J. Path. 44, 853: Plate 253, Fig. 1
Bockus, D., Remington, F., Friedman, S. and Hammar, S. (1985) Ultrastruct. Path. 9, 1: Plate 391, Fig. 1;
Plate 522
Cain, H. and Kraus, B. (1977) Virchows Arch. B Cell Path. 26, 119: Plate 395, Figs. 1 and 2
Carstens, P.H.B. (1984) Ultrastruct. Path, 6, 99: Plate 212, Figs. 1 and 2
Chalvardjan, A., Picard, L., Shaw, R., Davey, R. and Cairns, J.D. (1980) Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 138,
391: Plate 298
Chandra, S. (unpublished): Plate 220, Fig. 1; Plate 221', Fig. 1. (1968) Lab. Invest. 18, 422: Plate 220, Fig. 2
Cinti, S., Osculati, F. and Parravicini, C. (1982) Ultrastruct. Path. 3, 263: Plate 242, Fig. 2
Coimbra, A. and Lopez-Vaz, A. (1967) Arthritis Rheum. 10, 337: Plate 253, Figs. 2-5
Cook, ML. and Stevens, J.G. (1970) J. Ultrastruct. Res. 32, 334: Plate 428, Figs. 1-3
Dahl, H.A. (1963) Z. Zellforsch. mikrosk. Anat. 60, 369: Plate 502, Fig. 5
Davis, W.C., Spicer, S.S., Greene, W.B. and Padgett, G.A. (1971) Lab. Invest. 24, 303: Plate 284, Figs. 1
and 2
Dienes, H.P. (unpublished): Plate 400
Dingemans, K.P. (unpublished): Plate 309, Fig. 1
Djaldetti, M. (1976) In Case Histories in Human Medicine No. 9. Philips Monographs: Plate 195, Fig. 2
Djaldetti, M., Landau, M., Mandel, E.M., Har-Zaav, L. and Lewinski, U. (1974) Blut 29, 210: Plate
195,Figs. 1 and 3
Djaldetti, M., Bessler, H., Fishman, P. and Machtey, I. (1975) Nouv. Rev. Franc. d'Hemat. 15, 567: Plate 5,
Fig. 2
Duncan, J.R. and Ramsey, F.K. (1965) Am. J. Path. 47, 601: Plate 505, Figs. 1-3
Dustin, P. (unpublished): Plate 311, Fig. 2; Plate 313, Fig. 2
Dustin, P. and Libert, J. (unpublished): Plate 311, Fig. 1
Erlandson, R.A. (unpublished): Plate 3, Fig. 3; Plate 154, Fig. 1
Erlandson, R.A. and Tandler, B. (1972) Arch. Path. 93, 130: Plate 154, Fig. 2
Feremans, W.W., Neve, P. and Caudron, M. (1978) J. Clin. Path. 31, 250: Plate 416, Figs, 1-3
Flaks, B. and Flaks, A. (1970) Cancer Res. 30, 1437: Plate 40, Figs. 1-3; Plate 45, Fig. 2
Frasca, J.M., Auerbach, O., Parks, V. and Stoeckenius, W. (1965). Expl. Molec. Path. 4, 340: Plate 24;
(1967) 6, 261: Plate 241, Figs. 1-4
Ganote, C.E. and Otis, J.B. (unpublished): Plate 230
Godman, G.C. and Lane, N. (1964) J. Cell Biol. 21, 353: Plate 146, Figs. 1 and 2
Gonatas, N.K., Margolis, G. and Kilham, L. (1971) Lab. Invest. 24, 101: Plate 401, Figs. 1 and 2
Gouranton, J. and Thomas, D. (1974) J. Ultrastruct. Res. 48, 227: Plate 59, Figs. 1 and 2
Grodums, E.I. (unpublished): Plate 56, Figs. 1 and 2; Plate 134, Figs. 1 and 2; Plate 221, Fig. 2; Plate 438,
Figs: 1-3
Grunnet, M.L. and Spilsbury, P.R. (1973) Archs Neurol. 28, 231: Plate 261
Hammar, S. (unpublished): Plate 461, Figs. 1 and 2
Harris, M., Vasudev, K.S., Anfield, C. and Wells, S. (1978) Histopathology 2, 177: Plate 434, Figs. 1-4
Helyer, B.J. and Petrelli, M. (1978) J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 60, 861: Plate 238, Fig. 1
Ho, K.L. (1985) Acta Neuropathol. (Berl). 66, 117: Plate 411, Figs. 1-3
Ishikawa, T. and Pei, Y.F. (1965) J. Cell Biol. 25, 402: Plate 132, Figs. 1-5
Mahley, R.W., Gray, M.E., Hamilton, R.L. and Lequire, V.S. (1968) Lab. Invest. 19, 358, Plate 150, Fig.
2
Martinez-Palomo, A. (unpublished): Plate 463, Figs. 1 and 2; (1970) Lab. Invest. 22, 605: Plate 461, Figs. 1
and 2
Matsuda, H. and Sugiura, S. (1970) Invest. Ophthal. 9, 919: Plate 352, Figs. 1-5
Maynard, J.A., Cooper, R.R. and Ponseti, I.V. (1972) Lab. Invest, 26, 40: Plate 243, Figs. 1 and 2
xii