Table Of Contenteuropean University Studies
renewable energy has an important role to play as they provide solutions to 1
0
pressing environmental and developmental challenges particularly in develop- 6
/
ing countries. taking spatial variations in the case of the Indian wind sector as XI
research puzzle, this book explores the conditions under which wind energy X
X
projects are successfully deployed in Indian states. Comparing the concrete
gudrun elisabeth Benecke
cases of wind energy governance in tamil nadu to Kerala aims to under- a
stand what successful deployment requires and derives at the relevance of di
n
local stakeholder networks. the objective is to map and to examine contex- n I
tual requirements for effective renewable energy governance in a developing e i
countries setting. In this sense, the stakeholder network concept constitutes c
n
the analytical and conceptual approach to explore mechanisms and dynamics a
n
of multilevel actors’ relations. as central research result, the characteristics r turning Wind into Power
e
and dynamics of emerging local governance arrangements are a key factor v
o
explaining mechanisms and effects of renewable energy governance in the G
selected states. y effects of Stakeholder
g
r networks on renewable energy
e
n
E governance in India
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bl
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gudrun elisabeth Benecke holds a Master’s Degree in International relation e ·
from the University of Potsdam, the Free University and the Humboldt University k
c
of Berlin and a B.Sc. Degree in geography with applied economics from the e
n
University of Plymouth (UK). From 2006 to 2010 she was a research fellow at e
Potsdam University and worked for the project Emerging Modes of Governance B
and Climate Protection: Green Companies in Newly Industrializing Countries E.
funded by the german research Foundation (DFg). G.
ISBN 978-3-631-61570-6
Peter Lang
www.peterlang.de
eHS-31 601-Benecke-261570-a5Bre-SH.indd 1 30.03.11 12:53:37 Uhr
european University Studies
renewable energy has an important role to play as they provide solutions to 1
0
pressing environmental and developmental challenges particularly in develop- 6
/
ing countries. taking spatial variations in the case of the Indian wind sector as XI
research puzzle, this book explores the conditions under which wind energy X
X
projects are successfully deployed in Indian states. Comparing the concrete
gudrun elisabeth Benecke
cases of wind energy governance in tamil nadu to Kerala aims to under- a
stand what successful deployment requires and derives at the relevance of di
n
local stakeholder networks. the objective is to map and to examine contex- n I
tual requirements for effective renewable energy governance in a developing e i
countries setting. In this sense, the stakeholder network concept constitutes c
n
the analytical and conceptual approach to explore mechanisms and dynamics a
n
of multilevel actors’ relations. as central research result, the characteristics r turning Wind into Power
e
and dynamics of emerging local governance arrangements are a key factor v
o
explaining mechanisms and effects of renewable energy governance in the G
selected states. y effects of Stakeholder
g
r networks on renewable energy
e
n
E governance in India
e
bl
a
w
e
n
e
R
d
n
a
s
k
r
o
w
t
e
N
r
e
d
ol
h
e
k
a
t
S
gudrun elisabeth Benecke holds a Master’s Degree in International relation e ·
from the University of Potsdam, the Free University and the Humboldt University k
c
of Berlin and a B.Sc. Degree in geography with applied economics from the e
n
University of Plymouth (UK). From 2006 to 2010 she was a research fellow at e
Potsdam University and worked for the project Emerging Modes of Governance B
and Climate Protection: Green Companies in Newly Industrializing Countries E.
funded by the german research Foundation (DFg). G.
Peter Lang
www.peterlang.de
eHS-31 601-Benecke-261570-a5Bre-SH.indd 1 30.03.11 12:53:37 Uhr
Turning Wind into Power
European University Studies
Europäische Hochschulschriften
Publications Universitaires Européennes
Series XXXI
Political Science
Reihe XXXI Série XXXI
Politikwissenschaft
Sciences politiques
Vol./Bd. 601
PETER LANG
Frankfurt am Main · Berlin · Bern · Bruxelles · New York · Oxford · Wien
Gudrun Elisabeth Benecke
Turning Wind into Power
Effects of Stakeholder
Networks on Renewable Energy
Governance in India
PETER LANG
Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften
Bibliographic Information published by the Deutsche
Nationalbibliothek
The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the
Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is
available in the internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de.
Zugl.: Potsdam, Univ., Diss., 2010
517
ISSN 0721-3654
ISBN 9783653008753
© Peter Lang GmbH
Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften
Frankfurt am Main 2011
All rights reserved.
All parts of this publication are protected by copyright. Any
utilisation outside the strict limits of the copyright law, without
the permission of the publisher, is forbidden and liable to
prosecution. This applies in particular to reproductions,
translations, microfilming, and storage and processing in
electronic retrieval systems.
www.peterlang.de
Acknowledgements
Ultimately, shortly before the submission of the thesis, remains the most difficult thing
to do as words are insufficient to express my gratitude and thanks to all the people
who have been with me in this venture.
Having emerged quietly in the course of my PhD and turning out as the most valu-
able support particularly during this last phase is my partner Torsten Eichhorn. With-
out his unshakable faith in me and his visible, invisible and undemanding presence, I
would have lost the strength to keep up until the very end.
For his strategic advice I would like to thank my first supervisor and project leader
Prof. Dr. Harald Fuhr who encouraged my search for new perspectives while retain-
ing the big picture. I am very grateful to the concise and instructive recommendations
by Prof. Dr. Frank Biermann as well as personal advice that kept me in good spirits
during my field research in India. Last but not least, I owe a lot to Dr. Axel
Michaelowa who consciously followed and guided my research right from the begin-
ning. At this stage, I would also like to thank Prof. Dr. Johannes Hamhaber who
strongly encouraged me to pursue the New Economic Sociology track.
Without the financial support and the community network of the SFB 700 I would not
have been able to conduct my research this independently. In addition to conceptual
guidance, I appreciate highly the opportunities to discuss ideas and share lessons-
learnt regarding research and personal experiences. My Indian field research will re-
main an unforgettable period of my life and I owe many people who assisted me.
Most and foremost, I do thank TERI, and in particular my supervisors Amit Kumar
and Dr. Vivek Kumar for providing the opportunity to use their facilities and offered
guidance. Furthermore, I extend my gratitude to the GTZ office and Ms. Pamposh
Bhat. Finally, I am extremely grateful for the openness of all my interview partners
that unquestioningly opened new avenues for my research. Finally, I do appreciate
the silent understanding of my colleagues at the Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung in these last
few months of my PhD.
In order for the acknowledgements not to turn into a thesis, I would like to end with
some very personal and deeply heartfelt thanks to all my friends who stayed with me
during this time. Thanks to Miriam, Lars, Markus, Hendrikje and Melanie that have
accompanied my struggles – I shall never forget you backing me up during my sick-
ness leave period. Thanks to Anke – without words. Many thanks also to Anni, Giz
and particularly Gunti – this thesis would not go into print without you being there.
5
Contents
FIGURES & TABLES 11
ACRONYMS 13
CHAPTER I
GOVERNANCE FAILURE – MARKET FAILURE? SPATIAL VARIATIONS IN
RENEWABLE ENERGY DEPLOYMENT 15
I.1 Setting the Context for Renewable Energy Governance 16
I.1.1 Climate Change and Development Dilemmas 16
I.1.2 Renewable Energies for Sustainable Development 18
I.2 Realities of Renewable Energy and Governance 20
I.2.1 Spatial Variations – The Research Puzzle 20
I.2.2 Governance of Renewable Energy 23
I.3 Researching Renewable Energy Governance in Developing Countries 25
I.3.1 Methods and Methodology 25
I.3.2 Looking Behind the Veil – Roadmap to the Thesis 31
CHAPTER II
INTERDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES ON RENEWABLE ENERGY
DEPLOYMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 35
II.1 Renewable Energy Deployment – The Developmental Dimension 36
II.1.1 Developmental Conditions – Generic Barriers to Renewable Energy
Deployment 36
II.1.2 Developmental Conditions Matter? – Development Economics 37
II.2 Renewable Energy Deployment – The Policy Dimension 39
II.2.1 Policy Conditions – Policy and Regulatory Barriers to Renewable
Energy Deployment 40
II.2.2 Politics Matters? – New Institutionalist Approaches 42
II.3 Renewable Energy Deployment – The Economic Dimension 49
II.3.1 Economic Conditions – Techno-Economic Obstacles to Renewable
Energy Deployment 49
II.3.2 Economics Matter? – Economic Geography and Spatial Economics 52
II.4 Renewable Energy Deployment – The External Dimension 54
II.4.1 External Conditions – Stimuli to Overcome Internal Barriers 55
II.4.2 External Stimuli Matter? – International Policy Diffusion and New Modes
of Governance 57
II.5 Analytical Framework for Renewable Energy Deployment 61
7
CHAPTER III
DRIVERS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY DEPLOYMENT IN INDIA –
APPROACHING THE EMPIRICS STAGE I 65
III.1 Multilevel Perspectives on Wind Energy 65
III.2 Analysing Wind Energy Determinants in India 76
III.2.1 Socio-Economic Requirements for Wind Energy Deployment 77
III.2.2 Policy Determinants for Wind Energy Deployment 82
III.2.3 Economic Conditions for Wind Energy Deployment 89
III.2.4 External Stimuli for Wind Energy Deployment 98
III.3 Synopsis of Main Findings and Implications 103
CHAPTER IV
EXPLAINING RENEWABLE ENERGY GOVERNANCE IN THE FRAMEWORK
OF SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES 107
IV.1 Who Governs? – Stakeholder Characteristics in the Light of Organisational
Studies 109
IV.2 How is Governed? – Stakeholder Relations and New Economic Sociology 117
IV.3 Stakeholder Networks in the Governance Framework – Tackling the Puzzle 129
IV.4 Explanatory Model for Wind Energy Deployment in India 134
CHAPTER V
CONDITIONS FOR WIND ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN TAMIL NADU AND
KERALA: DEEP DIVE INTO THE EMPIRICS STAGE II 143
V.I Wind Energy Deployment in Tamil Nadu - The Indian Success Story 144
V.1.1 Who Governs?: Actors’ Attributes in Stakeholder Networks 145
V.1.2 How is Renewable Energy Governed?: Actors’ Relations in Stakeholder
Networks 160
V.1.3 Governing Renewable Energy: Stakeholder Networks in Tamil Nadu 168
V.2 Wind Energy Deployment in Kerala – India’s Lost Case? 170
V.2.1 Who Governs?: Actors’ Attributes in Stakeholder Networks 171
V.2.2 How is Renewable Energy Governed?: Actors’ Relations in Stakeholder
Networks 184
V.2.3 Renewable Energy Governance: Stakeholder Networks in Kerala 191
V.3 Wind Energy Deployment in India – Results and Implications 194
V.3.1 Contrasting Determinants of Wind Energy Deployment in Tamil Nadu
and Kerala 194
V.3.2 Tracing the Process of Wind Energy Deployment in Tamil Nadu
and Kerala 197
8
