TWA : An Airline and Its Aircraft

116 Pages·2001·76.54 MB·English

by  R.E.G. Davies

AN AIRLINE AND ITS AIRCRAFT
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TWA- --
75 Years of
Pioneering Progress
by R.E.G. Davies • Illustrated by Mike Machat

TWA
AN AIRLINE AND ITS AIRCRAFT
OTHER BOOKS BY R.E.G. DAVIES
Standard References
AHistory ofthe World's Airlines
Airlines of the United States Since 1914
Airlines ofLatin America Since 1919
Airlines ofAsia Since 1920
CommuterAirlines ofthe United States
(with Imre Quastler)
Airline Histories
ContinentalAirlines-The First Fifty Years
PanAm: An Airline and Its Aircraft
Lufthansa: An Airline and Its Aircraft
Delta: An Airline and Its Aircraft
Aeroflot: AnAirline and Its Aircraft
Saudia: An Airline and Its Aircraft
TransBrasil: An Airline and Its Aircraft
Specials
BerlinAirlift: The Greatest HumanitarianAirlift
(with John Provan)
Comet: The World's First Jetliner
(with PhilBirtles)
Fallacies and Fantasies ofAir Transport History
Lindbergh: An Airman, his Aircraft, and his Great Flights
Rebels and Reformers ofthe Airways
Supersonic Nonsense
---
AN AIRLINE AND ITS AIRCRAfT
by R.E. G. Davies
Illustrated by Mike Machat
This bookisdedicated to EdBetts, veteranpilot,historian,
and writer, who, overthe years, hasfaithfully documented
thehistory ofagreatairline. In sodoinghehas setafine
exampleofaccuraterecordkeeping andresearch to other
aspirants, includingthis author.
© 2000PaladwrPress
All rightsreserved. Nopartofthispublication,includingphotographs, maps, and artwork, maybereproduced ortransmittedin
anyform orbyany means,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopy, recording, orany information
storageandretrievalsystem,withoutthewrittenpermissionofPaladwrPress.
PublishedbyPaladwrPress, 1906Wilson Lane, #I0I, McLean,Virginia22102-1957,USA
Manufacturedin Hong Kong
BookDesignbyR.E.G. Davies
ArtworkbyMikeMachat
Maps byR.E.G. Davies
Technicalediting byJohnWeggandFelixUsis III
Typesetting/Layoutby SpotColorIncorporated(www.spotcolor.com)
Prepress andpress managementbyTheDrawingBoard
ISBN 1-888962-16-X
SecondPrinting, 2001
Contents
Foreword by Introduction 6-7 Into the 1970s The NewTycoon 90-91
PostOfficePrelude WesternAirExpress Begins 8-9 Local Service in the Midwest Ozark's DC-3 (Challenger250) 92-93
TheFourHorsemen Douglas M-2 1O-11 Ozark's DC-3 Replacements Ozark'sTurboprops 94-95
Veteran Elegance TheWay ItWas 12-13 (Martin 404) (Fairchild FH-227)
TheModelAirway FokkerF-10 14-15 Regional Status Douglas DC-9-30 96-97
FlyingBoats toAvalon Rocky MountainRoute .16-17 EarlyAirTaxLinks TWAConnections 98-99
Standard toTexas (and Beyond) Along the NorthwestCoast... 18-19 (SAAB 340)
HanshueBuilds aNetwork FokkerF-32 20-21 More Connections Trans-World Express l00-101
The ShotgunMarriage Ford 5-ATTri-Motor 22-23 (Jetstream/Fairchild Metro III) (ATR42)
TranscontinentalAir-Rail PortColumbus 24-25 TroubledTimes Boeing 757 102-103
MadduxAir Lines Ford4-ATTri-Motor.. 26-27 Into the 21stCentury Boeing 717 (ex-MD-95) 104-105
The GrandPlanof... Transcontinental & WesternAir.. 28-29 LestWe Forget 90% on the Ground 106-107
The Competition Curtiss CondorCO 30-31 TWAMiscellany Airline ofthe Stars 108-109
Air Mail Scandal Historic Prototype 32-33 TheFamilyTree Bibliography, Acknowledgements,
StartofaNew Era Douglas DC-2 34-35 andTechnicalNotes 110-111
Single-EnginedSwan Song Lockheed Vega5 and Orion 9E 36-37 Index 112
The Ubiquitous Gooney Bird Douglas DC-3 38-39 (Mike Machat's precision drawings are listed in red.)
More and More DC-3s The Douglas Twins .40-41
Maps byR.E.G. Davies
EnterHowardHughes StinsonA(tri-motor) (Marquette) .42-43
Above theWeather Boeing 307B Stratoliner .44-45 TheFirstContractAirMail Routes 8
WarEffort Post-WarReconstruction .46-47 WesternAirExpress, 1926 9
TheCabin Crews FlightDeckMemories .48-49 TheModelAirway 14
Atlantic Service Douglas DC-4 50-51 PacificMarineAirways 16
SecretWeapon Lockheed Constellation 049 52-53 Western's Far-Flung Network, 1927 17
TWA's ConstellationFleet LockheedSuper-Constellation 1049G 54-55 ColoradoAirways 17
Fairchild C-82APacket Lockheed 1649AStarliner 56-57 StandardAirLines 18
ConstellationScrapbook ConstellationCommentary 58-59 WestCoastAirTransport 19
DC-3 Replacement Martin202 60-61 WesternAirExpress, 1930 20
The SecondLine Martin404 62-63 TheShotgunMarriage 22
Prelude to the JetAge Boeing 707-131.. 64-65 TranscontinentalAir-Rail 24
TheBoeing707-100Fleet ANew Era 66-67 The Grand Plan ofTranscontinental & WesternAir. 28-29
TheBoeing707-300Fleet Boeing 707-33lB 68-69 TranscontinentalAirRoutes, 1920 30
Speed atAll Costs Convair 880 70-71 MarquetteAir Lines .43
Atlantic NumberOne Howard's End 72-73 Wartime Routes .46
SSTand the SecondLine Boeing727-31.. 74-75 Round-the-World-Service , '" 50
(Caravelle, Concorde, Boeing 2707) TWA.Atlantic Leadership in the 1960s (chart) 72
TWA's FirstShort-Haul JetFleets Douglas DC-9-14 76-77 TWA. Networkin the JetAge 72
Stretched to the Limit McDonnellDouglasDC-9-82(MD-82)..78-79 OzarkAirlines, 1956/1970/1986 96
Workhorse Jet Boeing 727-231 80-81 Grand Canyon Service, 1935 98
Wide-Bodied Era Boeing 747-131 82-83 ShortCutto New York, 1967 · ·..· ·..· 98
More Range Boeing 747SP 84-85 Downtown Chicago Service 98
The BigTri-Jet LockheedL-lOIJ TriStar I 86-87 TheCommuterAirlines 99-101
TheLong-HaulTwin Boeing767-200ER 88-89 TheTWA. FamilyTree (chart) · · 110
5
Foreword
by Mark Abels
When you stopto thinkaboutit, thestorylineofthesubject though TWA's globe-girdling days are behind it, the proud
of this book would make a pretty good Hollywood block TWAname remains even today the best-known in commer
buster. It has at least afew ofeach ofthe ingredients - and cial aviation throughout the world, from North America to
often a generous helping ofsome of the tastier items - that Europeandthrough theMiddleEasttoAsia.
makeabox-officehit. As our airline celebrates its 75th biIthday, historian Ron
This narrativeisanepic.Itstartswiththebirthofoneof DaviesandartistMikeMachat,aidedandabettedbystatistical
the mostexciting, most dynamic, and most importantAmer gurus John Wegg and Felix Usis (himselfaTWA pilot), have
icanindustries-theairlineindustry.Itspansthree-quartersof broughtintoprintanewandsomewhatdifferentlookatourhis
acentury,almostaslongasthelifespanofairtransportitself. tory. AsinpreviousbooksinthisPaladwrPresspictorialseries,
When critical events occurred, when vital innovations were theyfocus ontheaircraftas awaytotell theairline'sstory.It's
needed,thesubjectofthistalewasinvariablyatcenterstage. agoodwaytotellthetalebecause,afterall,theairplanesarethe
Its characters are larger than life. There was the young visibleandpubliclyrecognizablesymbolsofwhatwedo.The
airmailpilotwhosedaringand couragehad literallystunned airplanes help to define thepersonality ofthe airlineand con
the world. There was the swashbuckling tycoon who builtit jureuptheimagesofairlinelife.Showanoldairlinehandapic
intoan internationalpowerhouseofacompany and earneda tureofanairliner,oranoldroutemap,orevenanancient(and,
fortuneontopofhisfortune; butwasfinallyforcedoutofthe by definition, rare) timetable, and the stories will flow. The
business he loved. There were the airmen and women who bookwillstartmanyofthemflowingamongTWA'ers,notonly
performed umecognized acts of accomplishment, some of st0l1esofwhatwas, butalsoofwhatwillbeagain.
them heroic, in the service of what they regarded as a true Butthestoryofanairline- especiallythis airline- is
vocation, notjustajob. There were movie stars, celebrities, much more than one of routes and planes. It is very much
politicians, presidents, even Popes. There were skillful and aboutpeople,justas theairlinebusinessisapeoplebusiness.
daring leaders with a vision ofthefuture and the courage to TWA is populated by walking repositories of our history,
build it, and there were financial manipulators who almost employees who havegiven20,30,40,oreven moreyears to ~
destroyedit. TWA.Manyareveteranswhocarrieditthrough75years,and TW.A. wastofeature manypersonalitiesduringitslonghistOlY.
Itwasthefirstatsomanythings. Itwasthefirsttospan who are now supported by younger TWA'ers, who are Thegentlemanontherightofthisphotographshouldalsobe
the continent, coast-to-coast. It claimed many technological rebuilding itfor 75 years more. Theirdedication, their pro remembered. HewasMr. BenRedman, thefirstpassengertoflyon
firsts, often initiated in cooperation with the great aircraft fessionalism, and above all, theirloyalty- notto mentiona WestemAirExpress'sfirstroute.
manufacturers.Astheauthorhasobserved,itscontributionto few oftheirgood stories-are capturedhere.
launching, with Douglas, the legendary series of modern Ron Davies and his Paladwr team have packed an no.R 1
~-(Q1'~
twin-engined"DC"airliners, was aturningpointinairtrans incredible amount ofinformation into the 112 pages ofthis 7& t3g.,.,l<~
Tl1isCerHfiesthat
porthistory. ItworkedwithBoeingtodevelopalesser-known book. They have incorporated marvelously detailed draw w.~1T.mN
on S·;2.3 192{, traveledviaWestern
but perhaps no less significant aircraft, the Strataliner - the ings, a wonderful selection of photographs (some familiar, EXP~SS
A41~ tQ~~
world's first pressurized airliner. Its owner's perfectionist some rare), informative maps, and meticulously compiled AirExpressAirlinetrom
:j;
insistence with Lockheed was the impetus behind the cre anddetailedfleets listsanddatatables. Itisawealthofinfor o'IJerContractAirmallRouteno.4. ;t,.,k UX
ation ofthe incomparable Constellation. It was the first air mation about TWA but it is nevertheless only a taste ofthe TimeofDeparture9.30 T"ne~from J..Qt
linetoturnitsbackonpropellersandboastofanall-jetfleet. 75-year saga ofTrans World Airlines. Thefirst chapters are Tjme~from v.+,o~~J
TimeatLasUe9as3;!0 L.
It, of course, is TWA, the transcontinental airline, the here. New chapters are being written every day. There are, ~
TimeofAnival.6.J.Q Total F1yin9 Time
trans world airline, the airman's airline, the airline of the andwillbe,manyTWAstoriestocome.WehopethatthePal
MaximumAHilude12.000 MaximumSpeed /.30'1rtP.H.
stars, the airline ofthe Popes, the airline oflegend. Howard adwrfolks will visitus againin adecadeortwo to catch up.
~l1J~
Hughes, the legendaryfonner ownerofTWA, alsoproduced Meanwhile, I invite you to enjoy this book, and thank Air'7l1aiJ Ca"jo1.36 Ibs.
silver-screen epics - but even Hughes's best screenwriters you for flying TWA! Totalweightcarriedilllbs.ilotShipNo.£
couldnothavedreamedupamoreexcitingsagathanthetrue
d1!1a~k E. dfbE,[j. This isareproductionofM,: BenRedman'sticketissuedbyW.A.E.
story of his own airline. This world-wide corporation
ItwassignedbyCharlie "Jimmy"James, seenasthepilotinthe
achieved such cosmopolitan fame that the name TWA VicePresident-CorporateCommunications
pictureabove.
becameahousehold word, synonymous with "airline."Even St. Louis, Missouri- September2000
6
Introduction
Author Credit for inspiring the Jet Age (with the Boeing 707) ries. Iwouldsittransfixed,staringinaweatthealmostthree
Tackling the history ofTWA. has been a formidable task, mustgotoPanAmericananditsleader,JuanTrippe(thesub dimensional renderings of the sleek and elegant TW.A.
notsimplyto assemble75 yearsofglorioushistory, buttodo ject of the first book in this Paladwr pictorial series). But LockheedConstellationsandlaterthefirstBoeingjets.They
justicetotheillustriouschronicleofachievements within the TW.A. wasnotfarbehind,andhadalargefleetof707s,with were usually depicted as flying over many of the famous
covers ofone ofPaladwrPress's series ofGreat Airlines of which itwas,formany years, themostpopularairlineon the romantic and faraway places thatthe airlineserved through
the World. To write a 300-page or 500-page text would be highly competitive North Atlantic route. TWA.'s Boeing out the world. It was hard to believe that these realistic
easier than to fashion a concentrated narrative that would 747s, nowretired, servedsowell thatsomeofthem accumu images were indeed paintings, as they were executed with
complement the 170 photographs, 48 'Machats' (precision latedan astonishing 100,000hoursofrevenueflying service. such precision and accuracy. Even the dramatic cityscapes
drawings),tabulationsofmorethan 1,200individualaircraft, More recently, TWA. has led the way by introducing the belowwerehighlydetailed,yetstill lookedcorrectfromalti
25 maps, and other illustrative features of this book. But I efficient ETOPS (Extended Twin-Engine Operations) prac tude. I also remembered seeing the artist's name written in
have endevoured to encapsulate the essentials: the ancestral ticeacross theAtlantic, an innovationthatis nowstandard. thebackground. Itread"RenWicks."
anecdotesofWesternAirExpressandHarrisHanshue'sfight Times have changed. Intense competition in the 1970s Years later, as anew memberofthe LosAngeles Soci
for recognition; the experimental air-rail service ofTAT.; and 1980s, broughton by airlinederegulation in 1978,gave ety of Illustrators: I had the pleasure of meeting Ren, who
Jack Frye's sponsorship of the famous Douglas twins; TWA. nocreditforitspioneeringthatbenefittedoneandall. wasoneofthefounding members. Hewas theepitomeofthe
Howard Hughes's dramatic initiatives-and his fall from With the sale ofits routes to London and other depletions, classic artists who created America's 'GoldenAge' ofcom
grace; theeraoftheConstellations; theattainmentofleader TWA. has had to fight for its life. In corporate strength, a mercialillustration,startingasanaviationartistforLockheed
shipacrosstheAtlantic;andtheerosionofsizeandservicein proud airline, onceoneofthe 'BigFour,' is butashadow of during theSecondWorldWar. Hisfinest work was executed
more recent times. Each of these historic episodes, and its former self. Butthat is along and distinguished shadow; while Hughes was runningTW.A. and Howardensured that
others,wouldjustifyasmallbook.Butacomprehensivecov andwith thisbook,IhopethatTWA.readersespeciallywill Ren was given every opportunity to attain perfection, char
erage, with every detail, would need a bigger and more take pride in their heritage, and continue to maintain that tering aircraftto fly him overall the cities thatneeded to be
expensivevolume, beyondthepricerangethatseemsreason espritde corps and the elan that has enabled them to reach illustrated.Heevenarrangedforhelicopters tobeassignedto
ablefor mostpockets. the 75th anniversary of unparalleled development and Ren so that he could photograph his aerial scenes: London,
Many ofTW.A.'s achievements have been remarkable achievement. Otherreaders, less familiar with the drama of Rome, Athens-all to serve as backdrops for countless
becausetheyhavebeenofinestimablebenefitnotjustforthe thepast,mayenjoyatasteoftheadventureandromancethat images used inTW.A.'sadvertising in the 1950sand 1960s.
St.Louisairline,butfortheairtransportindustryas awhole. the pioneers and leaders ofTransWorld Airlines have given WhileinParisonassignmentinJanuary 1998,Ilearned
Thepre-warDouglasairliners thatcameto dominatethe air totheairlineindustry, notleasttotheircontributiontothefor of Ren's passing (in his art studio-where he would have
wayswouldnothavebeenbuiltiftheTWA.specificationfor tunes ofUnited Statesairtransport, in peacetimeand in war. wished) at the age of 86. I was deeply honored when the
amodernairlinerhadnotbeenoutlinedbyJackFryein 1932. Wicksfamily graciously allowed meto havehis voluminous
Howard Hughes's unique combination of record-breaking (EditoriaLnote:To remindreadersthattheinitiaLswereaLwayssep aviation scrap files. Upon examining the many boxfulls of
aratelypronounced, thePaladwrPresshouseruLeoffuLLstops(peri
flying experience and industrial acumen, together with per ods) has been appLied to the airline name: T.WA., which is an photographs, bluepl;nts, brochures, and drawings, I found
sistence to cross technical thresholds, led to the dramatic abbreviation, notanacronym. This istoensurethatitisneverpro muchofthereferencematerialthatRenhadusedforallthose
delivery of the Constellation in 1944, a triumph both for nounced'Twah.'ThecO/porateLogoomitsthestops.) wonderful TW.A. paintings that he had produced over the
Hughes and for TW.A. The manufacturers, Douglas and years. Inow usethis very samematerialas an aid to thecre
Lockheed, were tremendously successful with the DC-2/3 Artist ationoftheartworkinthisbook,ahistoryofthegreataircraft
and Constellation lines, respectively, and airlinesalloverthe Once again the Paladwr team goes into action to document andthepeoplewhobuiltTransWorldAirlines,and whocon
world have been indebted to TWA. for its initiatives. In thehistoryofoneoftheworld'sgreatestairlines. Iwasfilled tinuetheproudtraditionofTW.A. today. Ithasbeen amem
peacetime, theDC-2s and 3s setthepacein airlinertechnol with a sense of anticipation approaching excitement when orable experience, and it has also been a poignant way in
ogy. The C-47 (military version ofthe DC-3) was a logistic Ron Daviesinformed meofthis book, and Isetout withela which Icanpaytribute withmypen and paintbrushtoafine
essential to help win the War, but it would never have been tion to research and produce the 48 profiles of the great artistwhose work transcends theso-calledgeneration gap.
developedhad notJackFryesetdowntheDC-1 specification TW.A.aircraftrequiredtodojusticetothecavalcadeofgreat
(Artist'snote:inmycomparisondrawings(whichhavebeenapopu
in 1933.TheConstellationwas described byaEuropean his airliners in theairline's history.
larfeature ofthe Paladwrpictorial books) 1have, for the piston
torian as " America's Secret Weapon;" and in terms of its Artists usually derive their first inspiration from early enginedaircraft, usedtheConstellationasthebasicoutline;andfor
effecton thedominanceofthecommercialairlineskies,soit exposure to artwork, and for me, the TW.A. advertisements the jet airliners, the Boeing 747. Otherwise, the extremes in size
was-andagain tracable toTW.A. in Life magazine were among my earliest childhood memo- wouldbevisuallylessreLevant.)
7
Post Office Prelude
THE FIRST DOZEN U.S. POST OFFICE CONTRACT AIR MAIL ROUTES
ADelayed Beginning
CAM Dateof
The United States airlineindustry startedto take shape only No. Route Airline FirstService Remarks Ancestorof
in the mid-I920s, several years after Europe, Australia, and
I NewYork-Boslon ColoniolAirTransport 1Jul26 Incorporatedin1923.JuanTrippewasonoriginaldirector,bUllehtoformPonAmericonAirways Amerj((]n
somecountriessouthoftheBorder.Therehadbeen sporadic 2 Chicago-51.louis RobertsonAircrahCorpomlion 15Apr26 RobertsonAircraftCorp.lormedin1921bulnolosonairline(Moilonly) Americon
attemptstoestablishindividualairlines, notablybyAeroma 3 Chicago-Dollos NolionolAirTransporl(NAT) 12Moy26 Foundedon21Moy1925,specilicolly10operoleosonairlineIlorexpresspockoges} Uniled
4 LosAngeles·501tLakeCity WeslernAirExpressIWAE} 17Apr26 foundedon13Ju11925.ThefirslofIheConlractAirMoilCarriers10corrypossengers. TWAondDelta
rine in Floridaand the GreatLakes,from 1920 to 1923; but 5 Elko·Posco VarneyAirlines 6Apr26 Thoughonearlyslorter,Iheinouguralnighlwasnolcampleled,ondservicedidnolresumeunlillJun26 Uniled
otherssurvivedforonlyafew months.TheU.S.PostOffice 6 Delroil·develond } fordMolorCompony 15feb26 fordhodolreody,Iortedcarporoledoilyexpressserviceson3Apr25,ondsimplywnvertedIhese10aCAMwntroct Uniled
hadpioneeredatranscontinentalroutefrom NewYorktoSan 7 Delroil·Chicogo
B Seanle·LosAngeles PocificAirTronsport 15Sep26 IW.R.Ponerson,fulureUniledpresidenlworkedforPocilic.} Uniled
Francisco. Butnosustainedpassengerairlineexisted. 9 Minneapolis-Chicogo CharlesDickinson 7Jun26 Aircraftcroshedonfirslday;rouleoulhoritypassed10NorthweslAirways,foundedonIAug26,firslservice Northwesl
1Oct26.NorthwestisIheoldestairlineinIheU.s.,IilloperolingunderIhesomenome
The Kelly Ad lO Miami-Jocksonville RoridaAirwaysCorporation 1Apr26 Beganpassengerserviceon1Jun26.EddieRickenbmker,ex-waroce, -
andloterpresidentofEasternAirlines,wasoneofthepromoters.Operatedon~until26Dec26.
Then,on2February1925,theContractAirMailAct(known II Clevelond·Pin,burgh CliffordBoll 21Apr27 Boll'sopemlionbecomePennsylvonio-(enlrolthenCapitolAirlines,beforeUnitedloke-over Uniled
asthe"Kelly"Act,afteritsmainCongressionalsponsor)trans 12 Cheyenne·Pueblo ColoradoAirways 31May26 WesternAirExpresstookoverrouteon10Dec27 Delta
ferredtheresponsibilityforcan'yingtheairmailfrom thePost
Office to contracted carriers. On 20 May 1926, President
CoolidgesignedtheAirCommerceAct, whichestablisheda
{]
regulatoryframeworkwithin whichtheairlinescouldoperate.
ThePostOffice'sAirMailServicehadgrown toastage
which demanded the talents and experience of a transport
organization-attributes that were considered to be outside
thefield ofagovernmentalagency. Theairmail routes were
contractedout to privatecompaniesorto entrepreneurs who
undertook to provide regular and reliable service and were
paid for the service rendered. Beginning with twelve con
tracts let, after open bidding, in 1926, all the main cities of
theUnitedStateswerereceivingairmailserviceby 1933.
T.W.A.'s PioneeringAncestry
All the majorairlines oftoday can trace theirhistory backto
theseearlybeginnings.T.W.A.hasalegitimateclaimtobeone
of the true pioneers. Its ancestry began with Western Air
Express (W.A.E.) which was founded on 13 July 1925, and
began service on 17 April 1926. United Airlines's ancestor,
VarneyAirLines,madeaflighton6April,butdidnotflyreg
ularly until 6 June. American's earliest ancestor, Robertson
AircraftCorporation,carriedmailfrom ISApril,butdidnotat
fIrstcarrypassengers.Delta,too,byitsacquisitionofWestern -
AirLinesin 1987,hasalegitimateclaimtow.A.E. ancestry.
The Innovator
Ofthe developments that followed the passing ofthe Kelly
Act,T.w.A.'s were the most impressive, in that itfirst initi
ated,thensustained,andbysubsequentinnovations,radically AlthoughBoeingAirTransportandNationalAirTransportweretosharethetraditionaltranscontinental'Columbia'
directed the course of the United States airline industry routetoSanFrancisco,WesternAirExpressprovidedtheimportantlinktoLosAngeles,whichwasfastbecomingthe
during its vital formative years. And most important, these largestmetropolisinCalifornia.ThislinkwastobethefoundationofW.A.E.'sroutenetworkthateventuallydeveloped
innovationsproved tobeofinestimablebenefitto all theair intoatranscontinental route.
lines, includingT.W.A.'scompetitors.
8