UCLA Cotsen Digital Archaeology series Title Archaeology 2.0: New Approaches to ...

297 Pages·2011·7.15 MB·English

UCLA
Cotsen Digital Archaeology series
Title
Archaeology 2.0: New Approaches to Communication and Collaboration
Permalink
https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1r6137tb
Authors
Kansa, Eric C.
Kansa, Sarah Whitcher
Watrall, Ethan
Publication Date
2011
Supplemental Material
https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1r6137tb#supplemental

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ARCHAEOLOGY 2.0
new approaches to communication & collaboration
edited by Eric C. Kansa, Sarah Whitcher Kansa, & Ethan Watrall

A 2.0:
RCHAEOLOGY
N A
EW PPROACHES TO
C C
OMMUNICATION AND OLLABORATION
Cotsen Digital Archaeology Series
Volume 1.Archaeology 2.0: New Approaches to Communication and Collabora-
tion,Eric C.Kansa,Sarah Whitcher Kansa,and Ethan Watrall (Editors)
A 2.0:
RCHAEOLOGY
N A
EW PPROACHES TO
C C
OMMUNICATION AND OLLABORATION
EDITED BY
ERIC C.KANSA,
SARAH WHITCHER KANSA,AND
ETHAN WATRALL
COTSEN DIGITAL ARCHAEOLOGY 1
THE COTSEN INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY PRESS is the publishing unit of the Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at UCLA. The Cot-
sen Institute is a premier research organization dedicated to the creation, dissemination, and conservation of archaeological
knowledge and heritage. It is home to both the Interdepartmental Archaeology Graduate Program and the UCLA/Getty Master’s
Program in the Conservation of Archaeological and Ethnographic Materials. The Cotsen Institute provides a forum for innovative
faculty research, graduate education, and public programs at UCLA in an effort to positively impact the academic, local and
global communities. Established in 1973, the Cotsen Institute is at the forefront of archaeological research, education, conserva-
tion and publication and is an active contributor to interdisciplinary research at UCLA.
The Cotsen Institute Press specializes in producing high-quality academic volumes in several different series, including Mono-
graphs, World Heritage and Monuments, Cotsen Advanced Seminars, and Ideas, Debates and Perspectives. The Press is commit-
ted to making the fruits of archaeological research accessible to professionals, scholars, students, and the general public. We are
able to do this through the generosity of Lloyd E. Cotsen, longtime Institute volunteer and benefactor, who has provided an en-
dowment that allows us to subsidize our publishing program and produce superb volumes at an affordable price. Publishing in
nine different series, our award-winning archaeological publications receive critical acclaim in both the academic and popular
communities.
THECOTSENINSTITUTEOFARCHAEOLOGYATUCLA
Charles Stanish, Director Willeke Wendrich, Editorial Director
Gregory Areshian, Assistant Director Julie Nemer, Publications Manager
EDITORIALADVISORYBOARDOFTHECOTSENINSTITUTEOFARCHAEOLOGY
Willeke Wendrich Area Editor for Egypt, North, and East Africa
Christopher Donnan Area Editor for South and Central America
Jeanne E. Arnold Area Editor for North America
Jeffrey P. Brantingham Area Editor for the Paleolithic and Environmental Archaeology
Aaron Burke Area Editor for Southwestern Asia
Lothar Von Falkenhausen Area Editor for East and South Asia and Archaeological Theory
Sarah Morris Area Editor for the Classical World
John Papadopoulos Area Editor for the Mediterranean Region
Ex-Officio Members: Charles Stanish, Gregory E. Areshian, and Julie Nemer
External Members: Kusimba Chapurukha, Joyce Marcus, A. Colin Renfrew, and John Yellen
Cover design by Ethan Watrall. Editorial and production services: Leyba Associates, Santa Fe, NM
LLiibbrraarryy ooff CCoonnggrreessss CCaattaallooggiinngg--iinn--PPuubblliiccaattiioonn DDaattaa
Archaeology 2.0 : new approaches to communication and collaboration / edited by Eric C. Kansa, Sarah Whitcher Kansa, and
Ethan Watrall.
p. cm. — (Cotsen digital archaeology ; 1)
Outcome of a session held at the 2008 meeting of the Society for American Archaeology (SAA) in Vancouver, British Columbia.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-1-931745-85-7 (pbk.) ISBN-10: 1-931745-85-4 (pbk.)
1. Archaeology—Computer network resources. 2. Web 2.0. 3. Archaeology—Data processing. 4. Archaeology—Methodol-
ogy. 5. Archaeology—Information technology. 6. Digital electronics. 7. Internet. I. Kansa, Eric Christopher. II. Kansa, Sarah
Whitcher. III. Watrall, Ethan. IV. Society for American Archaeology. Meeting (73rd : 2008 : Vancouver, B.C.)
CC80.4.A66 2011
930.1028—dc23
2011030384
© Copyright 2011. Regents of the University of California.
This volume carries a Creative Commons BY-SA (By Attribution, Share Alike, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/)
license. In short, this means that others can freely distribute, remix, and build upon the contents of this volume, provided two
very important conditions are met: the original author receives proper attribution (especially citation) and all subsequent works
carry the same license. We chose a Creative Commons license primarily because of our deep concerns in the sustainability of
sharply escalating costs in scholarly publishing. These costs make it increasingly difficult for educational institutions, our col-
leagues in commercial archaeology, students, and members of the interested public to (legally) obtain peer-review publications.
Please note that the Creative Commons BY-SA license allows for commercial use, as well as free distribution both inside and out-
side of the Academy. Permissions for commercial reuse does not, however, mean commercial appropriation. The “copyleft”phi-
losophy embodied by this license enables this work to move in many contexts, but any adaptation or enhancement of this work
must be shared back, openly, with the community. Finally, because this license requires proper attribution in any subsequent du-
plication or adaptation, we hope this volume helps build exposure and recognition for our contributions, and that our colleagues
follow in this example. With enough accessible and open data (“data”that includes content like this book), we open up more op-
portunities for text-mining, tagging, aggregating, linking, visualizing, and hopefully better understanding.
C
ONTENTS
List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vii
List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .viii
Volume Editors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ix
List of Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xi
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiii
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiv
INTRODUCTION:New Directions for the Digital Past
Eric C.Kansa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
SECTIONI: A Web of Archaeological Data: Infrastructure,Services,
and Interoperability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
CHAPTER1: The Archaeology Data Service and the Archaeotools Project:
Faceted Classification and Natural Language Processing
Julian Richards,Stuart Jeffrey,Stewart Waller,Fabio Ciravegna,
Sam Chapman,and Ziqi Zhang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
CHAPTER2: Toward a Do-It-Yourself Cyberinfrastructure: Open Data,
Incentives,and Reducing Costs and Complexities of Data Sharing
Eric C.Kansa and Sarah Whitcher Kansa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
SECTIONII:The Technical and Theoretical Context of Archaeology
on the Web . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93
CHAPTER3: Poor Relatives or Favorite Uncles? Cyberinfrastructure
and Web 2.0: A Critical Comparison for Archaeological Research
Stuart Dunn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95
CHAPTER4: Archaeological Knowledge Production and Dissemination
in the Digital Age
Robin Boast and Peter Biehl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
SECTIONIII:Archaeological Data Management and Collaboration . . . . . . .157
CHAPTER5: Creating a Virtual Research Environment for Archaeology
Michael Rains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159
CHAPTER6: iAKS: A Web 2.0 Archaeological Knowledge Management
System
Ethan Watrall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171
v
ARCHAEOLOGY2.0
CHAPTER7: User-Generated Content in Zooarchaeology: Exploring the
“Middle Space”of Scholarly Communication
Sarah Whitcher Kansa and Francis Deblauwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185
SECTIONIV:Sustainability,Quality,and Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207
CHAPTER8:UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology,Archaeological Data,
and Web 2.0
Willeke Wendrich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211
CHAPTER9: Open Access for Archaeological Literature: A Manager’s
Perspective
Jingfeng Xia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .233
CHAPTER10: What Are Our Critical Data-Preservation Needs?
Harrison Eiteljorg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251
CONCLUSION:Web 2.0 and Beyond,or On the Web,Nobody Knows
You’re an Archaeologist
W.Fredrick Limp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .265
vi
L F
IST OF IGURES
Figure 1.1.A screen-shot of the prototype faceted classification
browsing tree for the Archaeotools project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
Figure 1.2. Archaeotools process architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Figure 1.3. Example annotations from a gray literature report
showing title,author,and published date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
Figure 1.4.A screen-shot showing a “tagstract”of indexing terms
for a gray literature report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
Figure 2.1.Open Context’s “faceted browse”tool,showing filtered results . .62
Figure 2.2.Example of a project overview in Open Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
Figure 2.3.Overview of search strings that linked to Open Context
content over a three-month period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
Figure 2.4.Open Context uses Dublin Core metadata to generate
bibliographic citation information and a stable URL for each item
(or tagged set of items) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
Figure 2.5.Illustrations of RESTful services in Open Context . . . . . . . . . . . .78
Figure 2.6.Web services demonstration using Google Earth to visualize
Open Context KML data,showing species ratios at different sites in
the Near East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
Figure 3.1.Thumbnail images on the Google Maps interface form a
clear linear representation of Hadrian’s Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
Figures 4.1–4.4.Multimedia applications in photo,video and excavation
documentation and digital reconstructions and visualizations . . . . .130–133
Figures 4.5–4.6.Webcam and videostreaming and its practical
application on site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135–136
Figure 4.7.Screen-shot of the experimental Blobgects interface
(note the tag cloud and recent comments displayed on the right side) . . .139
Figure 4.8.Screen-shot of the control Blobgects interface (note the
lack of the tag cloud and comments) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140
Figure 4.9.Comparison of Zuni comments (left) and MAA catalog
records (right) for four sample objects,grouped according to
metadata field or general category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146
Figure 5.1.A simple diagram showing stratigraphic units (contexts) and
the stratigraphic links between them . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162
Figure 5.2.Structure diagram with added image,plan,and document . . . . .162
Figure 5.3.Researching a coin assemblage within a virtual research
domain (VRD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163
vii