Tropical Rainforest Research — Current Issues: Proceedings of the Conference held in Bandar Seri Begawan, April 1993

551 Pages·1996·19.75 MB·English

by  N. E. Stork (auth.)

TROPICAL RAINFOREST RESEARCH - CURRENT ISSUES
MONOGRAPHIAE
BIOLOGICAE
VOLUME 74
Series Editors
H.J. Dumont and M.J .A. Werger
Tropical
Rainforest Research -
Current Issues
Proceedings of the Conference
held in Bandar Seri Begawan, April 1993
Edited by
D. S. EDWARDS
W.E.BOOTH
and
S.C.CHOY
University ofB runei Darussalam
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS
DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Tropical raInforest research current issues / edited by D.S. Edwards
and W.E. Booth and S.C. Choy.
p. cm. -- (Monographlae biologicae ; v. 74)
Includes bib I iographical references and index.
1. RaIn forests. 2. Rain forest ecology. 3. Rain forest
conservation. 4. Rain forests--Economic aspects. 5. Biological
diversity--Troplcs. I. Edwards. David S. II. Booth. W. E. (Webber
E.) III. Choy. S. C. (Satish C.) IV. Series.
OH86.T76 1996
574.5'2642'0913--dc20 96-14529
ISBN-13: 978-94-010-7255-7 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-1685-2
DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-1685-2
Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers,
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CONTENTS
Preface ix
BIODIVERSITY
N.E. Stork: Tropical forest dynamics: the faunal components
R. L. Kitching and J. Zalucki: The biodiversity of arthropods from Australian
rain forest canopies: some results on the role of the tree species 21
Gaden S. Robinson and Kevin R. Tuck: Describing and comparing high
invertebrate diversity in tropical forest - a case study of small moths in Borneo 29
Axel Dalberg Poulsen: The herbaceous ground flora of the Batu Apoi
Forest Reserve, Brunei Darussalam 43
David W. Roubik: Wild bees of Brunei Darussalam 59
D.M.J.S. Bowman and J.C.Z. Woinarski: Australian monsoon rainforest
mammals and possible implications for the conservation of tropical
rainforest biodiversity 67
Douglas Brandon-Jones: Presby tis species sympatry in Borneo versus allopatry
in Sumatra: an interpretation 71
Klaus Riede: Diversity of sound-producing insects in a Bornean lowland rain forest 77
Damir Kovac and Bruneo Streit: The arthropod community of bamboo
internodes in Peninsular Malaysia: microzonatlOn and trophic structure 85
Clive F. Mann: The avifauna of the Belalong forest, Brunei Darussalam 101
Maryati Mohamed, Azizah Hussein and Arbain Kadri: Terrestrial Ants
(Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Poring, Kinabalu Park, Sabah 117
A. G. Orr and C. L. Haeuser: Temporal and spatial patterns of butterfly
diversity in a lowland tropical rainforest 125
Axel Dalberg Poulsen, Ivan C. Nielsen, Sylvester Tan and Henrik Balslev:
A quantitative inventory of trees in one hectare of mixed dipterocarp forest in
Temburong, Brunei Darussalam 139
Jiro Kikkawa: Forest bird diversity in Oceania 151
Dionysius Sharma, Hydeir Kamarudin, Halijah Ibrahim and On~
Hean Chooi: The fauna and flora of a semi-deciduous forest in PerilS,
Peninsular Malaysia 153
M. J. E. Coode, J. Dransfield and D. W. Kirkup: Brunei and
biodiversity - the Kew-Brunei checklist project 163
Dietrich Burkhardt and Ingrid De La Motte: Stalk-eyed Flies:
Caprices of Evolution? 169
Joseph K. Charles: Small mammal diversity in riparian and dipterocarp
habitats in Belalong forest, Brunei Darussalam 175
Patrick Grootaert: Species radiation of predatory empidoids (Insecta, Diptera)
in lowland rainforest in northern Papua New Guinea 183
Nick Mawdsley: The theory and practice of estimating regional species
richness from local samples 193
vi
RAINFOREST DYNAMICS
Peter J. Grubb: Rainforest dynamics: the need for new paradigms 215
Arsenio B. Ella: The interaction of rainfall, tree diameter and sulphuric-acid
treatments on resin yield of Palosapis
(Anisoptera thurifera (Blanco) Blume ssp. thurifera) 235
C. A. Pendry and J. Proctor: Preliminary studies of altitudinal zonation and
nitrogen supply on Bukit Belalong, Brunei Darussalam 241
S. M. Ross and A. Dykes: Soil conditions, erosion and nutrient loss on
steep slopes under mixed dipterocarp forest in Brunei Darussalam 259
Alexander K. Sayok and Nalau Bingeding: Construction of a low-cost runoff
and sediment monitoring plot 271
Lok Eng Hai, Hashim Md. Noor and Fauzidah Ahmad: The growth performance
of four dipterocarp species under different terrain and shade conditions 277
George D. Weiblen: Variation in reproductive success of gynodioecious figs
(Ficus spp., Moraceae) and their pollinators (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae)
in New Guinea 283
Konrad Fiedler: Interactions between Iycaenid butterflies
and ants in Peninsular Malaysia 291
David T. Jones: A quantitative survey of the termite assemblage and its
consumption of food in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest of Brunei Darussalam 297
Satish C. Choy, Salwana A. Latif and Yong N. Yung: Resource use in a
freshwater fish community of a tropical rainforest stream in northern Borneo 307
Indraneil Das: Spatio-temporal resource utilization by a Bornean rainforest
herpetofauna: Preliminary results 315
Eustaquio G. Aragones: The altitudinal distribution of forest tree
families on the western slopes of Mount Banahao, Luzon, Philippines 325
Ruth Levy: Interspecific colony dispersion and niche relations of three
large tropical rain forest ant species 331
Zainuddin Dahaban, M. Nordin and Elizabeth L. Bennett: Immediate effects
on wildlife of selective logging in a hill dipterocarp forest in Sarawak: mammals 341
Abd. Rahman, K., Shahruizaman, I. and Weinland, G.: Growth
performance of a naturally regenerated stand of Kapur
(Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn. f.) 37 years after a heavy low thinning treatment 347
Arthur Y. C. Chung and Maryati Mohamed: A Comparative Study of the
Ant Fauna in a Primary and Secondary Forest in Sabah, Malaysia 357
Webber E. Booth: Comparative morphology and physiology of gap and
understorey seedling leaves from a mixed dipterocarp forest 367
Satish C. Choy: Distributional ecology of freshwater fishes in tropical
rainforest streams of Borneo 377
A. P. Dykes: Analysis of factors contributing to the stability of steep
hillslopes in the tropical rainforest of Temburong, Brunei Darussalam 387
Herujono Hadisuparto: The effects of timber harvesting and forest
conversion on peat swamp forest dynamics and environment in West Kalimantan 411
vii
SOCIO-ECONOMICS
Peter Eaton: Socio-economic values and tropical rain forest conservation 417
F. Goeltenboth and K. H. Timotius: Impact of rainforest destruction -
the Siberut Island case, Sumatra, Indonesia 425
Jay H. Bernstein: Higher-order categories in Brunei Dusun
Ethnobotany: the Folk-Classification of Rainforest Plants 435
Mubyarto: The Socio-Economic Benefits of Indonesian Forest 451
Roy Ellen: Putting plants in their place: Anthropological approaches to
understanding the ethnobotanical knowledge of rainforest populations 457
David H. Bennett: Valuing a tree: the ethics of environmental evaluation 467
Robert A. Voeks: Extraction and Tropical Rain Forest Conservation
in Eastern Brazil 477
Eberhard F. Bruenig and Sonja Csomos: Geographic information systems
in rainforest ecosystem research: the Sarawak pilot model 489
John T. Wills: The creation of a geographical information system for
the Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre 495
W. Erdelen: Tropical rain forests in Sri Lanka: characteristics, history of
human impact, and the protected area system 503
Waranoot Tungittiplakom and Bengt-Erik Bengtsson: A Conflict over
Natural Resources between Highland and Lowland Populations in Thailand 513
M. C. Stockdale and H. L. Wright: Rattan inventory:
determining plot shape and size 523
Glyn Davies: Conservation of biodiversity in Kenya's indigenous forests:
biological currencies used in management planning 535
Index to genera and species 547
General Index 555
Preface
The Conference on Tropical Rainforest Research: Current Issues was organised by the
University of Brunei Darussalam and The Royal Geographical Society, London, and held in
Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, over 8 days in April 1993. Over 160 participants
from 22 countries attended the Conference, which was opened on the 9th April by the Brunei
Darussalam Minister for Home Affairs, Yang Berhormat Pehin Orang Kaya Laila Setia Bakti
Diraja Dato Laila Utama Haji Awang Isa bin Datu Perdana Menteri Dato Laila Utama Haji
Awang Ibrahim.
The conference was initially intended to provide a forum to present the results of the
expedition into the lowland mixed dipterocarp forest of the Temburong District of Brunei
Darussalam, which had been jointly organised by the University of Brunei Darussalam and
The Royal Geographical Society, London. The 15-month expedition, lasting from January
1991 to March 1992, was based at the then newly-completed Kuala Belalong Field Studies
Centre, a research and education facility set up by the University with funds provided by the
Brunei Government and Brunei-Shell Petroleum Sdn Bhd. The expedition, with over 70
scientists taking part, received financial support from a wide range of sponsors and Corporate
Patrons, including Royal Brunei Airlines, the Baring Foundation, Daiwa-Dicam, Greencard
Trust, the Hongkong Bank, Morgan Grenfell and Nomura-Nimco. The conference itself was
supported by donations from Brunei-Shell Sdn Bhd, Royal Brunei Airlines and Standard
Chartered Bank.
In the event, although papers resulting from work at the Field Centre formed a substantial
part of the presentations, the theme of the conference was widened to include other aspects
of research into tropical forests. Three main themes were identified - Biodiversity, Forest
Dynamics and Socio-economic Aspects, with each theme being introduced by a keynote
speaker; the proceedings have been organised in a similar manner. A total of 85 papers were
presented over the 4 days of lecture sessions; the present volume contains the texts of 53 of
these. Apart from the formal presentations at the Conference, a session was also devoted to
discussing the future development of the Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre, and the
integration of its activities into the wider context of research into tropical forests within the
south-east asian region as a whole; the resolutions drawn up to guide the University have not
been included in these Proceedings.
The editors would like to thank the authors for their patience and understanding through
what has been a long gestation period, as well as the many anonymous reviewers for their
comments on the original manuscripts. The conference itself benefitted from the dedication
and commitment of many of the staff of the University, far too numerous to mention here;
the organisational abilities of Madam Pang Yoke Kiew (University of Brunei Darussalam)
and Ms Catriona Prebble (Royal Geographical Society) were admirably demonstrated through
its success. Publication of these Proceedings has been made possible through the generosity
of grants from the Government of Brunei Darussalam and Brunei-Shell Petroleum Sdn Bhd.
ix
x
Madam Pang Yoke Kiew and Mrs C.Fereday were most helpful in assisting in the
preparation of the typescripts; the editors are also appreciative of the efforts of the staff at
Kluwer Academic Publishers, particularly Mr. Wil Peters and Ir. Hendrik Prins, whose
patience in the face of interminable delays was endless. We hope that this collection of
papers will serve as a fitting epilogue to this phase of the productive collaboration between
the University of Brunei Darussalam and The Royal Geographical Society, and will give an
indication of the current state of tropical rain forest research in south-east Asia.
Finally, we would like to thank The Honourable Minister of Education, Yang Berhormat
Pehin Orang Kaya Laila Wijaya Dato Seri Setia Awang Haji Abdul Aziz bin Begawan Pehin
Udana Khatib Dato Seri Paduka Awang Haji Umar, and the Vice-Chancellor of Universiti
Brunei Darussalam, Yang Dimuliakan Pehin Orang Kaya Putera Maharaja Dato Seri Laila
Jasa Haji Abu Bakar bin Haji Apong, for the-r enthusiastic and wholehearted support for our
efforts in developing the Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre and in the preparation of these
Proceedings.
David S. Edwards
Webber E.Booth
Satish C. Choy
Bandar Seri Begawan,
Brunei Darussalam.
May 1996
Tropical forest dynamics: the faunal components
N.E. STORK
Biodiversity Division, Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell
Road, London SW75BD, United Kingdom
ABSTRACT. The form, diversity and dynamics of tropical forests are influenced by both abiotic factors,
such as the physical envirorunent and climate, and biotic factors, such as interactions between organisms.
To most people forests are principally comprised of trees, large mammals and birds. But, tropical forests
are comprised of many other smaller life forms including arthropods, fungi, nematodes and bacteria, and
these too have an important part to play in forest dynamics. The relative importance of different groups
of animals in tropical forests, as measured through abundance, biomass and species richness, is presented
here. Because of the sheer diversity of the life forms in tropical forests, only a few of the complex webs
of interactions between organisms of the different kingdoms have been determined with any accuracy.
In spite of this fact, some general patterns have been recognised and the major components of trophic
systems in tropical forests have been determined. Many detailed studies of large mammals and birds have
shown the significance of their roles in the dynamics of tropical forests. What is less clear is the precise
contribution of many groups of invertebrates such as arthropods and nematodes. In part this is because
the abundance, species richness and sometimes biology of these groups is poorly understood. Data are
presented on the (i) distribution, abundance and biomass of arthropod groups in the main habitats of
lowland rain forest in Seram, and (ii) the species richness of different arthropod groups in lowland forest
in Sulawesi. Arthropods are particularly important in two contrasting strata of tropical forests, the canopy
and soil, where herbivory and decomposition, respectively, are the principal trophic processes. The
importance of arthropods in these forest strata and to forest dynamics are discussed through examples
of two groups of arthropods, ants and termites. An understanding of tropical forest dynamics may help
in determining how biodiversity and sustainability may sit more easily together. This is discussed with
suggestions as to how we can best use available information toward this end, what new information is
needed, and which ideas require examining.
KEY WORDS: diversity, biomass, biotic factors, abiotic factors, arthropods, ants, termites, Seram,
Sulawesi.
INTRODUCTION
For obvious reasons much of the attention within studies of tropical forest dynamics has been
on trees. The natural process of tree growth, death, gap creation and new tree growth has
been well documented (Brokaw 1874, Grubb 1977. Whitmore 1984). The role of nutrient
cycling in forest dynamics is also well documented but again largely focuses on botanical
elements (DeAngelis 1992). However, tropical forests are not just comprised of trees or even
just of plants. Other groups of organisms, such as insects and other invertebrates, are also
essential to tropical forests, as they are to all ecosystems, and are often highly abundant and
speciose. Prokaryote organisms (e.g. bacteria and viruses) and eukaryote plants (e.g. fungi)
are clearly essential to ecosystem function but are beyond the scope of this paper and are not
discussed here. The first aim of this paper is to provide a brief review of the eukaryote
faunal components of tropical forests and their contribution to forest dynamics.
In reviewing faunal dynamics in tropical forests it is perhaps appropriate to consider this
subject in the light of current scientific interest in both environmental change and
biodiversity. Biodiversity, a contraction of 'biological diversity' (Wilson 1988), is the term
used by many individuals, as diverse in interests as biologists and economists, to cover a
very wide-ranging field of science. Most recently it has come to prominence through the
D. S. Edwards et at. (eds.), Tropical Rainforest Research - Current Issues, 1-20.
© 1996 Kluwer Academic Publishers.