Table Of ContentTsunamis in the World
Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research
VOLUME 1
SERIES EDITOR
Mohammed I. EI-Sabh, Departement d'Oceanographie, Universite du
a
Quebec Rimouski, Quebec, Canada
EDITORIAL BOARD
Wang Ang-Sheng, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric
Physics, Beijing, P. R. China
Gerhard Berz, Munchener ROckversicherungs-Gesellschaft, Munchen,
Germany
Oscar Gonzalez-Ferran, Departamento de Geologia y Geofisica, Facultad
de Ciencias Fisicas y Mathematicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
Terry Jeggle, Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, Asian Institute of
Technology, Bangkok, Thailand
Cinna Lomnitz, National University of Mexico, Instituto de Geofisica,
Mexico, D.F. Mexico
Tad S. Murty, Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, BC, Canada
Alvin H. Mushkatel, Office of Hazards Studies, Center for Public Affairs,
Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
Joanne M. Nigg, Disaster Research Center, University of Delaware,
Newark, DE, USA
Alexei V. Nikolaev, Institute of Physics of the Earth, Russian Academy of
Sciences, Moscow, Russia
Paul M. Thompson, Flood Hazard Research Center, Middlesex University,
Enfield, UK
Donald A. Wilhite, International Drought Information Center, University of
Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.
Tsunamis in the World
Fifteenth International Tsunami
Symposium, 1991
Edited by
STEFANO TINTI
Department of Physics,
University of Bologna,
Bologna, Italy
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, BV.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Internatlonal Tsunaml Symposlum (15th 1991 Vlenna, Austrla)
Tsunamls )n the world I Flfteenth Internatlonal Tsunaml Symposlum,
1991 : edited by Stefano Tlnti.
p. em. (Advances in natural and technologlcal hazards
research; v. 1)
Symposlum held during the XX General Assembly of the Internatlonal
Union of Geodesy and Geophysics in Vlenna, Aug. 19-20, 1991.
ISBN 978-90-481-4283-5 ISBN 978-94-017-3620-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-3620-6
1. Tsunamls--Congresses. I. Tintl, Stefano. II. Tltle.
III. Series.
GC219.I57 1991
551.47'024--dc20 93-13341
ISBN 978-90-481-4283-5
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1993
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and
retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
E.N. Bernard
A Summary of the Fifteenth International Tsunami Symposium 1
OBSERVATIONS
F.I. GonzaIez and Ye.A. Kulikov
Tsunami Dispersion Observed in the Deep Ocean 7
V.K. Gusiakov and A.V. Osipova
Historical Tsunami Database for the Kuril-Kamchatka Region 17
A.G. Dawson, D. Long, D.E. Smith, S. Shi and I.D.L. Foster
Tsunamis in the Norwegian Sea and North Sea caused by the Storegga
Submarine Landslides 31
S. Tinti and A. Saraceno
Tsunamis related to Volcanic Activity in Italy 43
V.S. Moreira
Historical Tsunamis in Mainland Portugal and Azores. Case Histories 65
GENERATION, PROPAGATION AND RUN-UP
M.A. Zhdanov
An Analytical Model of Tsunamis Generated by Earthquakes 77
F. Imamura and N. Shuto
Analysis of the OBS Data and Numerical Simulation for the 1990 Mariana
Earthquake Tsunami 95
F.J. Sandoval and S.F. Farreras
On Tsunami Resonance of the Gulf of California 107
A. Nadai and Y. Tsuji
Experiment of Oblique Reflection of Solitary Wave 121
v
vi
F.E. Camfield
Dynamic Response of Structures to Tsunami Attack 133
HAZARD REDUCTION: ASSESSMENT AND WARNINGS APPLICATION
S. Tinti
Evaluation of Tsunami Hazard in Calabria and Eastern Sicily, Italy 141
U. Kuran and A.C. Yal\(iner
Crack Propagations, Earthquakes and Tsunamis in the Vicinity of Anatolia 159
D. Reymond, O. Hyvernaud and J. Talandier
An Integrated System for Real Time Estimation of Seismic Source Parameters
and Its Application to Tsunami Warning 177
N. Shuto
Tsunami Intensity and Disasters 197
J.Z. SimOes, A. Afllhado and L. Mendes-Victor
Complementary Land-Based Tsunami Warning System in SW Portugal 217
A SUMMARY OF TIlE FIFfEENTH IN1ERNATIONAL TSUNAMI SYMPOSIUM
E.N. BERNARD
Chairman, IUGG Tsunami Commission
Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
7600 Sand Point Way, N.E.
Seattle, Washington 98115-0070
The Fifteenth International Tsunami Symposium was held during the XX General
Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) in Vienna,
Austria, on August 19 and 20, 1991. The Symposium was sponsored jointly by the IUOO
Tsunami Commission, International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's
Interiors, and the International Association for Physical Sciences of the Ocean. The
coconvenors of the Symposium were E. Bernard (United States), M. El Sabh (Canada),
N. Shuto (Japan), and S. Tinti (Italy). Thirty-nine presentations on tsunami research were
made by scientists from 13 countries during the 2-day Symposium on Tsunami Disaster
Reduction. The sessions were organized into Observations, Physical Processes (i.e.,
generation, propagation, run-up), and Hazard Reduction.
Professor Shuto chaired the two sessions on Observations during which a wealth of new
information on historical tsunamis was presented. Gonzalez (United States) reported on
the analysis of deep-ocean tsunami measurements that were generated by Alaskan
earthquakes in 1987 and 1988. Gusiakov (USSR) announced the formation of a
computerized data base for the Kurile-Kamchatka Region that enables the user to examine
earthquake sources and tsunami wave heights for events since 1737. An account of the
1854 Ansei-Tokai earthquake was given by Tsuji (Japan) in which inundation of 16.3 m
was discovered on the Izu Peninsula of Japan. Lander (United States) gave an excellent
report on the U.S. data base for tsunami. He pointed out that the data show a serious
tsunami hazard from offshore slumps for the U.S. west coast and that strong currents in
harbors associated with tsunamis cause much of the property damage. Miyoshi (Japan)
gave an evaluation of the relationship between earthquake size and tsunami height, which
is not always correlated.
Dawson (United Kingdom) gave a fascinating report on evidence of ancient, colossal
tsunamis along the British Isles that appear to be generated by massive slumps in the
North Sea. Run-up of 3 m from the 869 Sanriku earthquake was reported by Chi gam a
(Japan) who used archaeological and sand-layer techniques. Tinti (Italy) described the
historical record of tsunamis generated by volcanoes in Italy that account for 6% of the
tsunamis and appear to cause few fatalities. The tsunamis of 382 and 1755, which were
generated by earthquakes in the Gibraltar Fault and affected the coastlines of Spain,
Portugal, and Morocco, were reported by Moreira (Portugal) to be at the same location.
This session emphasized the fact that tsunamis are a hazard for Mediterranean and
Atlantic coastal countries. It is clear that tsunami warning systems need to be developed
for these regions.
S. Tinti (ed.), Tsunamis in the World, 1-3.
© 1993 All Rights Reserved.
2 E.N.Bernard
Professor Tinti chaired three sessions on Physical Processes that included research on
tsunami generation, propagation, and run-up. During the tsunami generation session, Okal
(United States) described research on the use of Rayleigh-to-Love wave ratios as a way
to discriminate between tsunami generation by slumps and earthquakes. Satake (United
States) used tsunami wave data from the 1944/1946 tsunamis to determine earthquake
dynamics in the Japan trench. A study of acoustic waves generated by tsunami genic
earthquakes in the 1980s recorded on underwater hydrophones led Bernard (United States)
to the conclusion that acoustic waves provide additional information on the coupling of
the Earth to the oceans. He argues that acoustic data could supplement seismic data in
trying to evaluate the tsunami potential of an earthquake in real time. Iwasaki (Japan)
reported on the use of atmospheric pressure measurements to estimate the wave heights
of tsunamis. One excellent paper was given by Ma (United States), who gave convincing
theoretical evidence that underwater slumping generated tsunamis during the 1906
San Francisco, 1975 Hawaii, and 1989 Loma Prieta earthquakes.
During the session on tsunami propagation, Imamura (Japan) compared deep-ocean
observations with some tsunami-generation models. His comparison showed that the
numerical model overestimated the deep-water waves by a factor of 1.5. An algorithm
to compute tsunami travel times very rapidly was presented by Marchuk (USSR). The
resonant conditions of the Gulf of California were reported by Farreras (Mexico) to have
two energetic modes. Gokbberg (USSR) reported on electromagnetic techniques to detect
the passage of a tsunami. Wave tank experiments by Tsuji (Japan) to examine the
behavior of reflected waves demonstrated that the Mach Stem effect is not as great as
theoretical predictions.
Kowalik (United States) described new numerical techniques in estimating tsunami
flooding that improved results in a case study of Alberni Inlet, Canada. The behavior of
logs propelled by tsunami bores was investigated by Matsutomi (Japan), using laboratory
tanks, who derived a set of coefficients to predict their behavior. Camfield
(United States) reported that present estimates of tsunami forces on structures, which
assumes that the structures are rigid, are flawed, and dynamical forces must be
considered. An examination of maximum tsunami height predicted by the Japanese
magnitude scale by Watanabe (Japan) revealed serious errors in the coefficients of the
equation.
The two sessions on Tsunami Hazard Reduction were chaired by Professor El Sabh. Tinti
(Italy) reported on an improved historical study for Italian tsunamis that yielded a more
accurate hazard identification along the Sicilian coastline. The secondary effects of
tsunamis, including hazardous material spills and agricultural pesticides contamination,
were discussed by Preuss (United States). She recommended the identification of
expected flooding areas to plan against inadvertent contamination of drinking water and
massive marine life damage. Pararas-Carayannis (United States) discussed a glossary of
2000 tsunami terms that he had developed. He sought review of this glossary by
practicing scientists to assure accuracy. Recent improvements in the Chilean tsunami
warning system were reported by Lorca (Chile). He has identified Arica and Iquique as
cities that need local warning systems similar to Valparaiso. Gusiakov (USSR)
demonstrated an interactive computer system for near-real-time tsunami modeling that
operates on a personal computer. A three-component seismic instrument connected to a
personal computer system was presented by Zama (Japan) that provides a fast estimate
of earthquake magnitude. This system can provide magnitudes in less than 2 min and
compares well with magnitudes computed by the Japanese Meteorological Agency.
Reymond (France) described a broadband seismic instrument that could also quickly
ASummary 3
estimate tsunami potential by computing seismic moment. This system holds promise for
a new generation of local tsunami warning systems. Shuto (Japan) described his
conversion of !ida's definition of tsunami magnitude to local tsunami efforts. For
example, i l = 2 would equal 4 m local wave height, which would destroy wooden
houses and damage most fishing boats. SimOes (Portugal) reported on a seamount-based
seismic system that was located in the tsunami source area for Portugal.
In summary, the risk of tsunami hazard appears to be more widespread than the Pacific
Ocean Basin. It appears that underwater slumps are an important component in tsunami
generation. Finally, new technologies are emerging that would be used in a new
generation of tsunami warning systems. These are exciting times for tsunami researchers.
OBSERVATIONS
