Table Of ContentÓÄÊ599.345(282.247.11)
ÁÁÊ28.082
Ø95
ØóáèíàÂ.Í.Ðó÷åéíèêè(Trichoptera)âîäîåìîâÏå÷îðñêîãîáàñ-
ñåéíà.—ÑÏá.:Íàóêà,2012.—183ñ.
ISBN 978-5-02-037133-0
Âïåðâûåîáîáùåíûëèòåðàòóðíûåñâåäåíèÿèðåçóëüòàòûñîáñòâåííûõìíîãî-
ëåòíèõ(1958—2008ãã.)èññëåäîâàíèéëè÷èíîêðó÷åéíèêîâèçáåíòîñàèïèùèðûá
âîäîåìîâáàññåéíàêðóïíîéñåâåðíîéåâðîïåéñêîéðåêèÏå÷îðà.
Âðàáîòåïîêàçàíîâëèÿíèåðàçëè÷íûõôàêòîðîâñðåäû,âòîì÷èñëåàíòðîïîãåí-
íîãîôàêòîðà,íàâèäîâîéñîñòàâ,êîëè÷åñòâåííûåõàðàêòåðèñòèêè,ìèãðàöèèèðàñ-
ïðåäåëåíèåëè÷èíîêðó÷åéíèêîâââîäîåìàõÏå÷îðñêîãîáàññåéíà.Ïðèâîäÿòñÿñâå-
äåíèÿîñåçîííîéèìåæãîäîâîéäèíàìèêå÷èñëåííîñòèèáèîìàññûëè÷èíîêýòèõ
áåñïîçâîíî÷íûõâãîðíûõðåêàõçàïàäíîãîñêëîíàÑåâåðíîãîÓðàëà.Âìîíîãðàôèþ
âêëþ÷åíûìàòåðèàëûïîèñïîëüçîâàíèþëè÷èíîêèêóêîëîêâïèùóðàçíûìèâèäà-
ìèðûá.Âûÿâëåíàçîîãåîãðàôè÷åñêàÿãåòåðîãåííîñòüðó÷åéíèêîâ,îáóñëîâëåííàÿ
îñîáåííîñòÿìè ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîãî ïîëîæåíèÿ, ìíîãîîáðàçèåì ïðèðîäíûõ óñëîâèé,
ñëîæíûìãåîëîãè÷åñêèìïðîøëûìÏå÷îðñêîãîáàññåéíà.
Ìàòåðèàëûìîíîãðàôèèïðåäñòàâëÿþòèíòåðåñäëÿáèîëîãîâ,çîîëîãîâ,ãèäðî-
áèîëîãîâ,èõòèîëîãîâ,ýêîëîãîâ,ñòóäåíòîâèïðåïîäàâàòåëåéâûñøèõó÷åáíûõçà-
âåäåíèé.
Îòâåòñòâåííûé ðåäàêòîðÀ.À.ÅÑÒÀÔÜÅÂ
Ðåöåíçåíòû: Ì. Â. ÃÅÖÅÍ, Å. Í. ÌÅËÅÕÈÍÀ
ShubinaV.N.Caddisflies(Trichoptera)ofthewaterbodiesofthePe-
chorabasin.—SaintPetersburg:Nauka,2012.—183p.
ISBN978-5-02-037133-0
Theliteraturedataandtheresultsoftheownperennialstudies(1958—2008)onthe
Trichopteralarvaefrombenthosandfishfoodofthewater-bodiesofthePechoraRiver
basinwerefirstsummarized.
Theworkshowsinwhatwaydifferentmediumfactors,includinganthropogenicfac-
tors,affectspeciescomposition,quantitativecharacteristics,migrationanddistributionof
theTrichopteralarvaeinthePechoraRiverbasinwater-bodies.Thebookcontainstheda-
taontheseasonalandinterannualdynamicsinnumberandbiomassofthelarvaeinmoun-
tainriversoftheNorthernUrals’westernslope.Themonographincludesthematerialson
exploitationofthelarvaeandpupaebydifferentfishspeciesasfoodcomponents.The
zoogeographicalheterogeneityofcaddisflieswasfound.Itisaffectedbygeographical
position,natureconditions,andcomplexgeologicalhistoryofthePechoraRiverbasin.
Themonographmaterialsareinterestingforthebiologists,zoologists,hydrobiolo-
gists,ichthyologists,ecologists,students,andhighereducationlecturers.
©Â.Í.Øóáèíà,2012
©ÈíñòèòóòáèîëîãèèÊîìèÍÖÓðÎÐÀÍ,2012
©Ðåäàêöèîííî-èçäàòåëüñêîåîôîðìëåíèå.
ISBN978-5-02-037133-0 Èçäàòåëüñòâî«Íàóêà»,2012
ÎÃËÀÂËÅÍÈÅ
Ââåäåíèå . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Ãëàâà 1. Îáùàÿõàðàêòåðèñòèêàîáúåêòàèññëåäîâàíèé . . . . 12
Ãëàâà 2. Áàññåéí ðåêè Ïå÷îðà (ôèçèêî-ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèé
î÷åðê) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Ãëàâà 3. Èñòîðèÿ èññëåäîâàíèé ðó÷åéíèêîâ â Ïå÷îðñêîì
áàññåéíå . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Ãëàâà 4. Ìàòåðèàë è ìåòîäû . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Ãëàâà 5. Ðó÷åéíèêè ëîñîñåâûõ ðåê Ñåâåðíîãî Óðàëà. . . . . 54
5.1. Ëè÷èíêè ðó÷åéíèêîâ âîäîòîêîâ áàññåéíà âåðõíåãî
òå÷åíèÿ Ïå÷îðû . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.2. Ëè÷èíêè ðó÷åéíèêîâ âîäîòîêîâ áàññåéíà ñðåäíåãî
òå÷åíèÿ Ïå÷îðû . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.3. Ðó÷åéíèêè â áåíòîñå è ïèùå ðûá âîäîòîêîâ Ïå÷î-
ðî-Èëû÷ñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî çàïîâåäíèêà . . . . 81
Ãëàâà 6. Ðó÷åéíèêè âîäîåìîâ áàññåéíà ðåêè Óñà (Ïðèïîëÿð-
íûé Óðàë) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
6.1. Ëè÷èíêè ðó÷åéíèêîâ ð.Óñà . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
6.2. Ëè÷èíêèðó÷åéíèêîâëåâûõïðèòîêîâð.Óñà—ëîñî-
ñåâûõ ðåê Ïðèïîëÿðíîãî Óðàëà . . . . . . . . . . . 90
6.3. Âëèÿíèå ðàçðàáîòêè ðîññûïíûõ ìåñòîðîæäåíèé çî-
ëîòà íà ôàóíó ðó÷åéíèêîâ ð. Êîæèì . . . . . . . . 100
6.4. Ëè÷èíêè ðó÷åéíèêîâ ïðàâûõ òóíäðîâûõ ïðèòîêîâ
ð.Óñà . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Ãëàâà 7. Ðó÷åéíèêè ñðåäíåãî è íèæíåãî òå÷åíèé Ïå÷îðû è
èõ ðàâíèííûõ ïðèòîêîâ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
7.1. Ëè÷èíêè ðó÷åéíèêîâ ìàãèñòðàëüíîãî ðóñëà ñðåäíåãî
è íèæíåãî òå÷åíèé Ïå÷îðû . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
7.2. Ëè÷èíêèðó÷åéíèêîâðàâíèííûõïðèòîêîâñðåäíåãîè
íèæíåãî òå÷åíèé Ïå÷îðû . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Ãëàâà 8. Ðó÷åéíèêè ëîñîñåâûõ ðåê Òèìàíñêîãî êðÿæà. . . . 110
5
8.1. Ëè÷èíêè ðó÷åéíèêîâ â áåíòîñå ðåê . . . . . . . . . 111
8.2. Ðó÷åéíèêè â ïèùå ðûá . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Ãëàâà 9. Ðó÷åéíèêè îçåð Ïå÷îðñêîãî áàññåéíà . . . . . . . . 134
9.1. Ëè÷èíêè ðó÷åéíèêîâ â áåíòîñå ïîéìåííûõ îçåð . . . 134
9.2. Ëè÷èíêè ðó÷åéíèêîâ â áåíòîñå è ïèùå ðûá êðóïíûõ
îçåð Áîëüøåçåìåëüñêîé òóíäðû . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Ãëàâà10.Îñîáåííîñòè òðèõîïòåðîôàóíû ãîðíûõ è ðàâíèí-
íûõ âîäîåìîâ Ïå÷îðñêîãî áàññåéíà . . . . . . . . . 147
10.1. Âèäîâîé ñîñòàâ è ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ëè÷èíîê ðó÷åéíè-
êîâ â âîäîåìàõ áàññåéíà ð. Ïå÷îðà . . . . . . . . . 147
10.2. Çîîãåîãðàôè÷åñêèé àíàëèç ôàóíû ðó÷åéíèêîâ . . . . 155
10.3. Ýêîëîãè÷åñêàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ëè÷èíîê ðó÷åéíèêîâ
â ðåêàõ è îçåðàõ áàññåéíà ð. Ïå÷îðà. . . . . . . . . 159
10.4. Îñíîâíûå âèäû ðó÷åéíèêîâ â âîäîåìàõ Ïå÷îðñêîãî
áàññåéíà . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Çàêëþ÷åíèå . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Ëèòåðàòóðà. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
CONTENTS
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Chapter 1. General characteristic of the study object . . . . . . 12
Chapter 2. ThePechoraRiverbasin(physico-geographicalreview) 22
Chapter 3. ThestateofknowledgeonTrichopterainthePechora
River basin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Chapter 4. Material and methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Chapter 5. Trichoptera of the salmon rivers of Northern Ural. . 54
5.1. Trichoptera larvae of the water streams in the upper
Pechora. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.2. Trichoptera larvae of the water streams in the middle
Pechora. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.3. Trichoptera in benthos and fish food of the water stre-
ams in the Pechora-Ilych State Reserve . . . . . . . 81
Chapter 6. Trichoptera of the Usa River basin water bodies
(Pre-polar Ural) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
6.1. Trichoptera larvae of the Usa river . . . . . . . . . 89
6.2. Trichoptera larvae of the left tributaries of the Usa ri-
ver — salmon rivers of Pre-polar Ural . . . . . . . 90
6.3. TheinfluenceofplacergoldminingontheTrichoptera
fauna of the Kozhim river . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
6.4. TrichopteralarvaeoftherighttributariesoftheUsariver . 102
Chapter 7. Trichoptera of the middle and low courses of the Pe-
chora river and their plain tributaries. . . . . . . . 104
7.1. Trichoptera larvae of the main streams of the middle
and low Pechora courses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
7.2. Trichopteralarvaeoftheplaintributariesofthemiddle
and low Pechora courses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Chapter 8. TrichopteraofthesalmonriversoftheTimanrange . 110
8.1. Trichoptera larvae in river benthos . . . . . . . . . 111
8.2. Trichoptera in fish food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
7
Chapter 9. Trichoptera of the lakes of the Pechora River basin . 134
9.1. Trichoptera larvae in benthos of floodplain lakes . . . 134
9.2. Trichopteralarvaeinbenthosandfishfoodoflargela-
kes in the Bolshezemelskaya tundra . . . . . . . . . 140
Chapter10. The specificity of the Trichoptera fauna in mountain
and plain water bodies of the Pechora River basin. . 147
10.1. Species composition and distribution of Trichoptera
larvae in water bodies of the Pechora River basin . . 147
10.2. Zoogeographical analysis of Trichoptera . . . . . . . 155
10.3. Ecological characterization of Trichoptera larvae in ri-
vers and lakes of the Pechora River basin . . . . . . 159
10.4. The main Trichoptera species in the Pechora River ba-
sin water-bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
ÂÂÅÄÅÍÈÅ
Ôàóíà âîäîåìîâ áàññåéíà êðóïíîé ñåâåðíîé åâðîïåéñêîé ðåêè
Ïå÷îðà èçäàâíà ïðèâëåêàåò îòå÷åñòâåííûõ è çàðóáåæíûõ ñïåöèà-
ëèñòîâñâîåéñïåöèôè÷íîñòüþ,îñîáåííîñòÿìèýâîëþöèîííîãîðàç-
âèòèÿ, ñâÿçàííûìè ñî ñëîæíîé ãåîëîãè÷åñêîé èñòîðèåé è ãåî-
ãðàôè÷åñêèì ïîëîæåíèåì Ïå÷îðñêîãî áàññåéíà (Æàäèí, 1950; Thie-
nemann, 1950). Èíâåíòàðèçàöèÿ ôàóíû, êîòîðàÿ íà ñîâðåìåííîì
ýòàïå ñ÷èòàåòñÿ âàæíåéøåé çàäà÷åé ýêîëîãèè (×åðíîâ, 2004), äàåò
öåííûé ìàòåðèàë äëÿ ðåøåíèÿ âîïðîñîâ çîîãåîãðàôèè è îáñóæ-
äåíèÿèñòîðèèôîðìèðîâàíèÿíàñåëåíèÿðåãèîíà,äëÿîáùåãîïî-
çíàíèÿ ñòðóêòóðû è äèíàìèêè åñòåñòâåííûõ áèîöåíîçîâ ðåê è
îçåð. Ñ 60-õ ãîäîâ äâàäöàòîãî ñòîëåòèÿ â Ïå÷îðñêîì áàññåéíå, áî-
ãàòîì áèîëîãè÷åñêèìè è ìèíåðàëüíûìè ðåñóðñàìè, âîäîåìû èí-
òåíñèâíî âîâëåêàþòñÿ â õîçÿéñòâåííóþ äåÿòåëüíîñòü, ÷òî ïðèâî-
äèò ê èçìåíåíèþ èõ ãèäðîëîãè÷åñêîãî è ãèäðîõèìè÷åñêîãî ðåæè-
ìîâ, íàðóøåíèþ ñòðóêòóðû âîäíûõ ýêîñèñòåì, óñëîâèé èõ
íîðìàëüíîãî ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèÿ, îáåäíåíèþ âèäîâîãî ðàçíîîáðà-
çèÿ (Øóáèíà, 2006à).
Îäíî èç îáÿçàòåëüíûõ óñëîâèé èçó÷åíèÿ ñîñòîÿíèÿ è îõðàíû
ýêîñèñòåìû âîäîåìîâ — óñòàíîâëåíèå âèäîâîãî ñîñòàâà ãèäðîáè-
îíòîâ, áåç êîòîðîãî áèîëîãè÷åñêèå íàáëþäåíèÿ ëþáîãî õàðàêòåðà
ìàëîýôôåêòèâíû (Áðîäñêèé, 1976). Íåîáõîäèìîñòü âèäîâîãî îïðå-
äåëåíèÿôàóíûíàèáîëååî÷åâèäíàïðèèññëåäîâàíèÿõ,«ïîñòàâëåí-
íûõäëÿòîãî,÷òîáûáîëååïîëíîîòðàçèòüñîñòîÿíèåâîäíîéýêîñè-
ñòåìû â äàííûé ìîìåíò è ïîëó÷èòü îáúåêòèâíûå ìàòåðèàëû, ïî
êîòîðûì … ñïóñòÿ ìíîãèå ãîäû, ìîæíî áóäåò îáíàðóæèòü äîëãî-
âðåìåííûå èçìåíåíèÿ ïîä âëèÿíèåì ïðèðîäíûõ è àíòðîïîãåííûõ
ôàêòîðîâ» (Âèíáåðã, 1977, ñ.4). Âèäîâîé ñîñòàâ âîäíîé ôàóíû çà-
âèñèò îò ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîãî ïîëîæåíèÿ è òèïîëîãè÷åñêèõ îñîáåííî-
ñòåéâîäîåìà:ìîðôîìåòðèè,ñòàäèèðàçâèòèÿ,îñîáåííîñòåéãèäðî-
ëîãè÷åñêîãî è ãèäðîõèìè÷åñêîãî ðåæèìîâ, ò.å. îò ëèìíîëîãè÷å-
ñêîãî òèïà âîäîåìà è åãî èçìåíåíèé (Æàäèí, 1950), à òàêæå
îáóñëîâëåí è ãåîëîãè÷åñêèì ïðîøëûì òåððèòîðèè.
Ïðèíèìàÿ âî âíèìàíèå äàâíèé èíòåðåñ áèîãåîãðàôîâ ê áàññåé-
íóð.Ïå÷îðà(Holdhaus,1954),íåäîñòàòî÷íóþèçó÷åííîñòüâèäîâî-
9
