Table Of ContentUltrananocrystalline Diamond Coatings for Next-Generation High-Tech
and Medical Devices
Thisbookpresentsacomprehensivereviewonthefundamentalandappliedmaterials
science and technology development for a transformational ultrananocrystalline dia-
mond (UNCD™) thin-film technology enabling a new generation of industrial prod-
uctsandhigh-techandexternalandimplantablemedicaldevicesandprostheses.Edited
and co-authored by a co-originator and pioneer in the field, it describes the synthesis
andmaterialpropertiesofUNCDcoatingsandintegrationwithmultifunctionaloxide/
nitridethinfilmsandnanoparticles,toenablethedevelopmentandcommercialization
of new generations of high-tech and external and implantable medical devices and
prostheses,andtreatmentsofhumanbiologicalconditions.Bringingtogethercontribu-
tionsfromexpertsaroundtheworld,thisbookcoversarangeofclinicalapplications,
includingocularimplantstorestorepartialvisiontoblindpeople,glaucomatreatment
devices to protect people from becoming blind due to glaucoma, UNCD-coated
implantable prostheses (e.g., dental implants, artificial hips and knees) to eliminate
current failures of metal prostheses, scaffolds for stem cell growth and differentiation
into other human cells to provide biological treatment of many conditions, Li-ion
batteries for defibrillators and pacemakers, and drug delivery and sensor devices.
Technologytransferandregulatoryissuesarealsocovered.
Thisisessentialreadingforresearchers,engineers,andpractitionersinthefieldof
high-tech and medical device technologies across materials science and biomedical
engineering.
OrlandoAucielloisadistinguishedendowedchairprofessorattheUniversityofTexas
at Dallas, and a co-founder of Advanced Diamond Technologies, Inc., Original
Biomedical Implants (OBI-USA), LLC, and OBI-México, SRL, which are commer-
cializing the UNCD coating technology in industrial, high-tech, and biomedical
productsworldwide.
Published online by Cambridge University Press
Published online by Cambridge University Press
Ultrananocrystalline Diamond
Coatings for Next-Generation
High-Tech and Medical Devices
Edited by
ORLANDO AUCIELLO
UniversityofTexas,Dallas
OriginalBiomedicalImplants(OBI-USA)
OriginalBiomedicalImplants(OBI-México)
(cid:2)
Published online by Cambridge University Press
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www.cambridge.org
Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107088733
DOI:10.1017/9781316105177
©OrlandoAuciello2022
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,
noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten
permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
Firstpublished2022
AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Auciello,Orlando,1945–editor.
Title:Ultrananocrystallinediamondcoatingsfornextgenerationhigh-tech
andmedicaldevices/editedbyOrlandoAuciello,UniversityofTexas,Dallas.
Description:UnitedKingdom;NewYork,NY:CambridgeUniversityPress,2022.|
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
Identifiers:LCCN2021029135(print)|LCCN2021029136(ebook)|
ISBN9781107088733(hardback)|ISBN9781316105177(epub)
Subjects:LCSH:Medicalinstrumentsandapparatus–Materials.|Diamondthin
films–Industrialapplications.|Nanodiamonds–Industrialapplications.|Diamond
powder–Industrialapplications.|Protectivecoatings.
Classification:LCCR857.M3U582022 (print)|LCCR857.M3 (ebook)|DDC610.284–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2021029135
LCebookrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2021029136
ISBN978-1-107-08873-3Hardback
CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracy
ofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication
anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain,
accurateorappropriate.
Published online by Cambridge University Press
Contents
List of Contributors page x
Preface xiii
1 Fundamentals on Synthesis and Properties ofUltrananocrystallineDiamond
(UNCD™)Coatings 1
OrlandoAuciello,JesusJ.Alcantar-Peña,andElidadeObaldia
1.1 BackgroundonUNCDFilmSynthesis,Properties,andApplications 1
1.2 FundamentalsofUNCDFilmSynthesisviaMPCVDandProperties 6
1.3 Fundamentals on the Synthesis ofMCD,NCD, and UNCD Thin
Films viaHFCVD 37
1.4 Conclusions 73
2 UltrananocrystallineDiamond (UNCD™) Filmas a Hermetic
Biocompatible/Bioinert Coating for Encapsulation ofan Eye-Implantable
Microchip toRestorePartial Vision toBlind People 86
OrlandoAuciello
2.1 Background Information on Vision,Conditions that Induce Blindness
in Humans Born with Vision, and Concepts for Artificial Retina
Devicesto Restore PartialVision 86
2.2 Vision Restoration Technologies 87
2.3 ScientificandTechnological State-of-the-Art of Biocompatible/
Bioinert Encapsulation Technologies for SiMicrochips Implantable
in theEye 92
2.4 Carbon-Based BiocompatibleUNCDCoating for Si Microchip
Encapsulationand Growth Techniques 93
2.5 Characterizationof Hermetic/Biocompatible/Corrosion-Resistant/
Bioinert Si Microchip-Encapsulating UNCDCoating 95
2.6 Characterizationof Electrochemical Performance inEye Humor–Like
Saline Solution toTest Corrosion-Resistance ofHermetic UNCD
EncapsulatingCoating on Silicon 98
2.7 Characterizationof UNCD/CMOS Integration 100
2.8 In-Vivo Animal Tests ofHermetic/Biocompatible/Corrosion-Resistant
UNCDCoatingsEncapsulating SiMicrochips forArtificial Retinas 101
Published online by Cambridge University Press
vi Contents
2.9 Challenges for Bioinert Microchip Encapsulation
HermeticCoatings 102
2.10 Conclusions andFuture Outlook 103
3 Science and Technologyof UltrananocrystallineDiamond (UNCD™)
Coatings for Glaucoma TreatmentDevices 107
AlejandroBerra,MarioJ.Saravia,PabloGurman,andOrlandoAuciello
3.1 Introduction 107
3.2 Low-Cost, Best Biocompatible, ExtremelyHydrophobic,and
Antifouling UNCDCoating for Encapsulation of Commercial
Polymer-Based GlaucomaValvesfor Orders ofMagnitude
Performance Improvement 115
3.3 Alternative Low-Cost, Best Biocompatible, ExtremelyHydrophobic,
and Antifouling UNCD-Coated Mesh Implantable inthe Trabecular
Regionof theEye to Drain Fluid 116
3.4 Conclusions 117
4 Science and Technologyof Novel Integrated Biocompatible Superparamagnetic
Oxide NanoparticlesInjectable in the HumanEye and External
UltrananocrystallineDiamond (UNCD™)-Coated Magnet for aNew Retina
Reattachment Procedure 121
MarioJ.Saravia,RobertoD.Zysler,EnioLima,Jr.,PabloGurman,andOrlandoAuciello
4.1 Introduction 121
4.2 New RevolutionaryNanotechnology-BasedRetina’s
Reattachment Procedure 129
4.3 Conclusions 137
5 Science and Technologyof Biocompatible Ultrananocrystalline Diamond
(UNCD™)Coatingsfor aNew Generation of Implantable Prostheses: First
Application to Dental Implants and Artificial Hips 141
OrlandoAuciello,KaramKang,DanielG.Olmedo,DeboraR.Tasat,
andGilbertoLópezChávez
5.1 Background Information on Human Teeth, theNeed for Natural
TeethReplacementby DentalImplants, andCurrent Dental
ImplantTechnologies 141
5.2 PhysicalandChemical Effects on Dental Implants 143
5.3 Replacement ofDestroyed Natural Teeth 143
5.4 Challenges with Current Materials in Dental Implants 144
5.5 Background on Biocompatible,Corrosion-Resistant UNCD Coatings
for Dental Implants 145
5.6 Fundamentals and Technological Developmentof UNCD Coating on
Dental Implants 146
Published online by Cambridge University Press
Contents vii
5.7 In-VitroStudiesof CorrosionofTi-6Al-4V and UNCD-Coated
Ti-6Al-4V DentalImplants inSaliva 157
5.8 In-Vivo Studies inAnimals ofBiological Performance of
UNCD-Coated Ti Alloy DentalImplants 159
5.9 ClinicalTrialsof UNCD-Coated Dental Implants inBioingeniería
Humana Avanzada 163
5.10 Development ofan Industrial Process for Commercial-Scale
Production ofUNCD-Coated Ti Alloy DentalImplants 164
5.11 Application of Biocompatible, Low-Friction, Body Fluid
Corrosion-Resistant UNCD Coatings for a New Generation of
Superior Prostheses 166
5.12 Current Performance of UNCD-Coated IndustrialProstheses Predict
the Performance of Future UNCD-CoatedProstheses 168
5.13 Conclusions 168
6 Science and Technologyof Novel UltrananocrystallineDiamond (UNCD™)
Scaffolds for Stem Cell Growth and Differentiation for Developmental Biology
and Biological Treatment of Human Medical Conditions 175
BingShiandOrlandoAuciello
6.1 Introduction 175
6.2 UNCDThin-Film Growth 178
6.3 Characterizationof UNCD Films 180
6.4 Cell Culture Studieson UNCDFilm Surfaces 183
6.5 Studiesof Cells’Biological Componentsby Chemical
Analysis Techniques 188
6.6 Discussion ofCell Attachment and ProliferationMechanism on the
Surface of UNCD Films 188
6.7 Conclusions 192
7 New Generation ofLi-IonBatteries with Superior SpecificCapacity
Lifetimeand SafetyPerformanceBased on Novel Ultrananocrystalline
Diamond (UNCD™)-Coated Components for a New Generationof
Defibrillators/Pacemakers and Other Battery-PoweredMedical and
High-Tech Devices 197
OrlandoAucielloandYonhuaTzeng
7.1 Background Information on Li-Ion Batteries and Other Batteries for
Implantable Medical Devices and Other Applications 197
7.2 Introduction ofInnovative ElectricallyConductive N-UNCDand
Insulating UNCD-Based CoatingTechnologies for LIB Components
for SuperiorPerformance 199
7.3 Research and Development onN-UNCD-Coated Commercial
NG/Cu Anodes 200
Published online by Cambridge University Press
viii Contents
7.4 Fabrication of LIB Cells 205
7.5 Test ofLIB Cells with Uncoated and N-UNCD-Coated
NG/Cu Anodes 206
7.6 Conclusions 210
8 Science and Technologyof Integrated Nitride Piezoelectric/
UltrananocrystallineDiamond (UNCD™)Films for aNew Generation of
Biomedical MEMS Energy Generation, Drug Delivery,and Sensor Devices 214
MartinZalazarandOrlandoAuciello
8.1 Introduction 214
8.2 Medical Applications for AcousticWaveDevices 215
8.3 Integration ofAlNand UNCD Films 216
8.4 New Generation ofBiomedical MEMSBasedon Integrated
AlN–UNCD Films 223
8.5 Discussion andConclusions 233
9 Science and Technologyof Integrated Multifunctional Piezoelectric
Oxides/UltrananocrystallineDiamond (UNCD™)Films for aNew Generation
ofBiomedical MEMS Energy Generation, Drug Delivery, and Sensor Devices 237
OrlandoAucielloandGeunheeLee
9.1 Introduction 237
9.2 UNCDThin Film: A New Best BiocompatibleParadigm
Material for Implantable MEMS/NEMS Biosensors and
Power Generators 242
9.3 Materials Integrationand Process Strategies for Fabrication of
MEMS/NEMS Devices Based on Integrated PiezoelectricOxide
and UNCD Films 244
9.4 MEMS and NEMS Biosensorsand Power Generation Devices
Based on Integrated Piezoelectric/UNCDFILMS 252
9.5 Integrated Pt–“Biocompatible” Piezoelectric–Pt–TiAl–UNCDfilms
for MEMS/NEMS Cantilever-Based Biosensorsand Implantable
Power Generation Devices 256
9.6 Conclusions 258
10 Biomaterials and Multifunctional Biocompatible Ultrananocrystalline
Diamond (UNCD™)Technologies TransferPathway: From theLaboratory to
the Market for Medical Devicesand Prostheses 263
OrlandoAuciello
10.1 Introduction 263
10.2 Ethics inBiomedical Research and Product Marketing 264
10.3 Regulation ofMedical Devicesin theUSA, Europe, and Japan 265
10.4 ABrief Historyof theFDA 266
10.5 Organization andOperation of theFDA 267
Published online by Cambridge University Press
Contents ix
10.6 The Helsinki Declaration for Current ClinicalResearch 271
10.7 Examples ofFaster Pathways for Insertion of NewBiomaterials, Such
as UNCD Coatings and UNCD-Coated Devices, into theUS Market,
Overcoming theCurrent Long PathwayInduced by
FDA Regulations 271
10.8 Conclusions 274
Index 277
Published online by Cambridge University Press
