Table Of ContentUltrasonic
Imaging
and
Holography
Medical, Sonar, and
Optical Applications
Edited by
George W. Stroke
State University of New York
Stony Brook, New York
and
Harvard University
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Winston E. Kock
Visiting Professor, University of Cincinnati
Cincinnati, Ohio
and
Consultant, The Bendix Corporation
Yoshimitsu Kikuchi
Tohoku University
Sendai, Japan
and
Jumpei Tsujiuchi
Tokyo Institute of Technology
Tokyo, Japan
illtrasonic
Imaging
and
Holography
Medical, Sonar, and
Optical Applications
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK- LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
U. S.-Japan Science Cooperation Seminar on Pattern Information Processing in
Ultrasonic Imaging, 3d, University of Hawaii, 1973.
Ultrasonic imaging and holography.
Includes bibliographical references.
1. Ultrasonics in medicine-Congresses. 2. Electronic data processing-Medi.
cine-Congresses. 3. Holography-Congresses. I. Stroke, George W., ed. II.
Title. [DNLM: 1. Holography - Congresses. 2. Ultrasonics - Congresses.
W3UN61 1973u / QC244.S US8 1973u)
R89S.Al US4 1 3 610'.28 74·1371
ISBN·13:978·1·4613·449S·7 e.ISBN·13:978·1·4613·4493·3
DOl: 10.1007/978·1·4613·4493·3
Proceedings of the U.S. - Japan Science Cooperation Seminar on Pattern
Information Processing in Ultrasonic Imaging, held January 7·13,1973,
at the University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
© 1974 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover lst edition 1974
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. lOOn
United Kingdom edition published by Plenum Press, London
A Division of Plenum Publishing Company, Ltd.
4a Lower John Street, London WIR 3PD, England
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise,
without written permission from the Publisher
FOREWORD
This book contains the cm1'1plete set of papers presen-
ted at the Third United States-Japan Science Cooperation
SeITlinar on the Subj ect of Holographic IITlaging and Infor
ITlation Processing, held at Hawaii, January 8 to 13, 1973,
under the joint sponsorship of the National Science Foun
dation and the Japan Society for the ProITlotion of Science.
The papers present the latest advances and state of the art
in areas ranging froITl ultrasonic holography, radar and
sonar to ultrasonic pulse-echo iITlaging, acoustic ITlicro
scopy and iITlage proces sing in bioITledical engineering.
COITlputer proces sing of ultrasonic iITlages is extensively
discussed. Several papers describe the reITlarkable appli
cations of ultrasonics in ITledical diagnostics. One describes
new features in R&D ITlanageITlent that are particularly rele
vant to the field as a result of recent changes in national
science and technology policies. We also present the ITlost
recent advances in the powerful ITlethods of iITlage iITlprove
ITlent (sharpening, deblurring) which have been ITlade poss
ible with the aid of holograITls used as cOITlputing eleITlents;
the holographic iITlage deblurring ITlethod is capable of an
astonishing iITlproveITlent of iITlages that are still unattainable
with even the ITlost powerful digital cOITlputer ITlethods. The
book follows the 1971 PlenuITl Publishing COITlpany book,
"Applications of Holography", which cOITlprised the papers
presented at the Second U. S. -Japan SeITlinar held in Wash
ington, D. C., October 13 to 18, 1969. In both these seITl
inars, the discoverer of holography, Professor Dennis
Gabor who received the 1971 Nobel Prize in Physics for his
work, was an active participant. All three seITlinars (the
first having taken place in Japan froITl October 2 to 6, 1967)
were sponsored jointly by the National Science Foundation
and the Japan Society for the ProITlotion of Science. The
singular role of Gilbert B. Devey, PrograITl Director, Nat
ional Science Foundation, Washington, D. C., in stiITlulating
the three ITleetings is noted with ITluch gratitude.
v
vi FOREWORD
Since medical ultrasonic diagnostics has recently be
come a field of major activity in clinical applications as well
as in industrial exploitation, a few additional introductory
remarks may be useful. The comments may help, also, in
drawing attention to the timeliness of the papers which de
scribe the intense current research activity in the field.
Productivity in health care delivery and early screen-
ing for possible disease may indeed be considerably im
proved by use of the new method of ultrasonic diagnostics
which is now under intensive development in leading academic,
national and industrial laboratories around the world. Ad
vanced prototype ultrasonic imaging already makes it possible
to reveal non-invasively (in an X-ray like manner), disease
(or the absence of it) in almost all human internal soft tissue
organs including the prostate, the bladder, the heart, and the
breasts, among others. A widespread use of ultrasonic im
aging is also made in obstetrics. Strikingly remarkable im
ages of fetuses are being readily obtained with needle-like
sharpness in the best cases, starting even earlier than the
10th week of pregnancy. The method permits one to guide
an aspirating needle in order to extract some of the aITlniotic
fluid without injury to the fetus, in view of exaITlining chroITl
osomes for pos sible abnorITlalities. These are just a few
representative illustrations of the many diverse uses of the
ITlethod of medical ultrasonic diagnostics which are now being
perfected, and of which the principles and details are being
presented in this volUITle by leading authorities in the field.
The role of holography in ultrasonic imaging was also pio
neered by Professor Dennis Gabor, Inventor of the field,
and one of the authors.
The iITlportance of the papers is enhanced by the reports
of recent clinical experiITlents which have demonstrated the
usefulness of ultrasonic iITlaging for diagnostic visualization.
The method is cOITlplementary to radiography, nuclear ITled
icine and therITlography, aITlong others. It may be used
safely, notably in cases where other methods are either in
applicable or perhaps hazardous (e. g., as are ionizing rad
iations in the case of pregnancies).
FOREWORD vii
In addition to the use of ultrasonics for medicaliag
nostics, this volume also presents the results of pionL'~r
ing use of ultrasonics in surgery (e. g., the brain).
The important advances in ultrasonic diagnostics rt;
vealed by the U. S. - Japan 1973 Hawaii seminar also resul
ted in the formation by the National Science Foundation of a
special "Blue Ribbon Task Force on Ultrasonic Imaging" in
February, 1973. Under the chairmanship of John B. Man
niello, a special consultant to NSF (then Vice President of
Government Operations at CBS Laboratories, and since,
Science Attache to the U. S. Ambassador to Italy); and the
direction of C. Branson Smith, Director of the Office of
Experimental R&D Incentives at NSF, the Task Force
carried out a world survey of the state of the art in ultra
sonic medical diagnostics and made recommendations for
accelerating more widespread clinical use of ultrasonic
instrumentation and increased industrial participation. The
Task Force consulted with leading medical and industrial
authorities in the world, in countries ranging from the Uni ted
States, Japan, Germany, Great Britain and Austria, to Den
mark, Sweden, Holland and Australia, among others. It
reported through C. Branson Smith to Dr H. Guyford Stever,
Director of the National Science Foundation (concurrently
also, the Science Advisor to the President of the United States).
It included Professor Dennis Gabor, Nobel Laureate; Dr
Frederick Seitz, President of Rockefeller University; Dr
E. D. Pellegrino, Vice President for Health Sciences at
Stony Brook (and now Chancellor of the University of Ten
nessee Medical Center); Dr William E. Glenn, Director of
Research at CBS Laboratories in Stamford, Connecticut;
Dr Leonard Weiss, Director of Experimental Pathology at
Roswell Park Memorial Institute; Dr Lester Goodman, Chief
of Biomedical Engineering, National Institutes of Health;
Dr Gilbert B. Devey, National Science Foundation; and Dr
George W. Stroke, of Stony Brook and Harvard Medical School.
An official report has been made by the National Science
Foundation.
viii FOREWORD
While the formal editorship of the volume was the
responsibility of the co-chairmen, we want to acknowledge
with particular gratitude the leading role of Mrs Gladys
Hayes, Professor Dennis Gabor's Administrative Assis
tant at CBS Laboratories, in actively assuming the respons
ibility for the assembly, organization and preparation of
the papers, as well as the editing and retyping of a major
part of the manuscripts into their camera-ready form.
The two United States editors also express their sin
cere appreciation to the two Japanese editors, Professor
Y. Kikuchi, and Professor J. Tsujiuchi for their very
effective participation in the editorial work; and notably
for obtaining manuscripts representative of the latest state
of the art in Japan. The historical review, fully documen
ted and beautifully illustrated, as included by Professor Y.
Kikuchi in his report, will be found to be as useful to ad
vanced workers as it will be by those wanting to enter the
field.
Special thanks are also due Mr Renville H. McMann,
President of CBS Laboratories, in supporting this work,
notably by providing use of the facilities of CBS Labor
atories, and for his particular interest in encouraging the
work in the field of ultrasonic imaging, in view of its full
implementation on a national and worldwide scale.
The present volume of scientific and technological
papers, together with the existing literature in the field,
notably by such authorities as Professors P. N. T. Wells
and Y. Kikuchi, will be found to be a particularly useful
basis for the work on the accelerated development and
clinical use of medical ultrasonic instrumentation.
George W. Stroke
Winston E. Kock
CONTENTS
IMAGE PROCESSING IN BIO-MEDICAL
ENGINEERING • • • • • • • • . • • • • •• 1
K. Atsum.i
ULTRASONIC HOLOGRAPHY: A PRACTICAL
SYSTEM .• 87
0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
B. B. Brenden
NEW DIMENSIONS FOR R&D PROGRAM
MANAGEMENT· ••••••••••••• ·105
G. B. Devey
ULTRASONIC TISSUE VISUALIZATION AND
SURGERY I~ BRAIN· •••••••••••• 125
F. J. Fry and R. C. Eggleton
A PROJECT OF ULTRASONIC TOMOGRAPHY
("SONORADIOGRAPHY") ••••••.••• 151
D. Gabor
IMAGE INFORMATION PROCESSING FOR
PULSE ECHO SCANNING METHODS •••• 159
M. Ide
ULTRASONIC IMAGING AT STANFORD
RESEARCH INSTITUTE. • • • • • . • 191
E. D. Jones
OPTICAL INFORMATION PROCESSING AND
ACOUSTO-OPTICS ••••••••••••• 201
H. Kashiwagi and K. Sakurai
PRESENT ASPECTS OF "ULTRASONOTOMO-
GRAPHY" FOR MEDICAL DIAGNOSTICS' ·229
Y. Kikuchi
ix
x CONTENTS
NEW FORMS OF ULTRASONIC AND RADAR
IMAGING· ••.•.••••••••••.•• 287
W. E. Kock
ACOUSTIC MICROSCOPY• ••.•••.•••••••. 345
A. Korpel
SOME ASPECTS OF OPTICAL HOLOGRAPHY
THAT MIGHT BE OF INTEREST
FOR ACOUSTICAL IMAGING. •••• 363
A. W. Lohmann
SIGNAL PROCESSING METHOD IN ULTRA-
SCONIC SCANNING TECHNIQUE· ••••• 379
M. Okujima
U LTRASONO-CAR DIO-TOMOGRAPHY ••.• ·425
Y. Kikuchi, D. Okuyama, and M. Tanaka
COMPUTER PROCESSING OF ULTRASONIC
IMAGES •••.•••••••.•••..•• 455
M. Onoe
OPTICAL IMAGE IMPROVEMENT IN BIO
MEDICAL ELECTRON MICRO-
SCOpy AND ULTRASONICS· •.•.•. 503
G. W. Stroke and M. Halioua
ULTRASONIC HOLOGRAPHY BY TRANS
DUCER ARRAY AND LIQUID-
CRYSTAL DEVICE • . • • • . 517
M. Suzuki, T. Iwasaki, S. Fujiki, and
A. Hakoyama
HOLOGRAPHIC SYNTHETIC APERTURE
SONAR SYSTEM. • . • • •• • ••••• 531
J. T sujiuchi, S. U eha, and K. U enD
