Tuberculosis: Current Issues in Diagnosis and Management

500 Pages·2016·10.96 MB·English

by  Mahboub B.H.

TUBERCULOSIS
CURRENT ISSUES IN
DIAGNOSIS AND
MANAGEMENT
Edited by
Bassam H. Mahboub
Mayank G. Vats
TUBERCULOSIS
CURRENT ISSUES
IN DIAGNOSIS AND
MANAGEMENT
Edited by Bassam H. Mahboub
and Mayank G. Vats
Tuberculosis: Current Issues in Diagnosis and Management
Edited by Bassam H. Mahboub and Mayank G. Vats
Contributors
Raquel Lima De Figueiredo Teixeira, Marcia Lopes, Philip Suffys, Adalberto Santos,
Luciene Scherer, Mochammad Hatta, Andi Rofian Sultan, Gunes Senol, Héctor Javier
Sánchez-Pérez, Attapon Cheepsattayakorn, Zakaria Hmama, Beatrice Saviola, Isamu
Sugawara, Qin Zhang, Wolfgang Frank, Said Hamed Abbadi, Claude Kirimuhuzya, Magana-
Arachchi, Antonio De Miranda, Marcos Catanho, Handzel, Matthias Stehr, Armando Acosta,
Hum Nath Jnawali, Sungweon Ryoo, Simona Alexandra Iacob, Diana-Gabriela Iacob,
Raquel Teixeira, Rafael Pinto, Lizania Spinasse, Fernanda Mello, Jose Roberto Lapa E
Silva, Wellman Ribón
Copyright © 2016 Second Edition
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Notice
Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors
and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the
accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no
responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any
materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book.
First published March, 2013 second - 2016
ISBN-10: 953-51-1049-7
ISBN-13: 978-953-51-1049-1

Contents
Preface IX
Section 1 Pathophysiology and Immunogenesis of Tuberculosis 1
Chapter 1 Mycobacterium tuberculosis Adaptation to Survival in a
Human Host 3
Beatrice Saviola
Chapter 2 The Immune Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Infection in Humans 19
Zeev Theodor Handzel
Chapter 3 Lipid Inclusions in Mycobacterial Infections 31
Matthias Stehr, Ayssar A. Elamin and Mahavir Singh
Chapter 4 The Role of Antibodies in the Defense Against
Tuberculosis 57
Armando Acosta, Yamile Lopez, Norazmi Mohd Nor, Rogelio
Hernández Pando, Nadine Alvarez, Maria Elena Sarmiento and
Aharona Glatman-Freedman
Chapter 5 Influence of the Interferon–Gamma (IFN–γ) and Tumor Necrosis
Factor Alpha (TNF–α) Gene Polymorphisms in TB Occurrence
and Clinical Spectrum 79
Márcia Quinhones Pires Lopes, Raquel Lima de Figueiredo Teixeira,
Antonio Basilio de Miranda, Rafael Santos Pinto, Lizânia Borges
Spinassé, Fernanda Carvalho Queiroz Mello, José Roberto Lapa e
Silva, Philip Noel Suffys and Adalberto Rezende Santos
Chapter 6 Tuberculosis Pharmacogenetics: State of The Art 105
Raquel Lima de Figueiredo Teixeira, Márcia Quinhones Pires Lopes,
Philip Noel Suffys and Adalberto Rezende Santos
VI Contents
Chapter 7 Pathophysiology of Tuberculosis 127
Ruiru Shi and Isamu Sugawara
Section 2 Diagnosis and Management of Tuberculosis 141
Chapter 8 Laboratory Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - Latest
Diagnostic Tools 143
Gunes Senol
Chapter 9 Diagnostic Evaluation of Tuberculosis 153
Mochammad Hatta and A. R. Sultan
Chapter 10 First– and Second–Line Drugs and Drug Resistance 163
Hum Nath Jnawali and Sungweon Ryoo
Section 3 Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis 181
Chapter 11 Epidemiology of Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis
(MDR-TB) 183
Dhammika Nayoma Magana-Arachchi
Chapter 12 Drug Resistance in M. Tuberculosis 203
Said Hamed Abbadi
Chapter 13 Management of Drug-Resistant TB 225
Zakaria Hmama
Chapter 14 Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis – Diagnosis, Treatment,
Management and Control: The Experience in Thailand 261
Attapon Cheepsattayakorn
Section 4 Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis 287
Chapter 15 Tuberculous Pleural Effusion 289
Wolfgang Frank
Chapter 16 Neurotuberculosis and HIV Infection 315
Simona Alexandra Iacob and Diana Gabriela Iacob
Contents VII
Section 5 Miscellaneous 351
Chapter 17 Research and Development of New Drugs Against
Tuberculosis 353
Juan D. Guzman, Ximena Montes-Rincón and Wellman Ribón
Chapter 18 Web Resources on TB: Information, Research, and Data
Analysis 381
Marcos Catanho and Antonio Basílio de Miranda
Chapter 19 Peadiatric Tuberculosis: Is the World Doing Enough? 393
Claude Kirimuhuzya
Chapter 20 Economic Evaluation of Diagnosis Tuberculosis in
Hospital Setting 451
Luciene C. Scherer
Chapter 21 Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Latin America: Patchwork Studies
Reveal Inequalities in Its Control – The Cases of Chiapas
(Mexico), Chine (Ecuador) and Lima (Peru) 465
Héctor Javier Sánchez-Pérez, Olivia Horna–Campos, Natalia
Romero-Sandoval, Ezequiel Consiglio and Miguel Martín Mateo

Preface
One famous saying by Robert Louis Stevenson “It is not a hard thing to know what to write;
the hard thing is to know what to leave out" holds very true for us while writing the preface
of this book.
Tuberculosis (TB) is as old as mankind and continues to haunt the mankind despite several
spectacular advances in the diagnosis and management of TB. TB is the commonest single
infectious cause of death and accountable for over 25% of avoidable deaths worldwide but
can still be labeled as “Captain of all these men of death”.
In the initial sections of the book chapters covering the basic pathophysiology and the im‐
portant factors contributing to the same viz. epidemiology of TB, iron metabolism, unusual
properties of M. Tuberculosis, lipid inclusion, role of small regulatory RNA and adaptation
to survival in human host, which makes it “tough bug” to treat, has been included in details.
Our understanding of the host pathogen interaction at the molecular level, especially immu‐
nopathogenesis of TB has improved enormously and has been extensively covered in the
book. Chapters have been included to cover several new drug and potential vaccines for TB.
New development such as the interferon-gamma release assays [IGRAs] for latent TB infec‐
tion, use of liquid culture and molecular method of diagnosis are ushering in a new era in
TB diagnostics. Comprehensive knowledge of latest modes of diagnosis has been also incor‐
porated in the book. Furthermore, issues concerning quality assurance in antituberculosis
drug susceptibility testing are getting established.
Data are rapidly accumulating from all over the world regarding the efficacy of standar‐
dized treatment regimens for drug-sensitive, drug-resistant TB and latent TB infection.
While we are facing the menace of multi drug-resistant TB [MDR-TB], extensively drug-re‐
sistant tuberculosis [XDR¬ TB] has emerged threatening to undermine global efforts at TB
control. Hence we have included chapters to cover all aspects of the diagnosis and manage‐
ment of MDR TB. This book will cover all these developments in great detail.
With the widespread availability of internet globally various standard web resources availa‐
ble on TB have also been included so that the readers may get the comprehensive and up‐
dated guidelines from these resources. The changing clinical presentation of TB, advances in
laboratory, imaging diagnostic modalities, therapeutic measures and emergence of MDR TB
all suggest a pressing need to have a updated book on TB. Furthermore, while all physicians
encounter the TB disease in their clinical practice, there have been a lot of controversies and
misconceptions over various issues for the diagnosis and management of TB.
Paucity of a well referenced, updated, standard book of TB has prompted us to undertake
this venture sharing the clinical experience of global experts of TB.
X Preface
Our book contains chapters on epidemiology, immune-pathology, diagnosis, treatment and
latest advances for TB, highlighting the global perspective of tuberculosis. World-wide re‐
surgence of MDR TB indicates that the battle against this foe of mankind will continue in the
coming years. TB still remains to be a research priority of paramount importance from
medical, social and financial aspects and we have attempted to highlight all the aspects for
the treatment of TB.
We believe that this book will serve as a practical guide for the diagnosis and management
of TB for practicing physicians (especially pulmonologists and internists) and all those who
are involved in the management of TB.
This book has several contributors, all of them leading authorities from various parts of the
world. All the chapters have been thoroughly re-written and updated with preservation of the
views of the contributors in a uniform format. This effort would not have been possible without
the kind cooperation of our contributors who patiently went through revisions and updating
of their chapters. We convey our heartfelt thanks to all contributors and to InTech Publisher,
Croatia for their encouragement and excellent technical assistance as and when required.
Lastly we would like to thank the almighty god, our parents, wives and children, without
their untiring support and encouragement this book would not have seen the light of the day.
Editor:
Dr. Bassam H. Mahboub
Director, Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Allergy,
Rashid Hospital & Dubai Hospital, Dubai;
Assistant Professor, Dept of Medicine & Respiratory Disease & Allergy,
University of Sharjah, UAE
Co-editor:
Dr. Mayank G. Vats
Senior Specialist, Pulmonologist,
Intensivist & Sleep Physician,
Rashid Hospital, Dubai Health Authority,
Dubai, UAE