Typical solar radiation year for southeastern Anatolia

12 Pages·2004·0.48 MB·English

RenewableEnergy29(2004)1477–1488
www.elsevier.com/locate/renene
Typical solar radiation year for southeastern
Anatolia
Hu¨samettin Bulut(cid:1)
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,HarranUniversity,63000,S˛anlıurfa,Turkey
Received1August2003;accepted19January2004
Abstract
The typical solar radiation year for seven provinces located in the southeastern Anatolia
region of Turkey is generated from daily global solar radiation measured at least for 14
years, using the Finkelstein–Schafer statistical method. The typical data of the daily global
solar radiation for the locations considered are presented throughout a year in a tabular
form. The data obtained are also analyzed. It is expected that the presented typical data for
southeasternAnatoliaregion,whichhasthehighestsolarenergypotentialinTurkey,willbe
usefultothedesignersofsolarenergysystems.
#2004ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.
Keywords:Globalsolarradiation;Testreferenceyear;SoutheasternAnatolia;Turkey
1. Introduction
Energy is essential to economic and social development and improved quality of
life in Turkey, as in other countries. Turkey is an energy importing country.
Because of its limited energy resources, more than the half of the energy require-
ment is supplied by imports [1]. Solar energy is being seriously considered for satis-
fying a significant part of energy demand in Turkey, as is in the world. In this
respect, the importance of solar radiation data for design and efficient operation of
solar energy systems has been acknowledged [2]. Although, in recent years, many
individual studies have been carried out on this subject for different locations of
Turkey[2–15],the studieshavenot been completed yet.
(cid:1)Tel.:[phone];fax:[phone].
E-mailaddress:[email protected](H.Bulut).
0960-1481/$-seefrontmatter#2004ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.
doi:10.1016/j.renene.2004.01.004
1478 H.Bulut/RenewableEnergy29(2004)1477–1488
Turkey, which has 81 administrative provinces, is divided into seven geographi-
cal regions, and one of them is southeastern Anatolia region which is generally
called the Southeastern Anatolia Project (SAP, Turkish initials ‘‘GAP’’) Region
(Fig. 1). The Southeastern Anatolia Project (SAP) is Turkey’s largest and most
multifaceted development project, and also, one of the largest development projects
of its kind in the world [16]. The project area covers nine provinces (Adıyaman,
Batman, Diyarbakır, Gaziantep, Kilis, Mardin, Siirt, S˛anlıurfa and S˛ırnak) of the
Southeastern Anatolia Region, which is a relatively underdeveloped region in
Turkey. The project covers such sectors as irrigation, hydroelectric power pro-
duction, agriculture, urban, rural and agricultural infrastructure, transportation,
industry, forestry, tourism, education and health. Its water resources program envi-
sages the construction of 22 dams and 19 power plants and irrigation schemes on
an area extending over 1.7 million hectares [17]. Parallel to this development, an
H.Bulut/RenewableEnergy29(2004)1477–1488 1479
Table1
Geographicaldataandweatherdatabaseforlocationsconsideredinthisstudy
Province Longitude Latitude Elevation Dailyglobalsolarradiation
(vE) (vN) (m)
Period Totalyears
Adıyaman 38.17 37.45 678 1981–2001 19
Batman 41.10 37.52 540 1986–2001 16
Diyarbakır 40.12 37.55 660 1983–2001 18
Gaziantep 37.22 37.05 855 1985–2001 17
Kilis 37.05 36.44 638 1985–1998 14
Siirt 41.56 37.56 875 1981–1998 17
S˛anlıurfa 38.46 37.08 547 1983–2001 18
intensive investment activity is expected to be undertaken in the region. Modern
buildings and many new industrial establishments, etc., demanding considerable
extra energy, will be installed. Therefore, new, reliable and detailed weather data
for solar energy systems would be required, because energy analysis and simulation
isof great importance forthe region.
An accurate knowledge of the solar radiation data at a particular geographical
location is of vital importance for the development of solar energy devices and for
estimates of their performances [18]. In this study, typical solar radiation data for
seven provinces located in the southeastern part of Turkey were generated by using
the daily global solar radiation recorded during the period 1981–2001. S˛ırnak and
Mardin are not included in this study because of a lack of solar radiation measure-
ments.
In Turkey, meteorological measurements are taken and the related records are
kept by the Turkish State Meteorological Service (Turkish initials ‘‘DMI˙’’). Solar
radiation is measured hourly. Meteorological stations are located in city centers
and there is generally only one station in each city. In this study, the global solar
radiation data were taken from the Turkish State Meteorological Service in com-
puter diskettes for each location. There were missing and invalid measurements in
the data and they were marked and coded as 99999 in the files. The missing and
invalid measurements, accounting for approximately 0.36% of the whole database,
were replaced with the values of preceding or subsequent days by interpolation. In
the calculations, if more than 15 days’ measurements were not available in a
month, the year was excluded from the database. For example, the data for the
year 1985 for Batman was not considered in the calculations due to missing values.
Table 1 provides geographical information for locations and the periods of the
data considered.
2. Generation of typical solar radiation year
The real recorded data from past weather observations are selected for gener-
ation of representative weather data. A representative database for the one-year
1480 H.Bulut/RenewableEnergy29(2004)1477–1488
duration is known as test reference year (TRY) or typical meteorological year
(TMY). TMY or TRY consists of the months selected from the individual years
and concatenated to form a complete year. Many attempts have been made to pro-
duce such weather databasesfor different locations around the world [19–25].
Finkelstein–Schafer (FS) statistics [26] are the common methodology for gener-
ating typical weather data [19–25]. According to these statistics [26], if a number, n,
of observations of a variable X are available and have been sorted into an increas-
ing order X , X ,...,X , the cumulative frequency distribution function (CDF) of
1 2 n
this variableisgiven by a function S (X)whichis defined as follows:
n
8
0 for X<X
< 1
S ðXÞ¼ ðk-0:5Þ=n for X <X <X ð1Þ
n k kþ1
:1 for X>X
n
The FS by which comparison between the long-term CDF of each month and the
CDF for each individual year ofthe month was done isgivenby the equation:
n
X
FS ¼ð1=nÞ d ð2Þ
i
i¼1
where d is the absolute difference between the long-term CDF of the month and 1
i
year CDF for the same month at X (i=1,2,...,n), n being the number of daily
i
readingsof themonth.
d and F(X)are expressedwiththe following equations:
i i
d ¼max½jFðXÞ(cid:6)ði(cid:6)1Þ=nj;jFðXÞ(cid:6)i=nj(cid:9) ð3Þ
i i i
FðXÞ¼1(cid:6)expð(cid:6)X=XX(cid:2)Þ ð4Þ
i i
where X is an order sample value in a set of n observations sorted in an increasing
i
orderand XX(cid:2) isthe sample average.
Finally, the representative year for each month of the data set was determined
on thebasis that the representative yearisthat ofthe smallest value of FS, i.e.
TRY¼minðFSÞ(cid:10)minðdÞ: ð5Þ
i
By applying the above methodology for all the months in the database, the test
reference year for daily global solar radiation data was formed for seven provinces
of southeastern Anatolia region. Due to lack of wet-bulb temperature, relative
humidity and wind speed data, the study could not be extended to include these
parameters. However, detailed weather data such as new outdoor design con-
ditions, heating and cooling degree-days and bin values for the southeastern
Anatolia region werepresentedby Bu¨yu¨kalaca and Bulut [27] in apreviousstudy.
Table 2 gives the test reference years with minimum FS for monthly mean global
solar radiation for all locations considered in this study. As can be seen from the
table, the minimum and maximum values of monthly mean of daily global solar
radiation on a horizontal surface (I ) in the GAP region are, respectively,
TRY
4.72 MJ/m2 in December in Batman, and 28.18 MJ/m2 in June in Diyarbakır,
withan annualaverage value of15.91 MJ/m2.
H.Bulut/RenewableEnergy29(2004)1477–1488 1481
Table2
Thetestrefenceyearswithminimum(min)FSandmonthlymeanofdailyglobalsolarradiation(I )
TRY
forsoutheasternAnatolia,Turkey
Province Month Year MinFS I (MJ/m2day)
TRY
Adıyaman January 1982 0.033 6.72
February 1983 0.044 8.92
March 1992 0.033 12.66
April 1986 0.045 15.91
May 1996 0.048 18.23
June 1994 0.045 20.32
July 1992 0.041 20.01
August 1981 0.044 17.94
September 1982 0.044 15.19
October 1982 0.031 11.27
November 1985 0.030 7.64
December 1989 0.032 5.58
Batman January 1995 0.056 5.67
February 1990 0.033 8.84
March 1995 0.034 12.39
April 1996 0.031 16.09
May 1991 0.037 19.49
June 1987 0.031 21.71
July 1997 0.037 20.48
August 1987 0.033 19.03
September 1987 0.037 16.42
October 1990 0.033 11.30
November 2001 0.035 7.81
December 1988 0.050 4.72
Diyarbakır January 1992 0.039 8.66
February 1999 0.036 11.40
March 2001 0.042 16.13
April 1998 0.036 20.39
May 1997 0.032 24.28
June 1993 0.034 28.18
July 1994 0.030 26.99
August 2000 0.038 24.77
September 1983 0.035 21.06
October 1999 0.041 15.01
November 1998 0.034 9.63
December 2000 0.049 6.83
Gaziantep January 1986 0.052 6.84
February 1993 0.058 9.39
March 1993 0.057 13.45
April 1994 0.053 17.71
May 1996 0.052 20.30
June 1991 0.053 23.36
July 1990 0.053 23.31
August 1991 0.052 20.80
September 1995 0.053 17.56
October 1993 0.054 12.29
November 1988 0.038 7.77
December 1995 0.050 5.41
(continuedonnextpage)
1482 H.Bulut/RenewableEnergy29(2004)1477–1488
Table2(continued)
Province Month Year MinFS I (MJ/m2day)
TRY
Kilis January 1992 0.042 9.14
February 1993 0.062 12.10
March 1997 0.067 16.38
April 1987 0.068 20.52
May 1997 0.069 23.62
June 1987 0.064 26.56
July 1994 0.068 26.68
August 1997 0.064 24.06
September 1991 0.064 19.77
October 1990 0.068 14.86
November 1989 0.060 9.85
December 1988 0.054 6.60
Siirt January 1986 0.051 7.81
February 1997 0.051 11.45
March 1989 0.047 15.35
April 1981 0.049 18.75
May 1983 0.055 22.42
June 1987 0.048 26.39
July 1981 0.040 26.20
August 1988 0.039 23.88
September 1983 0.040 19.96
October 1992 0.051 13.68
November 1982 0.038 9.69
December 1981 0.033 7.58
S˛anlıurfa January 1993 0.038 8.48
February 1993 0.034 11.02
March 1997 0.053 16.48
April 1998 0.037 20.02
May 1997 0.041 23.89
June 1999 0.043 27.19
July 1998 0.038 25.98
August 1992 0.036 23.34
September 2001 0.035 19.78
October 1990 0.040 14.63
November 1998 0.052 9.93
December 1992 0.032 6.69
Although typical solar radiation year are formed for each province considered, it
is not practical to present all of them in this paper due to space limitations.
Tables 3 and 4 show an example for typical solar radiation year for Gaziantep and
Diyarbakır which are thebiggest provinces in the region of GAP, respectively.
Variation of daily global solar radiation on a horizontal surface generated from
test reference year and the all available long-term measured data for Gaziantep
and Diyarbakır are shown in Figs. 2 and 3, respectively. It can be seen from figures
that both data fluctuatesignificantlyand arevery random throughoutthe year.
Fig. 4 shows monthly mean of daily global solar radiation data (I ) for seven
m
locations considered in this study. As can be seen from the figure, although the
H.Bulut/RenewableEnergy29(2004)1477–1488 1483
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b
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ce 9596317419062138994278492233331
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D 7.8.8.7.4.8.7.5.4.1.2.5.3.6.6.8.7.6.8.4.2.6.2.5.2.1.0.3.6.6.7.
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v 110276222147968418219900702240
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r
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ept 0.20.40.57.19.78.48.27.19.68.99.47.43.98.47.16.37.36.38.18.98.37.55.73.76.87.16.35.66.35.3–
S 222111111111111111111111111111
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g 0025466582393040772781466280262
Au 22.22.21.20.21.21.21.21.20.22.20.21.22.21.20.21.19.19.20.19.20.20.20.19.21.21.20.20.20.18.19.
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nte y 15440014336612655214201150309119559250360698358845186111210707
azia Jul 19.23.23.23.25.23.21.24.26.25.26.24.24.23.22.23.24.22.23.22.23.20.21.21.23.22.23.22.22.24.25.
G
r
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ataf une 1.255.254.791.780.893.693.785.524.425.544.244.690.452.009.422.314.445.715.153.663.214.181.235.683.764.853.682.739.742.91–
ard ay) J 222222222222221222222222222212
e d
ey 2m
referenc ce(MJ/ May 17.7421.0021.9120.9020.6320.5218.9819.1719.629.7619.0420.4220.5522.1917.2820.7422.5423.7816.7521.5422.7619.7921.7321.6921.6619.4421.9823.4121.4021.3018.96
fromtest ntalsurfa April 11.4921.3619.4019.6219.6516.7619.6817.3321.9820.0220.4919.9719.1118.8019.1215.7015.0218.7016.7512.9114.1013.7317.2516.7316.8019.6518.1618.269.7723.10–
d o
e z
esobtain onahori March 14.749.7016.2412.4612.983.493.923.906.8114.3913.2317.5715.1611.8212.1215.9912.299.3613.554.4517.9619.1118.1117.6618.4914.3218.8218.7820.1619.689.72
radiationvalu olarradiation February 2.177.1112.2811.3612.5612.032.652.240.910.636.1813.619.7214.8914.4213.307.299.339.5911.3611.748.8013.659.516.728.7015.8114.25–––
balsolar Globals January 3.443.034.4710.659.145.914.871.687.572.082.515.902.698.347.083.933.794.879.4615.168.1011.0811.969.589.9511.107.997.714.726.307.13
o
3gl
TableDaily Day 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031
1484 H.Bulut/RenewableEnergy29(2004)1477–1488
r
e
b
m
ce 05006198551020621543772905081797857480483689848597649193873238
De 7.10.9.9.10.10.10.9.10.10.9.7.1.2.9.4.0.3.0.1.6.10.3.2.2.10.7.8.9.5.3.
r
e
b
m
e 268428460334558237461462564583
v 234500136205872238000371919195
No 13.13.12.12.13.12.12.12.11.8.11.11.5.7.7.10.4.8.9.11.11.8.9.10.9.5.7.8.1.8.–
r
e
Octob 18.1118.2816.2217.5815.6215.0613.6416.6014.1317.478.1619.9219.4018.2115.5116.5514.3910.4515.8115.4015.2315.8913.294.3513.9016.6015.5411.2915.2614.9812.37
r
e
b
m
e 175990206101329593742948885126
ept 3.49.12.83.21.68.79.33.42.53.72.61.13.34.01.91.19.48.48.40.00.61.22.04.71.22.40.20.79.79.7
S 212221122222222211122221222211–
st
u 0918401526777714314879637196206
g 9599442352698259827430976303634
Au 27.27.28.25.20.21.25.25.25.25.26.24.24.25.25.26.25.25.25.22.22.23.23.23.22.20.24.24.26.26.23.
akır uly 1.340.210.300.080.128.348.638.466.656.594.166.806.233.706.837.286.794.547.597.008.348.103.754.625.794.446.125.526.335.176.77
b J 3333322222222222222222222222222
r
a
y
Di
atafor June 28.2324.1627.1627.4126.8628.0717.5125.6227.6327.2929.4429.0629.8428.5329.1229.2328.4126.2725.7427.9831.2431.8129.9029.6930.4729.1029.1029.5930.4130.48–
d
r y)
a a
renceye 2MJ/md May 17.8420.2423.7423.7628.8328.1928.2528.7327.5827.3826.7528.2127.1527.9027.6525.828.2213.1919.7520.4927.1819.2527.4617.3016.9228.0226.6628.8229.8621.7629.64
refe ce(
fromtest ntalsurfa April 20.3714.776.6420.4224.5424.8823.6823.8925.0319.1818.8521.0625.5824.5120.1922.798.7421.5520.5120.5826.3714.2713.8426.6624.296.4820.9321.8824.7924.31–
esobtained onahorizo March 14.7314.6616.4718.0018.3618.6614.315.0715.4121.6821.7015.955.074.236.0812.2622.8421.6820.1619.1220.7115.6810.0216.1323.3215.7918.2420.1716.8019.9616.91
radiationvalu olarradiation February 12.5212.0610.5414.036.6512.651.392.797.6114.9214.6814.7213.8813.1812.0612.134.675.8012.3217.0218.774.6016.9517.335.8014.066.9619.09–––
balsolar Globals January 2.265.359.919.938.816.072.9711.0410.059.8510.2910.077.217.593.819.0011.232.789.653.8411.1012.7112.0312.149.5012.5013.2412.3210.495.105.65
o
4gl
TableDaily Day 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031
H.Bulut/RenewableEnergy29(2004)1477–1488 1485
Fig.2.VariationofdailyglobalsolarradiationforGaziantep.
region has the highest solar energy potential in Turkey, there are remarkable differ-
ences between the solar data of locations. The reasons for the differences are cloud
formation and lower sunshine duration in some locations. In Fig. 5, the I data
TRY
is compared with long-term data set to show differences between I data and
TRY
long-term data for Gaziantep and Diyarbakır. Comparisons were made on a
monthly basis for daily global solar radiation. As indicated by the small bracketing
of the scattering of the data, there is a reasonably good agreement on a monthly
basis.Itwas seen that theI data isquite favorableon monthly basis.
TRY
Fig.3.VariationofdailyglobalsolarradiationforDiyarbakır.
1486 H.Bulut/RenewableEnergy29(2004)1477–1488
Fig.4.Monthlymeanoflong-termdailyglobalsolarradiationforprovincesofGAPregion.
Fig. 5. Comparison of monthly averages of long-term global solar radiation data and TRY data for
locationsofsoutheasternAnatoliaregion.