Table Of ContentTZUTUJIL GRAMMAR
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Tzutujil Grammar
by Jon P. D a y l ey
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS
Berkeley • Los Angeles • London
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN LINGUISTICS
Editorial Board: William Bright, Wallace Chafe,
Paul Kay, Ronald Langacker, Margaret Langdon, Paul Schachter
Volume 107
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS
BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS, LTD.
LONDON, ENGLAND
ISBN: 0-520-09962-1
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 84-28118
©1985 BY THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Library of Congress Cataloging In Publication Data
Daylpy, .Ton Phi Hp.
Tzutujil grammar.
(University of California publications in linguistics;
vol. 107)
Bibliography: p.
1. Tzutuhil language—Grammar. I. Title. II. Series:
University of California publications in linguistics;
vol. 107.
PM4471.D39 1985 497'.4 84-28118
ISBN 0-520-09962-1 (pbk.)
To my father, Mac, and
the memory of my mother, Shirley
Contents
Acknowledgments, xiii
Abbreviations and Conventions, xiv
Tnfrndiir t -i on I
1 Phonology 12
1.1 Phonemic Inventory and Orthography, 14
1.2 Phonetics and Phonemics, 14
1.2. 1 The Consonants. 14
1.2.2 The Vowels, 25
1.3 Stress, 29
1.4 Syllable Types, 30
1.5 Juncture, 33
1.6 Morphophonemics, 34
1.6.1 Consonant Alternations, 34
1.6.2 Vowel Alternations, 39
1.6.3 Glottal Stop Alternations, 49
1.6.4 Reduplication, 52
2 Introduction to the Morphology 54
2.1 Morphological Units, 54
2.2 Morphological Processes and Techniques, 55
2.3 Major Root and Word Classes, 57
vii
viii Contents
3 Pronouns and Person Markers £1
3.1 Person Markers and the Independent Personal Pronouns, 61
3.1.1 The Independent Personal Pronouns, 61
3.1.2 The Person Markers: Absolutive (Set B)
and Ergative (Set A) 62
t
3.2 The Relative Pronoun, 69
3.3 Interrogative Pronouns, 69
3.A Indefinite Pronouns, 70
3.5 Demonstrative Pronouns, 71
A Verbs 23
A.1 Verb Inflection. 73
A.1.1 Person and Number Inflection, 74
A.1.2 Aspect, Tense, and Mode Inflection, 76
A.1.2.1 The Perfect, 77
A.1.2.2 The Nonperfect, 79
A.1.3 Verb Paradigms, 85
A.1.3.1 Paradigms of Two Intransitive Verbs, 87
A.1.3.2 Paradigms of a Root Transitive Verb, 88
A.1.3.3 Paradigms of a Derived Transitive in J, 92
A.1.3.A Paradigms of a Vowel-Initial Derived.
Transitive Verb in 7_. 95
A.l.A The Directional Prefixes. 9ft
A.1.5 Infinitives and Principal Parts, 10A
A.1.5.1 Infinitives, 10A
A.1.5.2 Principle Parts, 106
A.1.6 Irregular Verbs, 107
A.2 Verb Derivation. Ill
A.2.1 Affixes Deriving Intransitive Verbs, 112
A.2.2 Affixes Deriving Transitive Verbs in 12A
A.2.3 Suffixes Deriving Transitive Verbs In 7, 133
A.2.A Compound Verbs, 136
Contents IX
5 Nouns ±23.
5.1 Noun Inflection, 139
5.1.1 Inflection for Plurality, 139
5.1.2 Inflection for Possessor. 141
5.1.2. 1 Suhclnsfii f1r.ar.inn nf Nouns Under
Possession, 142
5.1.2.2 Normal vs Abnormal Possession. 146
5.1.2.3 Inflection for Possessor of Complex Nouns, 147
5.1.3 Inflection for Abstraction, 150
5.1.4 Predicate Noun Subject Inflection, 151
5.2 Noun Subcategories, 152
5.2.1 Relational Nouns, 152
5.2.2 Numerals, 159
5.2.2.1 The Numbers. 159
5.2.2.2 Quantifiers, 163
J .i .j. Liiuuieidnves, I OM
5.2 .4 Measure Wards, 167
5.2 .5 Proper Nanes, 168
5.2 .6 Vocatives, 171
5.2 .7 Toponyms, 171
5.3 Noun Derivation, 173
5.3.1 Affixes Deriving Nouns, 174
5.3.2 Nominal Compounds, 187
6 Adjectives 194
6.1 General Features of Adjectives, 194
6.1.1 Modifier Connectors, 195
6.1.2 Number Agreement, 196
6.1.3 Derivational Paradigms of Adjectives, 197
6.1.4 Predicate Adjective Inflections, 199
6.1.5 Adjectives as Nouns and Adverbs, 201
6.2 Positional Adjectives, 203
6.3 Comparatives and Superlatives, 210
6.4 Adjective Derivation, 212
6.4.1 Affixes Deriving Adjectives, 212
6.4.2 Adjective Compounds, 219
X Contents
Uninflected Words: Adverbs, Particles, and Other
Minor Word Classes 221
7.1 Minor Word Classes, 223
7.1.1 Conjunctions, 224
7.1.2 Prepositions, 229
7.1.3 Relativizers and Complementizers, 231
7.1.3.1 Relativizer and Clefting Particle, 231
7.1.3.2 Complementizers, 233
7.1.4 Interrogatives, 237
7.1.5 Negatives and Affirmatives, 242
7.1.6 Demonstrative and Locative Particles. 246
7.1.7 Some Other Particles, 254
7. 1.7 . 1 The Definite and Indefinite Articles, 254
7. 1.7 .2 Fronting Topical and Emphatic wi7, 256
7.1. 7.3 Contrasting and Topic-Shifting Particles, 258
7.1. 7.4 The Particle chik, 259
7.1. 7. 5 The Quotative Particle cha7, 260
7.1. 7.6 The Diminutive and Plural Particles, 260
7.2 Adverbs, 262
7.2.1 Modal Adverbs and Modal Clitic Particles, 262
7.2.2 The Direstlonal Enclitic Particles, 265
7.2.3 Degree Adverbs, 267
7.2.4 Quantifying Adverbs, 268
7.2.5 Place Adverbs, 269
7.2.6 Time Adverbs. 271
7.2.7 Manner Adverbs, 276
8 Phrases and Simple Sentences 280
8.1 Phrases, 280
8.1.1 Noun Phrases, 280
8.1.2 Prepositional and Relational Noun Phrases, 291
8.1.3 Predicate Phrases, 293
8.2 Simple Sentences, 297
8.2.1 Basic Sentence Constituents. 29?
Contents xi
8.2.2 Additional Simple Sentence Constituents, 300
8.2.3 Word Order. 301
8.7.1.1 UcrH Ordpr in Spntpnrps wirh Dnp-Plnrp
Predicates, 301
8.2.3.2 Word Order in Transitive Sentences, 303
8.2.3.3 Word Order in Sentences with Oblique
Arguments, 309
8.2.4 Existential, Locative, and Possession Sentences, 314
9 Principal Elaborations of Simple Sentences 320
9.1 Negation, 320
9.2 Imperatives, 322
9.3 Fronting, 324
9.4 Interrogative Sentences, 329
9.4.1 Yes/No Questions, 329
9.4.2 Questions with Interrogative Words, 331
9.5 Reflexives and Reciprocals, 336
9.6 Voice Changes, 33S
9.6.1 The Passive Voices. 340
9.6.1.1 The Simple Passive and the Archaic
Simple Passive, 341
9.6.1.2 The Completive Passive, 3fr2
9.6.1.3 Adjectival Passives, 343
9.6.1. 4 The Medio-Passive, 344
9.6.2 The Antipassive Voices, 345
9.6.2.1 The Absolutive Antipassiva Voice, 345
9.6.2.2 The Focus Antipassive Voice, 347
9.6. 3 The Instrumental Voice. 354
10 Complex Sentences 359
10.1 Conjoined Sentences, 359
10.1.1 Conjoined Sentences with Coordinate Conjuncts, 360
10.1.2 Conjoined Sentences with Dependent Conjuncts, 366
10.1.2.1 Time Adverbial Clauses, 366
10.1.2.2 Causal Adverbial Clauses. 368
xli Contents
10.1.2.3 Conditionals» 369
10.1.2.4 Some Other Dependent Conjuncts, 370
10.2 Complex Sentences with Embedded Clauses 372
10.2.1 Relative Clauses, 372
10.2.2 Purpose Adverbial Clauses, 380
10.2.3 Clefts and Other Focus Clauses, 384
10.2.4 Complement Clauses, 391
10.2.4.1 Internal Structure of Complement
Clauses. 391
10.2.4.2 The Grammatical Roles of Complement
Clauses, 396
10.2.4.3 Auxiliary Verbs, 404
Bibliography, 409
