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33
Contents
Preface 3 Lesson 4 42
Verbs
Thepasttense
Lesson 1 7 Negativewith-Di
.TheTurkishalphabet Questionswith-Di
Pronunciationofvowels -(y)i: defmiteobject(accusative
Pronunciationofconsonants case)
Vowel lengthandvowelloss Interrogatives: kimi, neyi, nereyi,
Vowelharmony nezaman
Consonant changes -(Y)E: directionalSuffIX(dative
Stress case)
Somephrases andbasicgreetings Pronounsin the dative .
Interrogatives in thedative
Compoundverbs
Lesson 2 19
Nouns andadjectives Lesson 5 53
bir: indefinitearticle/numeral -DEN: from (ablativecase)
Plural ofnouns: -LER Interrogatives: hangi 'which'and
Personalsuffixes ni~in'why'
personalpronouns -NiN: of(genitivecase)
Demonstratives Thepossessive
Negafives: nbn-verbal Possessivecompounds
YeslNoquestions to have' (possessive + var: has/
f
Non-verbalnegative questions have)
Interrogatives: kim, ne, nasl1 Interrogatives: kimin, neyin
'and', 'but~ 'or' 'whose', 'ofwhat'
trunkii andonunili=in: 'beca·use'
and ISO'
Lesson 3 33 Adjectives with the possessive
-DE: locationalsuffix(locative
case) Lesson 6 64
var: there is/thereare Adverbs
yok: thereisn't/therearen't bazl,'her, hepsi: 'some', 'every~ 'all
Questions withvarandyok ofit/them'
Numerals: cardinal iDiI-(y)Di: thepastformofItobe'
~ok, bir~ok,bir kali=, hili= Questionforms with-(Y)Di
Measurements Negativeswith-(Y)Di
In~errogatives:kimde, nerede, ka~ Negativequestions with-(Y)Di
-LI: Iwith~ 'having~ 'containing' Days ofthe week
-siz: 'without~ 'nothaving~lnot Months
containing' Seasons
4
5
Lesson 7 75 Lesson 10 110
Thepresentcontinuous tense: Comparatives
-(i)YOR Superlatives
Negativewith -(i)YOR Usesof'daha'
Questionswith-(i)YOR Thereportedpast: -Mi~
Negativequestionswith-(i)YOR iMi$I-(Y)Mi$: reportedform of
The pastcontinuoustense 'tobe'
iLE: with, by,bymeans of, DerivationalsuffIXes:-ciand
through -(Y)iCi
Numerals: ordinal
Numerals: distributive
-DENBERi: since Lesson 11 119
-DiR: for ya ya :either or...
-(Y)EKADAR: up to, until ne ne :neither nor .
-DENONCE: before hem hem ...:both and .
-DENSONRA: after gerek gerek ...:both... and ...
Forms ofaddress when: -(Y)iNCE
by...ing,-ing:-(Y)EREK
-ing:-(Y)E
Lesson 8 90 without: -MEDEN
Imperatives since:-(Y)ELi
The optative and: -(y)ip
-Ki ratherthan: -MEKTENSE
Thefuture tense: -(Y)ECEK as, whenever, the more:-DiKc;E
Questionswith-(y)ECEK
Negativewith-(y)ECEK
Negativequestionswith-(Y)ECEK Lesson 12 126
Thefuture-past Verbalnouns
gibi: as, like -MEK: theinfinitive
i'rin: for -ME:shortinfmitive
DerivationalsuffIX:-LiK -(Y)i$
hakkmda: about, concerning lazlm: necessary
-MELi: thenecessitative
Lesson 9 101
Theaorist tense Lesson 13 136
Negative oftheaorist Participles
Questionform oftheaorist -(Y)EN: present participle
Negative questions withtheaorist -Mi~: past participle
Uses oftheaorist -(Y)ECEK:future participle
'assoonas· The aoristparticiple
'usedto', 'would have' Subjectparticiplesfrompossessives
iKEN/-(y)KEN: while DerivationalsuffIXes: -LE~ and
Tellingthe time -LE
6
Lesson 14 145 Lesson 16 164
Object participles Theconditional: -SE
-DiK + possessive: past/present lSE/-(Y)SE: conditionalof'tobe'
objectparticiple . Somederivationalsu.fflXes
-(Y)ECEK + possessive:future
participle . Lesson 17 171
Object participlesfrom possessives Thepassive
'when' with objectparticiples Thereflexive
Objectparticiples as nouns The reflexive pronoun
Indirectspeech
whether ...ornot Lesson 18 177
Combinationswith-DiKl Thecausative
-(Y)ECEK + possessive Uses ofthecausative
Thereciprocal
Thereciprocal pronoun .
Key 184
Lesson 15 159 Answers toexercises
-(y)EBiL:can,to be ableto, may Translations
-(Y)EME: cannot, unableto
-MEYEBiL: maynot Mini-dictionary 196
Countries, languages, people
Uses of-CE Index 204
Lesson 1
1The Turkish alphabet
TheTurkish alphabet has 29 letters:8vowelsand 21 consonants. It is
the vowels which differ mostfroni Englishsounds.
A3,Bb, Cc, <;'r, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, G~, Hh, I 1,i i,J;, Kk, L1,
Mm, N n, 0 0, 00, Pp, Rr, Ss, ~ §,T t, Uu, Uil, Vv, Yy, Zz
2Pronunciation ofvowels
"-
(TheEnglishwordscitedas aguideto pronunciationare as inthe
StandardEnglishofSouthern England!)
'look~~'man~
a as the 'u' in 'bun':bak at'horse'
e asin 'test': kes 'cut~ev 'house~et'meat'
as in 'sit':bin 'thous'and~iki'two', it'push'
roughlylike the-ercombinationinsomeEnglishwords, ego 'letter~
'speaker': klZ 'girl~ III'heat~kit 'scarce'
o .likethe vowelin 'bird' or 'dirt' butshort: dirt 'four~goz 'eye'
o asin 'pond': en 'ten~oda 'room~ot'grass'
ii as in the nameoftheGermantown 'Lubeck'; toproducethis
sound,thepositionofthe jawandthe tongueisthesame asfor the
articulationoftheIsound"but thelips are roundedandpushed
wellforward: un 'fame~giil (rose~biiyiik'big'
Iwater~
/ as in'pull': IU bul'fmd'
3Pronunciation ofconsonants
b as in 'big~ cbad': ben cI~bak'look~buz 'ice~biz cwe'
c likethe Tin 'jam': aCI (bitter~can 'life,soul'
8
rr like the 'cht in 'church': ii~ 'three', a~ 'hungry', sa~ 'hair'
d as in 'did', 'do': dun 'yesterday~dokuz 'nine'
f as in 'fat~ 'effort': fil'elephant~ fark 'd~fference'
g as in 'get', 'goose': git 'go~ gen~'young'
~ this letter(calledyumu§ak gor 'soft g')has no distinct
pronunciation; itgenerallyserves to lengthen thevowel beforeit:
ag 'nef' ispronouncedjustas alonga, dogru 'correct' is d +
long 0 +r +u. Itdoes notoccurat thebeginning ofaword.
h as in 'how': hi~ 'none', hasta 'ill~hot 'pleasane
j likethe '5' in 'measure~ 'leisure': ruj 'lipstick~garaj 'garage'
k as in 'kitten': kent'city', ilk 'first~kan 'blood~kuzu 'lamb' _,,...,
, ~~
as in '1ily~ 'lorry', 'all': bi! 'know~ el 'hand~bulbiil 'nightingale~
gol 'Iake~ al 'take~ulus 'nation~kol 'arm~Ihk 'warm'
. ~W~
m as in 'mant masa 'table~ mum 'candle', gam 'bury~miizik
:
'music'
n as in 'no': ne 'what', ni~in 'why', anla 'understand~on 'ten'
p asin 'pen': perde'curtain~pul'stamp~kiipe 'ear-ring~kapi'door'
r Ther is rolledbetween two vowels: ara 'interval~ arl 'bee', kuru
'dry~suru 'herd~ iri 'big'. Atthe beginning ofawordit is less
prominent: resim 'picture~renk 'colour~ruh 'spirit'. At theend
ofaworditisalwaysfully pronounced, withthe exceptionofafew
words that are frequentlyused, likebir 'one~where, incolloquial
speech, itmay not beheardat all. Whenfully pronouncedat the
end ofaword, it has slightfriction: kar 'snow', duvar 'wall~vur
'hit' ver 'give'
, . O~~
s as in 'sea~ 'decide': eski 'old~son 'final~sis 'fog', iist'top~a~r~
'hangert
likethe 'sht in 'sheep~ 'ash': §u 'that~ tal 'stone', i§.'work~ kl§
'winter'
as in 'tea': at 'horse~et 'meat~Tiirk~e'Turkish'(language), katii
'bad'
~\\t::>
v as in 'vision': var'there is/are~ ver 'give~kova 'bucket'
9
y as in 'yes': yd 'year~yol'road~uYltu 'sleep', kay 'village'
~""l<!& ~
z as in 'horizon': zit 'bell', bez cloth~~az'solve~toz 'dust',uzun
'long'
The Englishletters q, xandwarenot found intheTurkishalphabet.
Thexsoundis written as ks insomewords taken from otherlanguages:
taksi 'taxi' and ekspres 'express'.
Rules for punctuation are muchasinEnglish. When apropernoun
takes acasesuffix, an apostrophe is putbeforethe sufftx: istanbul'a'to
Istanbul~ Londra'da 'inLondon'.
Thecircumflexaccent isnowverysparinglyused. Itmakes thevowel
onwhichitsitsmorefront (seesection 5below)and the preceding
consonantpalatal. Inwrit.ingit is retainedinonly afewwords likekar
'profit' as opposedtokar 'snow~andbekar'single,unmarried'. It
causes the ksoundinkarto be palatalised- that is,to befollowedbya
slightysound: bekarispronounced 'bekYar'.
4 Vowel length and vowel loss
Turkishvowels areshort, except
1 when, inwriting, avowelis followedby g. EXamples:
dag, yagmur, aga~,sag,Slg
In all theseexamplesthevowelbeforeg(yumu§ak g)is pronounced
long.
2 insomewordswhichare notTurkishinoriginandstillretain their
longvowels. Examples:
tesir(e is long) 'influence'; beraber(ais long) 'together'
Averylimitednumberofwordsendinginconsonantsdrop the vowelin
thelast syllablewhen they takeasuffIx(seesection 5below)that begins
with avoweL Ifthesufftxbegins withaconsonant, thereis nochange·
tothebasicword:
resim 'picture': resme'tothepicture~(thevoweliisdropped)
resimler'pictures'(thevowel iis retained)
§ehir'town': §ehre 'to thetown'
§ehirden 'fromthetown'
