Table Of ContentPower and Energy Series 59
Ultracapacitor Applications U Ultracapacitor
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Energy storage and in particular electrical storage of energy Dr. John M. Miller was vice president of systems and to
has become a very talked about topic in circles ranging applications at Maxwell Technologies when this book was r
from lay persons, in regard to hybrid and battery electric written. He is currently with the U.S. Department of Energy, Oak
vehicles, to professionals, and certainly by legislators Ridge National Laboratory, National Transportation Research A
Center. He is also founder and principal engineer of J-N-J Miller p
and energy policy makers in government. But even Design Services, P.L.C. Dr. Miller worked for 20 years in the p
tcoh epmroifceasls fioornmalss othf ee ldeicsttrinicc etinoenrsg yb esttworeaegne parhey suicnacll eaanrd apurotogmramotsiv ein cinludduisntgry ,4 l2eVa dInintegg sreatveedra Sl thayrtberri dA lvteerhniaclteo rt, eIcShGn, ofolor gy lic
and at times poorly understood, if at all. This book takes application into a SUV. He has been active in collaborations at a
a critical look at physical storage of electricity in the the industry and government levels including the NSF funded ti
o
devices known collectively as electrochemical capacitors systems center for Future Renewable Electric Energy Delivery
and particularly as ultracapacitors. In its 12 chapters, this and Management, FREEDM. He was actively engaged in MIT’s n
text covers ultracapacitor and advanced battery topics Consortium on Advanced Automotive Electrical and Electronic s
with emphasis on clear understanding of fundamental Components and Systems and has served as Adjunct Professor John M. Miller
of Electrical Engineering at Michigan State University and at
principles, models and applications. The reader will
Texas A&M University. Dr. Miller has authored over 170 technical
appreciate the case studies ranging from commercial publications, holds 53 U.S. patents, and authored or co-authored
to industrial to automotive applications of not only five books. He is a Fellow of the IEEE, Member of SAE, 2009
ultracapacitors, but of these power dense components in recipient of the IEEE Kliman Innovator award, and 2010 recipient
combination with energy dense battery technologies. of the IEEE Power Electronics Society distinguished service award.
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The Institution of Engineering and Technology
www.theiet.org
978-1-84919-071-8
PBPO0590.indd 1 27/05/2011 16:35:40
IET POWER AND ENERGYSERIES 59
Ultracapacitor
Applications
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Volume7 InsulatorsforhighvoltagesJ.S.T.Looms
Volume8 VariablefrequencyACmotordrivesystemsD.Finney
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W.Mosch
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Adams
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E.J.Holmes
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andR.Aggarwal(Editors)
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carsM.Westbrook
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N.Watson
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PRELIMS 7June2011;18:2:38
Ultracapacitor
Applications
John M. Miller
The Institution ofEngineeringand Technology
PRELIMS 7June2011;18:2:38
PublishedbyTheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology,London,UnitedKingdom
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†2011TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology
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PRELIMS 7June2011;18:2:39
To JoAnn and Nathan
PRELIMS 7June2011;18:2:39
PRELIMS 7June2011;18:2:39
Contents
Preface xi
1 Typesof ultracapacitors 1
1.1 Electrochemical capacitors 10
1.2 Symmetric types 17
1.3 Asymmetric types 24
1.4 Hybrid capacitors 30
Exercises 33
References 35
2 Ultracapacitor modeling 37
2.1 Electronic equivalentcircuit model 42
2.2 Cell characterization methods and standards 58
2.2.1 EUCAR method 61
2.3 Simulationmodel validation 66
2.4 Capacitor–battery combinations 73
2.4.1 Passive parallel architecture 78
2.4.2 Active parallel architecture 81
Exercises 89
References 91
3 Power andenergy 93
3.1 Specific energy and energy density 96
3.2 Specific power and power density 101
3.3 Ragone relationships 112
3.4 Ultracapacitorsand batteries 114
Exercises 123
References 126
4 Commercial applications 129
4.1 Uninterruptible power supplies 129
4.2 Utility voltage stabilizer 135
4.3 Wind turbine systems 146
4.4 Photovoltaic systems 155
Exercises 158
References 161
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viii Ultracapacitorapplications
5 Industrialapplication 163
5.1 Material handling trucks 165
5.2 Harbor cranes and rubber tired gantry cranes 168
5.3 Earth moving equipment 176
Exercises 185
References 187
6 Heavy transportation application 189
6.1 Battery electric bus 199
6.2 Hybrid electric bus 201
6.3 Shuttle bus 206
Exercises 208
References 211
7 Hybrid electric vehicles 213
7.1 Types of hybrids 219
7.2 Hybrid functions 223
7.3 Powerassisthybrid 225
7.4 Plug-in hybrid 227
Exercises 232
References 234
8 Single-mode power split 235
8.1 Electronic continuously variable transmission 239
8.2 Ultracapacitor application ineCVTs 242
8.3 Drive cycle evaluations 246
Exercises 253
References 255
9 2-mode power split 257
9.1 Essentials of 2-mode eCVT 260
9.2 Operational modes of the EVT 263
9.3 Ultracapacitor application in2-mode eCVT 269
9.4 Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle: Volt 272
Exercises 275
References 277
10 Life cycle testing 279
10.1 Leakage current influence 283
10.2 Reliability versusservice life 286
10.2.1 Exponential reliability function 291
10.2.2 Normal reliability function 292
10.2.3 Log-normal reliability function 293
10.2.4 Weibull reliability function 294
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Contents ix
10.3 Mean service life 298
10.4 Comprehensive cycle life testing 302
Exercises 306
References 308
11 Abusetolerance 311
11.1 Need for abuse testing 311
11.2 Overvoltage and overcurrent abuse 313
11.3 Insulation resistance and high potential 317
11.4 Vibration requirements 324
11.5 Ultracapacitor cycling exposure 325
Exercises 328
References 330
12 Future transportation systems 331
12.1 Future mobility systems 332
12.2 Wireless power transfer 333
12.2.1 Coaxial winding transformer 336
12.2.2 Inductive power transfer 337
12.3 Ultracapacitor applications in IPT 338
Exercises 343
References 345
Glossary 347
Index 351
PRELIMS 7June2011;18:2:39
