Turkey, Islam, Nationalism, and Modernity: A History, 1789-2007

544 Pages·2010·1.938 MB·English

by  Carter V. Findley

TURKEY, ISLAM, NATIONALISM,
AND MODERNITY
Please see print version for image
T , I ,
URKEY SLAM
N ,
ATIONALISM AND
M
ODERNITY
A History, 1789–2007
Carter Vaughn Findley
Yale
university
press
New Haven & London
Published with assistance from the Louis Stern Memorial Fund.
Copyright © 2010 by Yale University.
All rights reserved.
This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations,
in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S.
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Set in Postscript Electra type by diacriTech
Printed in the United States of America.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Findley, Carter V., 1941–
Turkey, Islam, nationalism, and modernity / Carter Vaughn Findley.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN978-0-300-15260-9 (clothbound : alk. paper) 1. Turkey–History–19th century.
2. Turkey–History–20th century. 3. Turkey–Politics and government–19th century.
4. Turkey–Politics and government–20th century. 5. Nationalism–Turkey–History–19th
century. 6. Nationalism–Turkey–History–20th century. 7. Secularism–Turkey–History–
19th century. 8. Secularism–Turkey–History–20th century. 9. Islam and state–Turkey–
History–19th century. 10. Islam and state–Turkey–History–20th century. I. Title.
DR557.F562010
956.1–dc22 2010013169
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48–1992 (Permanence of Paper).
10987654321
Frontispiece: An Ottoman school, 1885, site for the expansion of literacy that made
possible the rise of print media. The teachers include both ulema (in turbans) and
non-ulema (in fezes). The globe, books, and maps proclaim the school’s modernity.
(By Sebah and Joaillier, 1885; courtesy of Pierre de Gigord.)
For my children
Madeleine Vaughn Findley
and
Benjamin Carter Findley
This page intentionally left blank
CONTENTS
Maps and Illustrations ix
Acknowledgments xi
Note on Usage xiii
Introduction 1
o n e The Return Toward Centralization 23
t w o The Tanzimat 76
t h r e e The Reign of Abdülhamid 133
f o u r Imperial Demise, National Struggle 192
f i v e The Early Republic 247
s i x Turkey’s Widening Political Spectrum 305
s e v e n Turkey and the World 350
Conclusion 405
Abbreviations Used in the Notes and Bibliography 423
Notes 425
Bibliography of Published Sources 457
Index 489
vii

MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS
Note about Illustration Sources: Where known, the source of each illustration
is identifi ed in its caption. If an illustration is still under copyright, permis-
sion to publish has been obtained from that source. In the case of some photo-
graphs, the identity of the photographer or other source of the photograph is not
known. These photographs are identifi ed as from the collection of the author,
who would like to hear from anyone holding rights to these photographs.
Map 1. The Ottoman Empire, 1774–1912 5
Map 2. Provisions of the Treaty of Sèvres, 1920 220
Map 3. The Republic of Turkey 225
An Ottoman school, 1885 ii
.
Ahmed Ihsan Bey printshop 11
An Ottoman writer at his stand-up desk 12
Ebüzziya printers 14
Janissaries, late eighteenth century 32
A provincial notable’s mansion 56
The Sublime Porte 77
Crimean War, British troops camped at Üsküdar, Istanbul 81
Ömer Pas¸a, commander of Ottoman troops in the Crimea 82
Fuad, Âli, and Midhat Pas¸as 89
Bosphorus ferry at Beykoz 96
Family life in photographs 119
Abdülhamid II as a young man 134
The Ottoman Imperial Bank and the Régie des tabacs 140
School building under Abdülhamid 152
Ottoman schoolgirls 155
ix