True Truffle (Tuber spp.) in the World: Soil Ecology, Systematics and Biochemistry

431 Pages·2016·10.03 MB·English

by  Alessandra Zambonelli

Soil Biology
Alessandra Zambonelli
Mirco Iotti
Claude Murat Editors
True Truffl e
(Tuber spp.)
in the World
Soil Ecology, Systematics and
Biochemistry
Soil Biology
Volume 47
Series Editor
AjitVarma,AmityInstituteofMicrobialTechnology,
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, UP, India
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/5138
Alessandra Zambonelli (cid:129) Mirco Iotti (cid:129)
Claude Murat
Editors
True Truffle (Tuber spp.)
in the World
Soil Ecology, Systematics and Biochemistry
Editors
AlessandraZambonelli MircoIotti
DepartmentofAgriculturalScience DepartmentofLife,Health
UniversityofBologna andEnvironmentalSciences
Bologna,Italy UniversityofL’Aquila
L’Aquila,Italy
ClaudeMurat
INRA,Universite´deLorraine
InteractionsArbres-Microorganismes
LabofExcellenceARBRE
Champenoux,France
ISSN1613-3382 ISSN2196-4831 (electronic)
SoilBiology
ISBN978-3-319-31434-1 ISBN978-3-319-31436-5 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-31436-5
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016945975
©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2016
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Preface
As we were writing this preface, the COP21 international conference on climate
change was being held in Paris, highlighting the importance of all initiatives to
protectthefutureoftheplanet.Forests,andmoregenerallytrees,playakeyrolein
carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas mitigation. Many trees live in strict
symbiosiswithectomycorrhizalfungithatareimportantforecosystems’function-
ing. Some ectomycorrhizal species, such as boletes and truffles, are also famous
becausetheyformediblefructifications,andtrufflesbelongingtotheTubergenus,
the so-called “true truffles,” are gourmet delicacies worldwide. The genus Tuber
includesaround180species,mostofwhicharenaturallydistributedinthenorthern
hemisphere. Some Tuber species, such as Tuber magnatum (the Italian white
truffle), T. melanosporum (the Perigord black truffle), T. aestivum (the Burgundy
truffle),andT.borchii(thebianchettotruffle),arethemosteconomicallyimportant
fungi, but other Tuber species are edible and locally appreciated as well. Besides
their economic and culinary importance, many truffle species play a key role in
forest ecosystems, including disturbed forests, where they are often common
ectomycorrhizal symbionts. Moreover, the cultivation of some truffle species
such as T. melanosporum and T. aestivum has spread worldwide in the last two
decades and has diversified crops and incomes for local farmers. In this context,
manybookshavebeenwrittenontruffles,butmostoftheminFrenchandItalian,or
theyarefocusedonafewspeciesorspecificaspects.
Inthisbook,wedecidedtocovermuchofthetaxonomicdiversityofthegenus
Tuber, in addition to economically important species, and include information
generated from more recent technological innovations (e.g., second-generation
DNA sequencing). The book is divided into five parts and comprises chapters
written by experienced and internationally recognized scientists. The aim is to
provide an inventory of the knowledge on truffle systematics, interactions with
abiotic and biotic environments, strategies for spore dispersal, and biochemistry.
Suchmultidisciplinaryapproachprovidesauniqueinsightandabetterunderstand-
ing of the truffle ecology and the role these fungi play in natural and managed
ecosystems.
v
vi Preface
Wearegratefultothemanyscientistswhogenerouslyassistedusinwritingand
reviewingthecontentofthisbook.Itwouldbetoolongtociteallthecontributors,
but we would like to highlight all the corresponding authors of the chapters:
Antonella Amicucci, Elena Barbieri, Niccolo` Benucci, Gregory Bonito, Gilberto
Bragato, Zoltan Bratek, Milan Gryndler, Benoit Jaillard, Chen Juan, Enrico
Lancellotti,Franc¸oisLeTacon,FrancisMartin,CristinaMenta,VirginieMolinier,
Giovanni Pacioni, Francesco Paolocci, Xavier Parlade´, Federica Piattoni, Claudio
Ratti,ChristopheRobin,MatthewSmith,RichardSplivallo,andAlexanderUrban.
Peer review by contributors to this volume and by external internationally
recognized scientists helped to maintain the rigor and high quality of material
presented. We would like to thank especially all the colleagues who helped us in
reviewing the chapters: Antonella Amicucci, Niccolo` Benucci, Gilberto Bragato,
Aure´lie Deveau, Lorenzo Gardin, Milan Gryndler, Ian Hall, Benoit Jaillard,
AnnegretKohler,VirginieMolinier,GiovanniPacioni,FrancescoPaolocci,Xavier
Parlade´,FedericaPiattoni,MariaAgneseSabatini,ElenaSalerni,MassimoTurina,
GiulianoVitali,andYunWang.WearealsogratefultoJoeySpataforawhokindly
revisedthisPreface.
We would like also to thank Ajit Varma, series editor, who gave us this great
opportunity, Jutta Linderborn, Editor Life Science of Springer, and Sumathy
Thanigaivelu,fortheirhelpandpatienceinrespondingtoallthequeriesregarding
the preparation of the book and for giving us the opportunity to include the color
picturesprovided.
Wehopethisbookwillserveasaprimaryresearchreferenceforresearchersand
researchmanagersinterestedinmycology,ecology,andsoilsciences.Ouraimwas
also to provide a reference book for farmers and foresters who are interested in
truffle cultivation worldwide. We are convinced that truffles deserve to be pre-
served in the context of climate change in order to maintain biodiversity and
ecosystem functioning but also to allow future generations to appreciate these
uniquenaturalresources.
Bologna,Italy AlessandraZambonelli
L’Aquila,Italy MircoIotti
Champenoux,France ClaudeMurat
December2015
Contents
PartI Phylogeny
1 GeneralSystematicPositionoftheTruffles:Evolutionary
Theories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
GregoryM.BonitoandMatthewE.Smith
2 TheBlackTrufflesTubermelanosporumandTuberindicum. . . . . 19
JuanChen,ClaudeMurat,PeterOviatt,YongjinWang,
andFranc¸oisLeTacon
3 TheBurgundyTruffle(Tuberaestivumsyn.uncinatum):
ATruffleSpecieswithaWideHabitatRangeoverEurope. . . . . . 33
VirginieMolinier,MartinaPeter,UlrichStobbe,andSimonEgli
4 Tuberbrumale:AControversialTuberSpecies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
ZsoltMere´nyi,TordaVarga,andZolta´nBratek
5 Taxonomy,BiologyandEcologyofTubermacrosporum
Vittad.andTubermesentericumVittad.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
GianMariaNiccolo` Benucci,AndreaG(cid:1)oga´nCsorbai,
LeonardoBaciarelliFalini,GiorgioMarozzi,EdoardoSuriano,
NicolaSitta,andDomiziaDonnini
6 Tubermagnatum:TheSpecialOne.WhatMakesItsoDifferent
fromtheOtherTuberspp.?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
ClaudiaRiccioni,AndreaRubini,BeatriceBelfiori,
GianluigiGregori,andFrancescoPaolocci
7 ThePuberulumGroupSensuLato(WhitishTruffles). . . . . . . . . . 105
EnricoLancellotti,MircoIotti,AlessandraZambonelli,
andAntonioFranceschini
vii
viii Contents
8 ABriefOverviewoftheSystematics,Taxonomy,andEcology
oftheTuberrufumClade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
RosanneHealy,GregoryM.Bonito,andMatthewE.Smith
9 TruffleGenomics:InvestigatinganEarlyDivergingLineage
ofPezizomycotina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
ClaudeMuratandFrancisMartin
PartII TheAbioticEnvironment
10 InfluenceofClimateonNaturalDistributionofTuberSpecies
andTruffleProduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Franc¸oisLeTacon
11 SoilCharacteristicsofTubermelanosporumHabitat. . . . . . . . . . . 169
BenoˆıtJaillard,DanielOliach,PierreSourzat,
andCarlosColinas
12 SoilCharacteristicsforTubermagnatum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
GilbertoBragatoandZˇaklinaS.Marjanovic´
13 SoilCharacteristicsforTuberaestivum(Syn.T.uncinatum). . . . . . 211
ChristopheRobin,Noe´mieGoutal-Pousse,andFranc¸oisLeTacon
14 SoilsandVegetationinNaturalHabitatsofTuberindicum
inChina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Franc¸oisLeTacon,YongjinWang,andNoe´mieGoutal-Pousse
PartIII TheBioticEnvironment
15 ToolstoTraceTrufflesinSoil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 249
JavierParlade´,HerminiaDelaVarga,andJoanPera
16 TrueTruffleHostDiversity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
MilanGryndler
17 Truffle-InhabitingFungi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
GiovanniPacioniandMarcoLeonardi
18 Truffle-AssociatedBacteria:ExtrapolationfromDiversity
toFunction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
ElenaBarbieri,PaolaCeccaroli,DeborahAgostini,
SabrinaDonatiZeppa,AnnaMariaGioacchini,andVilbertoStocchi
19 BiodiversityandEcologyofSoilFaunainRelationtoTruffle. . . . 319
CristinaMentaandStefaniaPinto
20 MycovirusesInfectingTrueTruffles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
ClaudioRatti,MircoIotti,AlessandraZambonelli,
andFedericaTerlizzi
Contents ix
PartIV SporeDispersal
21 TrufflesandSmallMammals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
AlexanderUrban
22 InterrelationshipsBetweenWildBoars(Susscrofa)
andTruffles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
FedericaPiattoni,FrancescaOri,AntonellaAmicucci,ElenaSalerni,
andAlessandraZambonelli
PartV Biochemistry
23 TheSmellofTruffles:FromAromaBiosynthesis
toProductQuality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
RichardSplivalloandLauraCullere´
24 AProteomicViewofTruffles:AspectsofPrimary
MetabolismandMolecularProcessesDuringTheir
LifeCycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
AntonellaAmicucci,MarselinaArshakyan,PaolaCeccaroli,
FrancescoPalma,GiovanniPiccoli,RobertaSaltarelli,
VilbertoStocchi,andLucianaVallorani
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427